L’étude des modifications phénotypiques et génomiques associées à l’adaptation des pathogènes aux résistances est une étape fondamentale pour mieux comprendre et anticiper le phénomène de contournement des résistances. Le nématode à kyste Globodera pallida est un important pathogène de la pomme de terre, vis-à-vis duquel un QTL majeur de résistance, GpaVvrn, a été identifié chez Solanum vernei. Cependant, la capacité des populations de G. pallida à s’adapter à cette résistance en quelques générations seulement a été mise en évidence par évolution expérimentale. Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse avait pour objectifs (1) d’étudier les traits d’histoire de vie du nématode impactés par l’adaptation, afin de tester l’existence éventuelle d’un coût de virulence, et (2) d’identifier les régions génomiques impliquées dans l’adaptation, par une approche originale combinant évolution expérimentale et scans génomiques sur des lignées virulentes et avirulentes. Contre toute attente, nous avons montré que l’adaptation à la résistance issue de S. vernei entraînait une augmentation de la fitness des individus virulents sur hôte sensible. Nous avons également pu identifier des régions génomiques candidates à l’adaptation à la résistance de la plante hôte, contenant des gènes codant pour des effecteurs, et notamment des SPRYSECs, connus chez les nématodes à kyste pour être impliqués dans la suppression des défenses des plantes mais aussi dans la virulence du nématode. À terme, ces résultats s’avéreront utiles pour la conception de stratégies durables de déploiement de variétés de pommes de terre résistantes. / Studying phenotypic and genomic modifications associated with pathogen adaptation to resistance is a crucial step to better understand and anticipate resistance breakdown. The cyst nematode Globodera pallida is an important pest of potato crops, for which a major resistance QTL, GpaVvrn, has been identified in Solanum vernei. However, the capability of G. pallida populations to adapt to this resistance in only few generations has been highlighted through experimental evolution. In this context, the purposes of this work were (1) to study the nematode life-history traits impacted by adaptation, in order to test for potential existence of a virulence cost, and (2) to identify genomic regions involved in adaptation, through an original approach combining experimental evolution and genome scans on virulent and avirulent lineages. Unexpectedly, we highlighted that adaptation to resistance from S. vernei leads to an increase of virulent individual’s fitness on susceptible host. We were also able to pinpoint candidate genomic regions to adaptation to host plant resistance, containing genes encoding effectors, and especially SPRYSECs, known in cyst nematodes to be involved in suppression of host defense but also in nematode virulence. These results will ultimately be useful in order to conceive sustainable strategies of use of potato resistant cultivars

Marine Areas for Responsible Artisanal Fishing (AMPR) have emerged as a new model for co-managing small-scale fisheries in Costa Rica, one that involves collaboration between fishers, government agencies and NGOs. This thesis aims to examine the context for collective action and co-management by small-scale fishers; evaluate the design, implementation, and enforcement of AMPRs; and conduct a linguistic analysis of fisheries legislation. The present work relies on the analysis of several types of qualitative data, including interviews with 23 key informants, rapid rural assessments, and legal documents. Findings demonstrate the strong influence of economic factors for sustaining collective action, as well as the importance of certain types of external organizations for community development and co-management. Additionally, significant enforcement gaps and institutional deficiencies were identified in the work of regulating agencies. Legal analysis suggests that mechanisms for government accountability are unavailable and that legal discourse reflects some of the most salient problems in management.

An important trend in HRM is the focus on talent management programs which is becoming a competitive advantage for companies operating in today's globalized world. The thesis introduces the processes and specific instruments of the talent management programs. The main purpose of this thesis was to create a model of talent management and, based on further analysis, test it in practice. The talent management model is derived from the theoretical knowledge and best practices of companies which have implemented talent management systems within the last years. The model introduces talent management as an ongoing process of planning for, attracting, selecting, developing, managing, and evaluating talented employees. The thesis is divided into two main parts: the first covers the definition of the terms, conception, and methodology of talent management; the second (empirical-methodological) is devoted to the main purpose -- talent model creation and testing through qualitative research.

The aim of this thesis is to create a viable business plan for a new production company. This company will specialize in manufacturing swimming pool equipment that shall increase the standard of services provided by aqua-establishments. The target market is aqua-establishments (indoor swimming pools, hotel pools a spas) in Europe. The theoretical part deals with general principles of creating a business plan, presents potential users and characterizes its structure. The applied part introduces a specific business plan. Strong emphasis is given on description of competitive advantage, on marketing strategy and on financial plan. Financial plan includes evaluation of effectiveness of the project as well as evaluation of viability of the project.

