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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
171

Learning effect, Time-dependent Processing Time and Bicriteria Scheduling Problems in a Supply Chain

Qian, Jianbo 10 1900 (has links)
<p>This thesis contains two parts. In the first part, which contains Chapter 2 and Chapter 3, we consider scheduling problems with learning effect and time-dependent processing time on a single machine. In Chapter 2, we investigate the earliness-tardiness objective, as well as the objective without due date assignment consideration. By reducing them to a special linear assignment problem, we solve them in near-linear time. As a consequence, we improve the time complexity for some previous algorithms for scheduling problems with learning effect and/or time-dependent processing time. In Chapter 3, we investigate the total number of tardy jobs objective. By reducing them to a linear assignment problem, we solve them in polynomial time. For some important special cases, where there is only learning effect OR time-dependent processing time, we reduce the time complexity to quadratic time. In the second part, which contains Chapter 4 and Chapter 5, we investigate the bicriteria scheduling problems in a supply chain. We separate the objectives in two parts, where the delivery cost is one of them. We present efficient algorithms to identify all the Pareto-optimal solutions for various scenarios. In Chapter 4, we study the cases without due date assignment; while in Chapter 5 we study the cases with due date assignment consideration.</p>
172

Dokumentation av en trafikolycka med handhållen laserskanning och UAS-fotogrammetri : En utvärdering av punktmolnens lägesosäkerhet och visuella kvalitet

Andersson, Elias January 2021 (has links)
I samband med en trafikolycka är det ofta viktigt att återställa platsen till det normala så snabbt som möjligt. Emellanåt måste olycksplatsen dokumenteras för att orsaken till olyckan ska kunna utredas i ett senare skede. Traditionellt har detta arbete utförts genom att fotografera platsen och mäta olika avstånd. På senare tid har även terrester laserskanning kommit att bli ett tillförlitligt alternativ. Med det sagt är det tänkbart att även fotogrammetri och andra typer av laserskanning skulle kunna användas för att uppnå liknande resultat.  Syftet med denna studie är att utforska hur handhållen laserskanning och UAS-fotogrammetri kan användas för att dokumentera en trafikolycka. Detta uppnås genom att utvärdera punktmolnens lägesosäkerhet och visuella kvalitet. Vidare utforskas fördelar och nackdelar med respektive metod, bland annat sett till tidsåtgång och kostnader, för att slutligen komma fram till vilken metod som lämpar sig bäst för att dokumentera en trafikolycka.  En trafikolycka med två inblandade bilar iscensattes och laserskannades till en början med den handhållna laserskannern Leica BLK2GO. Därefter samlades bilder in med den obemannade flygfarkosten Leica Aibot följt av att ett referenspunktmoln skapades med den terrestra laserskannern Leica C10. Genom att jämföra koordinater för kontrollpunkter i referenspunktmolnet med koordinaterna för motsvarande kontrollpunkter i de två andra punktmolnen kunde deras lägesosäkerheter bestämmas. Studiens resultat visar att både punktmolnet som framställdes med handhållen laserskanning och UAS-fotogrammetri har en lägesosäkerhet (standardosäkerhet) i 3D på 0,019 m. Båda metoderna är tillämpliga för att dokumentera en trafikolycka, men jämfört med terrester laserskanning är punktmolnen dock bristfälliga på olika sätt. BLK2GO producerar ett förhållandevis mörkt punktmoln och mörka objekt avbildas sämre än ljusare föremål. I punktmolnet som framställdes med Leica Aibot förekom påtagliga håligheter i bilarnas karosser. Handhållen laserskanning är en tidseffektiv metod medan UAS-fotogrammetri kan utföras till en lägre kostnad. Sammanfattningsvis går det inte att dra någon entydig slutsats om vilken metod som lämpar sig bäst för att dokumentera en trafikolycka. Valet beror på vilka omständigheter som råder på olycksplatsen. / In the event of a traffic accident, it is often important to restore the site to its normal condition as fast as possible. Occasionally, the accident scene must be documented so that the cause of the accident can be investigated at a later stage. Traditionally, this work has been performed by taking pictures of the site and measuring different distances. Lately, terrestrial laser scanning has also become a reliable alternative. With that said, it is possible that photogrammetry and other types of laser scanning also could be utilized to achieve similar results.    The aim of this study is to investigate how handheld laser scanning and UAS photogrammetry can be used to document a traffic accident. This is achieved by examining the positional uncertainty and visual quality of the point clouds. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of each method are explored, for instance in terms of time consumption and costs, in order to finally come to a conclusion of which method is best suited for documenting a traffic accident. A traffic accident with two involved cars was staged and initially laser scanned with the handheld laser scanner Leica BLK2GO. Thereafter, pictures were collected with the unmanned aerial vehicle Leica Aibot followed by the creation of a reference point cloud with the terrestrial laser scanner Leica C10. By comparing the coordinates of control points in the reference point cloud with the coordinates of the corresponding control points in the two other point clouds, their positional uncertainty could be determined. The results of the study show that both the point cloud produced by the handheld laser scanner and UAS photogrammetry have a positional uncertainty (standard uncertainty) of 0.019 m. Both methods are applicable for documenting a traffic accident but compared to terrestrial laser scanning, the point clouds are deficient in different ways. BLK2GO produces a relatively dark point cloud and dark objects are reproduced worse than lighter objects. In the point cloud produced by Leica Aibot, there were noticeable cavities in the bodies of the cars. Handheld laser scanning is a time-efficient method while UAS photogrammetry can be performed at a lower cost. In conclusion, it is not possible to arrive at an unambiguous conclusion with regards to which method that is best suited for documenting a traffic accident. The choice depends on the prevailing circumstances at the accident scene.
173

