Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research has as its theme the construction of identity of science in the media. It is justified in the context of mediatization, where the media acquires a central role in constructing representations of reality and of identities which influence the way the subjects represent the social world (SODRÉ, 2002). The central objective is to analyze the construction of identity of science in Galileu magazine by the theoretical and methodological basis of Discourse Analysis. We evaluated the extent to which the publication adopts a monophonic or polyphonic tone according to Bakhtin. The corpus covers six cover reports of Galileu with the subject of health and cognition, selected from April 2010 to July 2011. The analysis is divided into: analysis of the context of discourse production and discourse analysis. The context analysis used an interview with the current managing editor of the magazine as a tool for data collection. The discourse analysis is divided into four steps: 1) identification of speakers and enunciators of the corpus, 2) description of the ideological formations (IFs) of which these views (enunciators) originate themselves and 3) materialization of these IFs in discourse by the localization of discursive formations (DFs) that compose Galileu and 4) analysis of the relation that DFs build between each other in the discourse. The results show the discursivity of Galileu constructed by a confluence of voices and identities of science related to the IFs of modernity and postmodernity. Its discursivity comes as polyphonic in most of the corpus, due to equipollence, plenivalence and immiscible among these voices. Voices from scientific community are shown as plenivalents, while voices from common sense illustrate and support scientific discourse. / Essa pesquisa tem como tema a construção da identidade de ciência na mídia. Ela se justifica no contexto da midiatização, no qual a mídia adquire papel central na construção de representações do real e de identidades, as quais influenciam no modo como os sujeitos sociais representam o mundo (SODRÉ, 2002). O objetivo central consiste em analisar a construção de identidade de ciência na revista Galileu por meio do aporte teórico metodológico da AD. Avaliamos em que medida a publicação adota um tom monofônico ou polifônico segundo Bakhtin. O corpus da pesquisa abrange seis reportagens de capa da revista Galileu com o tema saúde e cognição, selecionadas no período de abril de 2010 a julho de 2011. A análise se divide em: análise do contexto de produção do discurso e análise do discurso. A análise do contexto utilizou uma entrevista com o atual diretor de redação da revista como instrumento de coleta de dados. A análise do discurso está dividida em quatro etapas: 1) a identificação dos locutores e enunciadores no corpus; 2) a descrição das formações ideológicas (FIs) das quais esses pontos de vista (enunciadores) se originam; 3) a materialização dessas FIs no discurso por meio da localização das formações discursivas (FDs) que compõem a Galileu e 4) análise da relação que as FDs constroem entre si no discurso. Os resultados apontam a discursividade de Galileu como construída numa confluência de vozes e identidades de ciência relacionadas às FIs da modernidade e da pósmodernidade. A sua discursividade ocorre como polifônica na maioria do corpus, devido à equipolência, plenivalência e imiscibilidade entre essas vozes. As vozes da comunidade científica mostram-se plenivalentes, enquanto as vozes do senso comum ocorrem em lugar de ilustração e apoio ao discurso científico.

Cette thèse rapporte les résultats de la lecture approfondie de dix-neuf romans américains de la première moitié du 19e siècle, à la recherche des divers modes de représentations des Indiens qu'ils proposaient. Les onze oeuvres de Cooper couvrent tous ces types de représentations. Des investigations croisées ont montré que les auteurs, bien informés sur le passé violent et les anciens habitants de leurs territoires, présentaient les Indiens surtout dans des romans à caractère historique..Là, les Indiens, nobles ou ignobles, sont relégués dans le passé, et ne se voient donner aucune place dans la nouvelle nation : pourtant l'ironique Paulding, le chrétien Cooper ou l'humaniste Strange les dépeignent en personnes semblables aux envahisseurs. Dans la mouvance gothique et romantique, C.B. Brown, Neal et Bird, pourtant plus réaliste, les montrent incarner le moi négatif et les rejettent, tandis que les voix féminines de Child et de Sedgwick projettent sur eux un idéal de valeureux chevaliers. Quant à Simms et Cooper, ils les campent tantôt dans la violence d'une épopée d'où surgira le nouvel Adam, tantôt dans la beauté sublime des primitifs paysages américains. Ainsi, dans la nation comme dans la fiction, la seule place accordée aux Indiens ne relève que de l'imaginaire / This work results from the close reading of nineteen American novels written in the first half of the 19th century, in a search of the various representations of the Indian they might display. Crossed investigations proved that the authors, well-informed about the violent past of their familiar areas and about their former inhabitants, mostly chose the forms of the historical romance and tale : either noble or ignoble, Indians were rejected out of the new nation. Yet, the ironical Paulding, the Christian Cooper and the humanist Strange styled their Indian characters in an open and human way. Following the gothic and romantic influences, C.B. Brown, Neal, Bird despite a more realistic tone, pictured Indians as the negative part of the self which is to be repelled. On the contrary, the woman's voices of Child and Sedgwick sketched them as ideal knights. Simms and Cooper sometimes set them in the violence of an epic drama out of which the new Adam will arise, sometimes in the sublime beauty of pristine American wilderness. So, no national destiny is left for the Indian but one buried in fancy