This thesis deals with talent management. Its aim is to identify the best practices in talent management based on secondary and primary research of selected talent management programs. The theory is focused on definition of strategic HR management and especially talent management as one of its priorities. It is followed by explanation of the basic concepts of talent (such as high-potential, high performing and key employees) and talent management. Further descriptions of talent management process as well as TM challenges are included. The practical part is divided into two main sections. The first one is related to research in four companies and evaluation of their current talent management programs. Due to the fact that Generation Y is still more and more included in talent pool, the second part covers description of work life from its point of view. The final section contains a summary and the best practices.

International trade has been a staple of the world economy for centuries. In today‟s world, as the pressure of globalization takes hold, and as the role of the state recedes while the role of regions increase, the need to maximize the benefits of international trade and investment inflows becomes even more accentuated. Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in particular, has perennially been on the periphery of global trade and investments, contributing no more than 3-4%, notwithstanding SSA having proportionately much higher population and natural resource base. To improve SSA ability to be competitive in international trade as well as to multiply intra-african trade, the continent‟s leaders have long resorted to forming regional economic communities (RECs). But more than five decades of regional economic integration in SSA has produced mostly failed RECs. Yet regional integration is being touted as SSA surest bet for relevance in the global economy. Therein lies the paradox! How can an undertaking that have produced mostly failures be the self-same route out of global economic irrelevance? In this study, it is shown that the model for regional integration adopted by many SSA RECs, the linear model, also considered the Eurocentric model of regional integration, buttressed by an intergovernmental legal framework, does not suit the peculiar circumstances of the region and is the cause for the near total failure of regional integration on the continent. This research, using the ECOWAS specialized institutions as case studies – the West African Power Pool (WAPP) and the ECOWAS Regional Electricity Regulatory Authority (ERERA) – argues for a paradigm shift in the conceptualisation of regionalism on the continent. It argues for a shift to developmental regionalism, buttressed by strong supranational legal framework. The study shows that the West African regional bloc, ECOWAS, now recognises the nexus between the development of trade-related infrastructure and intra-african trade on the one hand, as well as the nexus between the development regionalism and the expansion of SSA trade with the rest of the world, on the other hand. Accordingly, the study concludes that ECOWAS institutionalization of a regional electricity market via the establishment of regional institutions of WAPP and ERERA is the new model for regional integration in SSA. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2015 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

Objetivos. a) analisar os fatores associados à criação de relações de sinergia entre poder público e sociedade no âmbito do Consórcio Intermunicipal das Bacias Hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí, assim como a contribuição desta organização para a gestão dos recursos hídricos na região; e b) contribuir para as discussões sobre novas formas de institucionalidade na gestão de recursos naturais. Metodologia. A metodologia de pesquisa combina três instrumentais complementares: pesquisa documental, um survey aplicado a membros do Consórcio em uma amostra aleatória, e questionários complementares com atoreschave, utilizando como suporte para a análise a ferramenta organizacional IAD (Institutional Analysis and Development). Resultados. Os resultados explicitam que características relacionadas ao contexto físico e político, às formas das relações e articulações estabelecidas entre os atores, e o estabelecimento de relações interinstitucionais e intersetoriais no contexto de gestão dos recursos hídricos possibilitaram a emergência de sinergia no caso estudado. A experiência do Consórcio PCJ na gestão dos recursos hídricos foi pioneira no Estado e mesmo no País, tendo contribuído para avanços significativos não apenas regionalmente, com nos níveis estadual e nacional. Apesar disso, ainda se observam dificuldades na inclusão de maior heterogeneidade no processo de participação na gestão desses recursos. Considerações. No caso do Consórcio PCJ, falta ainda ampliar o acesso ao diálogo com uma parcela mais abrangente da população, contribuindo de forma mais efetiva para a formação de processos educativos que ampliem a quantidade e qualidade da participação social nos processos de gestão dos recursos hídricos. Abordando as possibilidades de uma nova institucionalidade na gestão de recursos naturais, o estudo indica a importância da formulação de políticas públicas que apóiem e fomentem: a) o envolvimento de instituições já consolidadas na catalização de processos de articulação entre outras instituições em torno de objetivos comuns; b) o diálogo entre poder público, iniciativa privada e sociedade civil organizada; c) o diálogo entre diferentes escalas na esfera institucional; e d) a constituição de processos pedagógicos que qualifiquem e ampliem a participação da sociedade nos mesmos. / Objectives. a) to analyze the factors related to the creation of state-society relations in the \"Consórcio Intermunicipal das Bacias Hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí\", as well as the contribution of this organization to the management of water resources in that region; b) to contribute to the proposal of new models of institutionality on natural resources management. Methodology. The research methodology combines three complementary instruments: documental research, a random sampling survey of members of the \"Consórcio\", and complementary surveys with key-actors, using as a support to the analysis the IAD (Institutional Analysis and Development) organizational tool. Results. Analysis of the data collected shows that characteristics related to the physical and political context, to the peculiarity of the relationships and articulations settled among the actors involved, and the settlement of interinstitutional and intersectorial relationships in the context of water resources management in that region, made the emergency of synergy in the case studied possible. The experience of \"Consórcio PCJ\" in the water resources management was pioneer in the State of São Paulo and even in Brazil, having contributed to significant advances not just regionally, but also at state and national levels. In spite of that, the difficulty of including a broader heterogeneity in the participation process for the management of these resources still remains. Considerations. In the case of \"Consórcio PCJ\", it is mandatory to develop means to expand the dialogue with a broader part of the society, contributing in a more effective way to building up the educational processes that could increase the quantity and quality of social participation in the management of water resources. With regard to the possibility of a new institutionality concerning natural resources management, this study points out the importance of the building of public policies that support and encourage: a) the involvement of already consolidated institutions in catalyzing processes of articulation among other institutions aiming at common goals; b) the dialogue between Public Administration, private initiative and the organized sectors of civil society; c) the dialogue among different scales in the institutional context; and d) the constitution of educational processes that qualify and broaden the participation of the society in them.