En jämförelse av lägesosäkerhet mellan smartphones och nätverks-RTK : En studie baserad på livetracking med applikationen Strava / A comparison of the positional accuracy between smartphones and NRTK-positioning : A study based on livetracking with the application Strava

Olsson, Anna January 2024 (has links)
The usability of GNSS-positioning with smartphones has increased because of smartphones being a cost-effective alternative compared to more advanced receivers. Previous studies have achieved position uncertainty that varied between 3–20 m with different applications in smartphones. No studies have been found that evaluates the positional uncertainty in data collected with the Strava application. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate positional uncertainty in Strava for two different smartphones being compared in two terrain types, forested and open terrain. In the study, the GNSS receiver Trimble R12 is used to measure reference data as it can achieve lower uncertainty than smartphones. The two tested smartphones (iPhone 8 and iPhone 12 Pro) are mounted on the bicycle handlebar from where the measurement is performed. The position uncertainty is evaluated by calculating the root mean square deviation (RMS). The result of the study shows that the positional uncertainty in the iPhone 12 Pro is lower compared to the iPhone 8, regardless of terrain and speed. For all measurements, the iPhone 12 Pro achieves a total root mean square deviation of 1.5 m, while the iPhone 8 achieves 7.5 m. Factors that may have affected the uncertainty in measurements are satellite geometry, variations in the ionosphere and troposphere and errors during measurement. The iPhone 8 should not be used for collecting data for new trails due to the high deviations. The iPhone 12 Pro is considered credible with low deviations throughout where the positional uncertainty between open and forested terrain differs by 0.2 m. Furthermore, it would be of interest to investigate how the iPhone 12 Pro relates to newer hardware. / Trots att positioneringsosäkerheten är högre i smartphones än i avancerade mottagare har användbarheten ökat för GNSS-positionering med smartphones till följd av det kostnadseffektiva alternativ som det innebär. Intresset för att skapa ledsystem med data insamlade med livetracking i smartphones har ökat. Uppnådd lägesosäkerhet i tidigare studier har varierat mellan 3–20 m med olika applikationer i smartphones. Det har inte påträffats studier som utvärderat lägesosäkerheten i data insamlade med applikationen Strava och därför är det av intresse att genomföra en sådan. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilken lägesosäkerhet som kan uppnås i terräng via livetracking med smartphones med applikationen Strava. För att uppnå syftet undersöktes lägesosäkerheten med två smartphones i skogbevuxen och öppen terräng. I studien genomfördes också en begränsad undersökning av hastighetens inverkan på lägesosäkerheten i öppen terräng. För att kunna förlita sig på data behöver lägesosäkerheten i smartphones kontrolleras mot referensdata inmätt med en metod som kan erhålla lägre osäkerhet. I studien användes GNSS-mottagaren Trimble R12 för inmätning av referensdata. En iPhone 8 och en iPhone 12 Pro monterades på ett cykelstyre där mätning med Strava genomfördes cyklandes på 100 m långa sträckor i öppen och skogbevuxen terräng. Lägesosäkerheten utvärderades genom att beräkna kvadratisk medelavvikelse (RMS).  Resultatet visar att lägesosäkerheten med iPhone 12 Pro är lägre i jämförelse med iPhone 8 oberoende av terräng och hastighet. För samtliga mätningar uppnår iPhone 12 Pro en total kvadratisk medelavvikelse på 1,5 m medan iPhone 8 uppnår 7,5 m. Faktorer som kan ha påverkat osäkerheten i mätningar är satellitgeometri, variationer i jonosfären och troposfären samt fel under mätning. iPhone 8 bör inte användas för insamling av data till nya leder på grund av de höga avvikelserna. iPhone 12 Pro anses trovärdig med genomgående låga avvikelser, där lägesosäkerheten mellan öppen och skogbevuxen terräng skiljer 0,2 m. Vidare skulle det vara av intresse att undersöka hur iPhone 12 Pro förhåller sig till nyare hårdvara.
174