Notre thèse, La polyphonie de Rimbaud, a pour but d’analyser les œuvres d’Arthur Rimbaud sous l’angle de la polyphonie. De « Premiers vers » jusqu’aux Illuminations, le poète renouvelle sans cesse sa poésie et, en même temps, celle-ci devient de plus en plus compliquée et abstraite. Cette tendance provient de plusieurs logiques différentes qui apparaissent dans un même texte. En effet, dans Une saison en enfer, Rimbaud construit une narration très complexe en mélangeant plusieurs discours différents. Afin de dévoiler la structure polyphonique fondée sur plusieurs voix et sa fonction, nous analysons donc les textes du poète en appliquant quatre modèles de la polyphonies, liés à l’énonciation, à l’intertextualité, aux genres littéraires et au discours social. Selon nous, Rimbaud dépasse la limite de la poésie romantique, fondée sur le sujet empirique. Sa polyphonie contribue à l’universalisation du sujet poétique et de son abandon du privilège de l’auteur. C’est ainsi que le poète met en scène une multiplication des voix, pour inventer une nouvelle langue poétique. / The aim of my doctoral dissertation is to discuss Rimbaud’s poems, focusing on their various voices (polyphony). From “Premiers vers” to the prose poems, Illuminations, the poetry of Rimbaud never turns back on its tracks, and, at the same time, it shows an increasing tendency towards complication and abstraction. This tendency results from different logics at work in his poems. In fact, Rimbaud constructed a complex narrative structure for Une saison en enfer in 1873, by entwining many voices that have different tones. Therefore, I analyse this frequently contradictory principle of multilogic, adapting a stylistic and intertextual approach, and research Rimbaud’s method of polyphonic demonstration and its functions. His polyphony results in the universalization of his poetry and the loss of the author’s privilege which then encourages autonomous voices to form a new poetic language.

The focus of this master's thesis is an automatic creation of organ overtures for church songs from both theoretical and practical points of view. Organ overture is a short introduction to a church song. According to the fact that it can be described by a finite set of rules, it is possible to use techniques for solving Constraint Satisfaction Problems. An effective instrument to develop such system can be C++ programming language and Gecode library.

Geographically Albania is divided into two main regions: northern Ghegeria and southern Toskeria. The southern part (Toskeria) consists of two sub-regions, Toske and Laberia. These share many commonalities yet the musical styles of each are distinctly different. The Shkumbini River serves as a boundary between the two main regions, as well as a cultural divide distinguishing the varying musical performances and styles. Monodic music is practiced mainly in the north whilst polyphonic music is most commonly performed in the south. These two diverse systems impact on the folk songs of the two regions making them sound significantly different. In addition, different folk instruments are used in both regions. The instrumental and vocal monodic music of the north (Ghegeria) is based on the modal system, with Dorian, Aeolian, Mixolydian, Phrygian, Lydian, Ionian and Hypolydian modes being used. The songs of the north typically portray important historical events or heroic deeds, while the southern songs are not as nationalistic and cover various social themes. They are in general a lot softer and more melodic in character. The folk music of the south (Toskeria) is based on the pentatonic scale, with significant differences which are noticed within the two sub-regions (Toske and Laberia). The vocal music of the south consists of two, three or four vocal parts singing a capella, although sometimes instrumental accompaniment is added. The polyphonic music of the sub-region of Toske is characterized by imitative elements utilized in both the melodies and rhythms of the songs, providing a sense of thematic unity, whereas in Laberia contrasting elements are more dominant throughout the songs. Despite these differences, iso (or drone) is performed similarly in both sub-regions, and is another important element in the polyphonic music of the south. A notable form of instrumental polyphonic music of Toskeria is that of Kaba, performed by Saze folk ensembles. What distinguishes Albanian polyphonic folk music from its counterparts in other areas of the world is that it has not only survived but is flourishing in modern times. Unlike many other cultures that have excluded polyphonic music from mainstream society, Albanian polyphonic music is known by most Albanians and is well practiced and enjoyed by all age groups, and rural as well as urban Albanians, regardless of their degree of formal musical training / Dissertation (MMus)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Music / unrestricted