This dissertation aims to promote healthy living for people residing in a disadvantaged area. Physical activity, social interaction a connection with nature are key aspects in this project. The proposed facility would thus include amenities for recreation and health services to assist in achieving this goal. The architecture will be used to stimulate the senses and thus bring into consciousness the presence of the human body in its interaction with the surroundings. The motivation for the project is the fact that many of the health problems experienced by the population of the country are caused by obesity. A lack of physical activity and poor eating habits has resulted in obesity and its associated illnesses being quite common in all communities around the world. Another reason for the project is the accelerated damages that are occurring to the natural environment. People have become unaware of the importance of natural environment and this ignorance has lead to polluting and general mistreatment becoming common place. The proposed site is in the township of Olievenhoutbosch, south of Tshwane. The township lacks many public facilities so the proposed design should also consider the intervention being more than just a health and recreation centre, but one that serves as a hub for the people of the community. / Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Architecture / Unrestricted

A growing awareness of the severity of the climate crisis caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions has led to an increased effort to find governance strategies to transition society towards sustainable development. One recently adopted strategy is the adoption of local carbon budgets, derived from the so-called global carbon budget, within local governments across Sweden. In this thesis, I explore this happening through a case study of the county of Västra Götaland, Sweden using the concept of governmentality to provide critical analysis of the use of local carbon budgets in an attempt to encourage reflexive governance. By conducting semi-structured interviews with persons involved in the adoption of local carbon budgets in Västra Götaland, I seek to gain a greater understanding of how local carbon budgets impact the way actors seek to govern climate through the adoption of new programs of conduct that seek the reform of the current regime of practices that exist within the county. I explore how such carbon budgets construct the problem of climate change and the need for rapid decarbonization to discover what practices are limited or made possible through such a construction. I find that local carbon budgets are problematizing several areas of municipal and regional governance, conceptually and practically, particularly in the way actors understand climate change and the decarbonization challenge. I argue that a reterritorialization of the climate into local ‘emission spaces’ allows for the quantification and distribution of limited ‘emissions resources’ amongst actors in the county. This territorialization and quantification of a constructed resource contribute to a perception of urgency critical to motivating action to decarbonize. These conditions create a mandate for political action to resolve the constructed problem of scarce ‘emissions resources’ within a municipality or county’s ‘emissions space’ to ensure a ‘fair’ distribution in society. I further suggest that actors adopting local carbon budgets should consider the application of common-pool resource management strategies to move governance beyond an internal carbon budgeting approach.

This diploma thesis is focused on several variants of original outside swimming pool in the town of Zábřeh for various variants of reconstruction from the point of view of the use of swimming pool material used in the territory of the Czech Republic. In the theoretical part are described structural factors of swimming pools from various points of view, as well as economic and investment analyses and factors. The practical part of this diploma thesis is mainly aimed to compare the prices. The comparison is based on the budget of reconstructions and possible investment return.