L’asphyxie en médecine légale : une étude rétrospective de six ans sur les suffocations non-chimiques au Québec

Boghossian, Elie 08 1900 (has links)
La suffocation est une forme d’asphyxie dans laquelle l’oxygène ne peut atteindre le sang. Il existe divers types de suffocation dont la suffocation par confinement/ environnementale, les étouffements externe et interne, et les asphyxies traumatique/ positionnelle. La littérature scientifique sur la suffocation est relativement pauvre, étant principalement constituée de revues de cas et de quelques séries de cas limités à un contexte particulier de suffocation. Dans le contexte actuel d’une médecine basée sur les preuves, les ouvrages de médecine légale n’ont guère d’études pour appuyer leurs enseignements, tirés essentiellement de l’expérience personnelle de générations de médecins légistes. Le présent projet vise à palier ce manque de données sur la suffocation, un type de décès pourtant important en pratique médico-légale. Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective de six ans portant sur tous les cas de suffocation non-chimique ayant été autopsiés au Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale. À notre connaissance, cette étude est la première à établir le portrait systématique des morts par suffocation non-chimique en milieu médico-légal. Elle permet, entre autres, de confirmer les modes de décès usuels par catégorie de suffocation, le type de victime et les contextes courants. Généralement, les résultats concordent avec la littérature, appuyant ainsi le savoir commun des pathologistes sur la suffocation non-chimique. Toutefois, certaines dissimilitudes ont été notées quant aux modes de décès lors de l’étouffement externe. Par ailleurs, les questions reliées à la classification des asphyxies et aux définitions souvent contradictoires sont discutées. En un effort de normalisation, ce projet souligne les divergences retrouvées dans les classifications usuelles et tente d’en dégager les définitions courantes afin de proposer un modèle de classification unifié. / Suffocation is a general term that encompasses several forms of asphyxia generated by a deprivation of oxygen. It includes different subtypes such as environmental suffocation/ entrapment, choking, smothering and traumatic/ positional asphyxia. In the forensic literature, suffocation has been the object of several papers, but mainly case reports or cases series. Studies of subsets of suffocation deaths, limited to a specific scenery or category, have also been reported, such as suffocation in motor vehicle collisions. Nonetheless, there are still several areas of forensic pathology mainly based on tradition, with textbook explaining and describing common knowledge that is not supported by modern research data: suffocation makes no exception. The present project is intended to contribute to evidence-based data on non-chemical suffocation deaths. It comprises a 6-year retrospective study of all non-chemical suffocation cases in the forensic victim population of Quebec. As far as we know, this is the first paper to ever portray a systematic study of non-chemical suffocation deaths in forensic setting. In general, the results are concordant with the textbook literature, therefore supporting common knowledge related to manner of death in non-chemical suffocation. However, discrepancies have been underscored in smothering. Furthermore, the classification of asphyxia and the definitions of subtypes, such as suffocation, are far from being uniform, varying widely from one textbook to another and from one paper to the next. Unfortunately, similar research designs can lead to totally different results depending on the definitions used. Closely comparable cases are classified differently by equally competent forensic pathologists. Therefore, the present project highlights the discrepancies between textbook classifications and tries to draw mainstream definitions, in order to propose a more unified classification of asphyxial deaths.
175