<p>This thesis deals with the polyphonic and argumentative functions of the French negation marker, ne, in editorial texts from the daily press. The concept ‘polyphony’ relates to the presence of multiple voices within one and the same utterance. According to this view, negation triggers a subdivision of an utterance in two points of view. Thus the sentence Sweden will not be a part of the monetary union can be divided in two points of view, the underlying ‘Sweden will be a part of the monetary union’, and the explicit ‘Sweden will not be a part of the monetary union’.</p><p>First, I study the polyphonic structure of negative utterances, notably their division in two points of view, by taking into account their specific linguistic features. This is done so as to identify the relevant linguistic criteria that determine the polyphonic interpretation of the negation. The study demonstrates that contextual elements, including pragmatic connectors, presuppositions contrastive elements, and several other devices constitute the primary source of polyphonic markers.</p><p>Negation is furthermore approached from a textual perspective. I explore how the two opposite points of view that are associated with negation form polyphonic sequences with other points of view carrying the same semantic content, and how these dynamic points of view are associated to the different discourse beings that are found in the newspaper article. I found that these sequences often embrace the central polemic theme of the article and, also, that the polyphonic function is not restricted to the negative utterance but constitutes an element that ensures textual and argumentative coherence. These two analyses are carried out within Jean-Claude Anscombre’s and Oswald Ducrot’s Theory of Structural Argumentation, which has recently been formalised by Kjersti Fløttum, Coco Norén and Henning Nølke.</p><p>Finally in this thesis, I analyse the relation between the discourse beings associated with the negative utterance and real beings that exist outside the text, and then consider what rhetorical implications that correspondence or no correspondence has on the polyphonic interpretation of the negation. I also examine whether polyphonic negation can be considered to be a feature of newspaper editorials that identifies these texts as a genre. This study shows that the locuteur, the discourse being responsible for the enunciation of the negative utterance on a textual level, links to the real being, the editorial writer, who then refutes points of view associated to other discourse beings, often by use of nominalizations that refer to community voices. The locuteur also intrudes into an argument or claim, and refutes it in the name of a community or an authority.</p><p>By defining genre, as does the media researcher Patrick Charaudeau, as a correspondence between the constraints imposed by the discursive situation and the constraints imposed by the discursive features, and by considering that one of the editorial’s constraints is to persuade its readers, this study shows that the phrasal negation ne in its polyphonic function, constitutes a distinguishing feature in the genre of editorials. The refutations that are made by an editor constitute a distinctive argumentative strategy since it permits the editorial writer to present external points of view in order to refute them and thereby impose his or her own, subjective point of view.</p>

This dissertation attempts a Bakhtinian analysis of the polyphonic dialogue between Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, Francis Ford Coppola's Apocalypse Now, Karel Schoeman's Na die Geliefde Land and Jason Xenopoulos' Promised Land. Specific Bakthinian concepts are employed to determine whether the films are "apt" adaptations of the literary texts; how the stylistically hybrid texts engage in conversation with different movements, genres and trends; how the polyphonic conversations between different texts and discourses, such as literature and film, or colonialism and postcolonialism, can provide insight into the variety of discourses, textual and ideological, of a postcolonial, post-apartheid South Africa; and how identity crises experienced by key characters can be explained using the notions of hybridity, "The Marginal Man" and liminality. All four texts have key characters that experience identity crises that spring from cultural hybridity; their cultural hybridity has the potential to either render them marginally stagnant or lead them to liminally active participation within their imagined communities. This dissertation argues that even though there are major differences between the films and the literary texts they are based upon, they are relevant to a specific target audience and therefore enrich the ur-texts. Salient characteristics of realism, symbolism, impressionism, modernism, postmodernism, postcolonialism and the apocalyptic dialogise one another within the four texts, thereby liberating the texts from one authorial reading. The dialogue between the discourses of literature and film supplement an understanding of the dialogue between war, imperialism, colonialism, postcolonialism and the Will to Power. / Thesis (M.A. (Applied Language and Literary Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006