Trois-Rivières : une ville dépossédée de sa région : étude de morphologie urbaine

Rousseau, Samuel January 2008 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.
176

Análise numérica bidimensional de sólidos com comportamento visco-elasto-plástico em grandes deformações e situações de contato / Two-dimensional numerical analysis of solids with visco-elasto-plastic behavior under large strains and contact situations

Carvalho, Péricles Rafael Pavão 26 March 2019 (has links)
Motivado por diversos processos de manufatura, tais como conformação de metais a frio ou mesmo manufatura aditiva, este trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de um código computacional para a simulação numérica de problemas bidimensionais que abordam três tipos de não-linearidade: a geométrica, presente em situações de grandes deslocamentos; a física, presente no modelo constitutivo do material; e a de contato. Na primeira etapa, desenvolve-se um programa para análise dinâmica bidimensional de sólidos elásticos, utilizando a abordagem posicional do método dos elementos finitos, que engloba naturalmente a não-linearidade geométrica em sua formulação. Em seguida, implementam-se modelos constitutivos não-elásticos para problemas com grandes deformações. No modelo elastoplástico, adota-se o critério de von Mises com encruamento cinemático baseado na lei de Armstrong-Frederick. Essa formulação é então generalizada para o caso visco-plástico, onde é considerado o modelo de Perzyna em conjunto com a lei de Norton. No caso visco-elástico, utiliza-se uma formulação que parte do modelo reológico de Zener. Por fim, apresenta-se um modelo visco-elasto-plástico que consiste no acoplamento dos modelos visco-elástico e visco-plástico descritos anteriormente. Em todos os casos, utiliza-se a decomposição multiplicativa do gradiente da função mudança de configuração. Com respeito à aplicação 2D, consideram-se as hipóteses de estado plano de deformações e estado plano de tensões, onde a última é resolvida numericamente por um procedimento local de Newton-Raphson. Para o problema de contato, aplica-se a estratégia Nó-a-Segmento, sendo as condições de não-penetração impostas com a introdução de multiplicadores de Lagrange. A formulação é testada em cada uma das etapas por meio de exemplos numéricos de verificação. Além disso, para mostrar as potencialidades do código desenvolvido, são propostos diversos exemplos numéricos, sendo alguns inspirados por processos de manufatura existentes. Nesses exemplos, são estudados os efeitos de diferentes parâmetros dos materiais e diferentes taxas de deformação na resposta numérica, permitindo uma análise do comportamento dissipativo decorrente da plastificação e da viscosidade, incluindo a influência desses sobre o amortecimento dinâmico. / Motivated by several manufacturing processes, such as cold metal forming or even additive manufacturing, in this work we develop a computational code for numerical simulation of two-dimensional problems addressing three types of nonlinearities: geometric nonlinearity, present in large displacements situations; physical non-linearity, present in the material constitutive model; and contact non-linearity. In the first step, we develop a computational program for dynamic analysis of two-dimensional elastic solids using the positional finite element method, which naturally takes into account geometric non-linearity in its formulation. Following, we implement inelastic constitutive models for large strain problems. In the elasto-plastic model, we adopt von Mises yeld criteria and kinematic hardening based on the Armstrong-Frederick law. The formulation is then generalized to the visco-plastic case, where we consider Perzyna model associated with Norton\'s law. In the visco-elastic case, Zener\'s rheological model is employed. Finally, we present a visco-elasto-plastic model by coupling the visco-elastic and visco-plastic models described previously. In every case, the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient is employed. Regarding the 2D application, we consider both plane strain and plane stress hypothesis, where the latter is solved numerically by a local Newton-Raphson procedure. For the contact problem, we employ the Node-to-Segment strategy, imposing non-penetration conditions with the introduction of Lagrange multipliers. The resulting computational code is tested in each step by means of numerical verification examples. In addition, to show the potentialities of the developed code, several numerical examples are proposed, some of which inspired by existing manufacturing processes. On these examples, we study the effects of different material parameters and strain rates on the numerical response, allowing an analysis of the dissipative behavior due to plasticity and viscosity, including the influence of these on the dynamic damping.
177

Aplicação de formulação baseada no método dos elementos finitos posicional na análise bidimensional elástica de compósitos particulados / Application of a positional finite element method based formulation on the elastic two-dimensional analysis of particulate composites

Moura, Camila Alexandrino 05 May 2015 (has links)
A utilização de materiais compósitos tornou-se uma alternativa importante em muitas aplicações dentro de diversas áreas da engenharia, pois seus constituintes podem agregar propriedades mecânicas, térmicas e acústicas ao compósito, garantindo eficiência e baixo custo. Com isso, faz-se necessário um maior conhecimento do comportamento mecânico desses materiais diante das solicitações, principalmente no que diz respeito aos campos de deslocamento, deformações e tensões. O presente trabalho tem por finalidade a análise, em nível macroscópico, de estruturas bidimensionais elásticas constituídas de materiais compósitos particulados, utilizando formulação desenvolvida no contexto do Grupo de Mecânica Computacional (GMEC), do Departamento de Engenharia de Estruturas (SET), da Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (EESC), da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), no qual se insere a presente pesquisa. A formulação utilizada baseia-se no Método dos Elementos Finitos Posicional (MEFP) e foi desenvolvida em nível mesoscópico por tratar da interação entre matriz e partículas. Tal formulação possibilita a consideração da interação partícula-matriz sem a necessidade de coincidência entre as malhas da matriz e das partículas e sem o aumento do número de graus de liberdade dos problemas, admitindo-se aderência perfeita entre as fases. A formulação considera material isotrópico e comportamento não-linear geométrico das fases. A aplicação da formulação foi aqui proposta com o intuito de avaliar a influência da geometria, tamanho, fração volumétrica, distribuição e propriedades mecânicas das partículas adotadas, no comportamento global da estrutura em nível macroscópico. Foram desenvolvidos e apresentados exemplos de aplicação, com comparação dos resultados numéricos das análises com resultados de ensaios experimentais encontrados na literatura, bem como com resultados de modelos matemáticos de homogeneização e modelos numéricos propostos por outros autores, que utilizaram o método dos elementos finitos e técnicas de homogeneização assintótica. / The use of composite materials has become an important alternative in many applications in different areas of engineering, because their constituents can add mechanical, thermal and acoustic properties to the composite, ensuring efficiency and low cost. Thus, it is necessary a better understanding of the mechanical behavior of these materials, mainly regarding displacement, stress and strain fields. This study aims to analyze, in macroscopic scale, two-dimensional elastic structures made of particulate composite materials, using formulation developed in the context of the Grupo de Mecânica Computacional (GMEC), of Departamento de Engenharia de Estruturas (SET), of Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (EESC), of Universidade de São Paulo (USP). The formulation is based on the Positional Finite Element Method and was developed in mesoscopic level, considering the matrix-particles interaction and neglecting the interface, by means of kinematic relations used to ensure adherence of the particles to the matrix without introducing new degrees of freedom in the problem. The formulation considers isotropic material and geometric non-linear behavior of the composite phases. The application of the formulation was proposed in this work in order to evaluate the influence of geometry, size, volume fraction, distribution and mechanical properties of the particles adopted in the global behavior of the structure in macroscopic level. Numerical examples were developed and presented in order to compare the numerical results of the analysis with results obtained in experimental studies found in the literature, as well as results of mathematical models and numerical models using finite element method and the asymptotic homogenization technique.
178