Résumé Ce travail cherche à révéler les stratégies utilisées dans Palinuro de México (1977) de Fernando del Paso pour représenter l’histoire du mouvement étudiant de 1968, qui se termina par le massacre de Tlatelolco. Afin de protéger son image, le gouvernement censura cet événement, qui compte parmi les plus marquants de l’histoire contemporaine du Mexique. Nous situons Palinuro de México dans un corpus littéraire qui résiste au silence imposé par les autorités avec la création d’une poétique capable de raconter l’histoire et de dénoncer la censure. Notre hypothèse s’appuie sur les réflexions de Paul Veyne et Jacques Rancière, qui démontrent que l’écriture de l’histoire ne possède pas de méthode scientifique, mais procède plutôt d’une construction littéraire. Cela nous permet d’affirmer que l’histoire, puisqu’elle relève de la littérature, peut aussi être racontée dans un roman. La théorie de la littérature carnavalesque de Mijail Bajtin, qui se caractérise par le rire, la liberté d’expression et l’opposition aux règles officielles, nous sert à identifier les procédés utilisés dans Palinuro de México pour créer une mémoire de Tlatelolco. Ce style rappelle la vitalité du mouvement étudiant, en soulignant la joyeuse subversion des valeurs. De plus, son caractère polyphonique permet d’inclure une pièce de théâtre dans un roman et de confronter les différentes idéologies qui s’opposaient durant le conflit. / Summary This work aims to reveal the strategies used in Fernando del Paso’s Palinuro de México (1977) to represent the history of the 1968 student movement, which ended with the massacre of Tlatelolco. In order to protect its image, the government censored this event, among the most significant of Mexico’s contemporary history. We approach Palinuro de México as part of a literary corpus that resists the silence imposed by the authorities with the creation of a poetics capable of recounting the student movement’s history and denouncing the regime’s censorship. Our working hypothesis borrows from research by Paul Veyne and Jacques Rancière, who demonstrate that the writing of history does not possess a scientific method, but is instead a form of literary construction. It allows us to assert that history, because it uses literature, can also be told in a novel. Mijail Bajtin’s theory of the carnavalesque, which is characterized by its humour, liberty of expression, and opposition to official rules, allows us to identify the literary processes used in Palinuro de México to create a memory of Tlatelolco. This style recalls the vitality of the student movement by underlining their merry, non-violent subversion of values. Its polyphonic element also allows the author to include a theatrical play within the novel and to represent the different ideologies opposed during the conflict. / Sumario Este estudio busca revelar las estrategias utilizadas en Palinuro de México (1977) de Fernando del Paso para representar la historia del movimiento estudiantil de 1968, que terminó con la masacre de Tlatelolco. Para proteger su imagen, el gobierno censuró este acontecimiento, que cuenta dentro de los más destacados de la historia contemporánea de México. Situamos a Palinuro de México dentro de un corpus literario que resiste al silencio impuesto por las autoridades con la creación de una poética capaz de contar esta historia y de denunciar la censura. La hipótesis que sostenemos se apoya en las reflexiones de Paul Veyne y Jacques Rancière, que demuestran que la escritura de la historia no tiene un método científico, sino que resulta de una construcción literaria. Esto nos permite afirmar que si la historia utiliza la literatura, puede también ser contada en una novela. La teoría de la literatura carnavalesca de Mijail Bajtin, que se caracteriza por la risa, la libertad de expresión y la oposición a las reglas oficiales, nos sirve para identificar los procedimientos literarios utilizados en Palinuro de México para crear una memoria de Tlatelolco. El estilo carnavalesco recuerda la vitalidad del movimiento estudiantil, subrayando la alegre subversión de los valores. Además, su carácter polifónico permite incluir una pieza de teatro en una novela y confrontar las distintas ideologías que se oponían durante el conflicto.

Although Schoenberg viewed his twelve-tone method as an extension of the Germanic musical evolution from Bach to Brahms, one group of writers in America identified twelve-tone antecedents with Medieval and Renaissance polyphony. Such a correlation of Schoenberg's practice with this textural orientation of the past was part of a larger movement (what I term "neopolyphony") recognizing twentieth-century musical developments as the genesis of a polyphonic epoch reviving both the technical and aesthetic concerns of the former era. With Schoenberg's practice applied to this analogical context, other writers (Hill, Krenek, Perle) advanced certain modal theories based in various degrees on the internal organization and functional role of the Church modes.

The mass and the motet are the most important musical components of the Catholic liturgy. The development of vocal polyphony in the Medieval Period culminated in the perfection of these forms in the sixteenth century. The purpose of this thesis is to give an account of the development of religious monody and polyphony that led to the inception of the motet in the early part of the thirteenth century; to show the development of the motet through the sixteenth century; to give a more detailed analysis of the style of Palestrina; and to emphasize the analysis with a stylistic examination of a Palestrina motet.