Desenvolvimento de modelo de ligação deslizante para a simulação de dispositivos de controle de vibração na análise não linear geométrica de estruturas / Development of sliding joint model for simulation of vibration control devices in geometric nonlinear analysis of structures

Morantes Rodríguez, Edwin Alexander 03 April 2017 (has links)
Neste estudo se propõe o desenvolvimento de um modelo numérico para a ligação deslizante entre elementos sólidos bidimensionais, aplicável à simulação de sistemas deslizantes de isolação de base para estruturas. A formulação implementada é baseada no Método dos Elementos Finitos Posicional (MEFP) para análise dinâmica não linear geométrica de estruturas escrita na forma Lagrangeana total. Elementos triangulares planos e isoparamétricos de aproximação cúbica com matriz de massa completa são utilizados principalmente na elaboração da parte sólida dos dispositivos de ligação entre estruturas reticuladas e a base móvel. Esses elementos também poderm ser utilizados na modelagem da estrutura em si, porém, para esse fim, elementos finitos isoparamétricos de barra geral com massa distribuída por unidade de comprimento foram implementados. As equações de movimento são integradas no tempo aplicando o método de Newmark e o problema de deslizamento é resolvido com o algoritmo baseado na técnica dos multiplicadores de Lagrange, onde a restrição das posições de um nó escravo é feita em relação a uma sequência de superfícies mestres. Elementos de barra geral foram usados para simular as superfícies mestres de contato, o que aumenta as possibilidades de aplicações, incluindo mecanismos compostos apenas por barras gerais. Analisam-se exemplos disponíveis na literatura para a validação da formulação proposta e propõem-se aplicações diversas na engenharia das estruturas. / This study proposes the development of a numerical model for the sliding joint between two-dimensional solid elements, applicable to the simulation of sliding base isolation systems. The implemented formulation is based on the Positional Finite Element Method (PFEM) for geometrical nonlinear dynamic analysis of structures written in the total Lagrangian form. Plane and isoparametric triangular cubic approximation elements with full mass matrix are mainly used in the elaboration of the solid part of the devices of joints between reticulated structures and mobile base. These elements can also be used in the modeling of the structure itself, however, for that purpose, isoparametric elements of general bar with mass distributed per unit of length were implemented. The motion equations are integrated in time by applying the Newmark method and the sliding problem is solved with the algorithm based on the technique of Lagrange multipliers, where the constraint of the positions of a slave node is made in relation to a sequence of master surfaces. General bar elements were used to simulate the master contact surface, which increases the possibilities of applications, including mechanisms composed only of general bars. Analyze examples available in the literature for the validation of the proposed formulation and proposed diverse applications in the engineering of the structures.
179

Modelos constitutivos para materiais hiperelásticos: estudo e implementação computacional / Constitutive models for hyperelastic materials: study and computational implementation

Pascon, João Paulo 01 April 2008 (has links)
O objetivo central deste trabalho é implementar modelos constitutivos hiperelásticos não lineares em um código computacional que faz análise não linear geométrica de cascas. São necessários, para este propósito, conceitos sobre álgebras linear e tensorial, cinemática, deformação, tensão, balanços, princípios variacionais, métodos numéricos e hiperelasticidade. Tal programa usa a formulação Lagrangiana posicional, o método dos elementos finitos, o princípio dos trabalhos virtuais e o método iterativo de Newton-Raphson para solução das equações não lineares. O elemento finito de casca possui dez nós, sete parâmetros por nó e variação linear da deformação ao longo da espessura. Para dedução dos novos modelos usou-se a decomposição multiplicativa do gradiente da função mudança de configuração, o tensor deformação de Green-Lagrange e o tensor da tensão de Piola-Kirchhoff de segunda espécie. O código desenvolvido foi usado em simulações de diversos exemplos e apresentou boa precisão na análise mecânica de polímeros naturais altamente deformáveis. A ocorrência do fenômeno travamento não se manifestou nas análises realizadas. A presente pesquisa confirmou outros trabalhos, reforçou a necessidade de se usar modelos hiperelásticos não lineares para simular o comportamento mecânico de polímeros naturais e apresentou resultados condizentes com dados experimentais existentes na literatura científica e às respectivas soluções analíticas. / The main objective of this work is to implement nonlinear hyperelastic constitutive models in a computational code of geometrically nonlinear analysis of shells. For this purpose, concepts of linear and tensor algebras, kinematics, strain, stress, balances, variational principles, numerical methods and hyperelasticity are necessary. Such program uses the positional Lagrangian formulation, the finite element method, the principle of virtual work and the iterative method of Newton-Raphson for the solution of the nonlinear equations. The shell finite element has ten nodes, seven parameters per node and presents linear variation of the strain along the thickness. To achieve the new constitutive models the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient, the Green-Lagrange strain tensor and the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor are used. The developed code is tested for simulations of various examples and presents good accuracy in the mechanical analysis of highly deformable natural rubber. The locking phenomena didn\'t appear in the proposed analysis. The present research confirms other works, corroborates the need of using nonlinear hyperelastic models to simulate the mechanical behavior of natural rubber and presents suitable results when compared to existent experimental data of the scientific literature and to the respective analytical solutions.
180

Análise não linear geométrica de pórticos planos considerando ligações semirrígidas elastoplásticas / Geometric nonlinear analysis of plane frames considering elastoplastic semi-rigid connections

Reis, Marcelo Campos Junqueira 22 June 2012 (has links)
Neste trabalho foi implementada uma técnica para considerar ligações semirrígidas elastoplásticas para a análise não linear geométrica de pórticos planos. As ligações semirrígidas foram consideradas com o comportamento elastoplástico multilinear e modeladas via o Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF). Esta técnica foi acoplada ao programa AcadFrame, baseado no Método dos Elementos Finitos Posicional (MEFP) para a análise não linear geométrica de pórticos planos e treliças planas. O acoplamento numérico foi realizado através de uma formulação algébrica em que a matriz de rigidez das ligações semirrígidas elastoplásticas e as forças internas das ligações são somadas à matriz e ao vetor de forças internas da estrutura a cada iteração no processo de Newton-Raphson. Conceitos de álgebra linear e tensorial, dinâmica não linear, deformação, tensão, princípios variacionais e métodos numéricos são necessários para este propósito. Simular-se-ão diversos exemplos de ligações semirrígidas de estruturas metálicas e de concreto pré-moldado para a verificação das implementações realizadas. O trabalho permite a análise não linear geométrica de pórticos planos considerando as ligações semirrígidas elastoplásticas. / This work presents a technique to consider elastoplastic semi-rigid connections for geometric nonlinear analysis of plane frames. The connections were considered semi-rigid with elastoplastic behavior and modeled by The Finite Element Method (FEM). This technique was coupled to AcadFrame program, based on the Finite Element Method for geometric nonlinear analysis of plane frames and trusses flat. The numerical coupling is made by an algebraic formulation where, at each iteration of the Newton-Raphson process, the connections stiffness matrix and elastoplastic internal forces of are added to the Hessian matrix and the internal force vector of the structure. Concepts of linear and tensor algebra, non-linear strain, stress, variational principles and numerical methods are needed for this purpose. Several examples with semi-rigid connections are solved to verify the proosed formulation and performed implementations. This study allows geometric nonlinear analysis of plane frames considering elastoplastic semi-rigid connections, as steel and precast concrete structures.

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