Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att med hjälp av multivariata parametrar undersöka skillnader i fysisk extern belastning under den mest intensiva perioden (MIP) av match för spelare på ungdomselit och seniornivå samt att identifiera eventuella skillnader mellan positioner och halvlekar.Metod: En kvantitativ retrospektiv studie tillämpades, där spelare från ett seniorlag (SEN)spelandes i högsta divisionen i Sverige samt fotbollsspelare från ett ungdomselitlag (U19)från samma klubb spelades i näst högsta divisionen för åldersgruppen deltog i studien. Fysisk extern belastning mättes med hjälp av Global Positioning System (GPS). MIP analyserades utifrån spelares taktiska utgångsposition och med hjälp av multivariata parametrar. Rullande medelvärden användes för analys av 1-min MIP.Resultat: SEN täckte signifikant längre distans under den mest intensiva 1-mintusperioden av match jämfört med U19 (SEN 140 ± 22,3 m; U19 120 ± 24,1 m, p < 0.001). Vid jämförelse mellan positioner täcker SEN-Lateral längre distanser än U19-Lateral under mest intensiva 1-mintusperioden av MIP-kinematik (135 ± 23.5 m vs 104 ± 40.3 m, p = 0.015).Slutsats: Sammanfattningsvis konfirmerar denna studie en skillnad av den mest intensiva 1-minuters perioden för senior- och ungdomsspelare för MIPk. Studien visar att seniorspelare positionerade lateral på planen täcker längre distanser under MIPk jämfört med U19 på samma position. Praktiker bör beakta dessa skillnader i sina träningsupplägg för att kunna förbereda ungdomsspelare för de fysiska krav som ses i seniormiljön / Aim: The present study aimed to investigate differences in physical external load during the most intense period (MIP) of match play for youth and senior player and to indentify possible differences between positions and halves, with multivariate parameters. Method: A quantitative retrospective study was applied, players from a senior team playing in the highest division in Sweden participated in the study as well as football players from a youth elite team from the same club playing in the second highest division for the age group. Physical external load was measured using Global Positioning System (GPS). MIP was analyzed based on players' initial tactical position and using multivariate parameters. Rolling averages were used to analyze 1-min MIP.Results: SEN covered significantly longer distances during the most intense 1-min period of the match compared to U19 (SEN 140 ± 22,3 m; U19 120 ± 24,1 m, p < 0.001). When comparing between positions, SEN-Lateral covers longer distances than U19-Lateral during the most intense 1-minute period of the MIPk (135 ± 23.5 m vs 104 ± 40.3 m, p = 0.015).Conclusions: In conclusion, this study confirms a difference in the most intense 1-minute period for senior and youth players for MIPk. The study shows that senior players positioned laterally on the pitch cover longer distances during MIPk compared to U19-Lateral. Practitioners should consider these differences in their training programmes in order to prepare youth players for the physical demands seen in the senior environment.

Den första detaljerade topografiska karteringen som täcker en större del av Sverige är den s.k. Häradskartan som framställdes under 1800-talets andra hälft och som följdes av Generalstabens topografiska karta under början av 1900-talet. För framställning av kartorna upprättades först stomkartor genom transporter av äldre kartor i större skala från skiften och lantmäteriförrättningar. Historiska topografiska kartor ur Häradskartan och stomkartorna till Generalstabens topografiska karta publicerades under 2023 av Naturvårdsverket i form av digitala kartraster som georefererats med en automatisk metod baserad på rutnät av kartbladshörn för kartserierna. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka huruvida resultatet av den automatiska georefering som utförts med kartbladshörnen kan förbättras med en metod baserad på identifiering av gemensamma passpunkter mellan de historiska kartan och den moderna topografiska karta som finns tillgänglig som öppen data från Lantmäteriet. För att den metod som används ska vara användbar för en intresserad allmänhet undersöktes de möjligheter för georeferering av de historiska topografiska kartorna som finns med kostnadsfria Open Source-programvaror och öppna data. För att resultatet av georefereringen ska kunna utvärderas i en praktisk tillämpning undersöktes skapande av 3D-visualiseringar av de historiska kartorna. Studien avgränsas till ett område omfattande 400 000 ha huvudsakligen i Örebro län och de georefereringsmetoder som finns i programvaran QGIS. Passpunkter identifierades i den moderna topografiska kartan där byggnadspunkter för slott, kyrkor och herrgårdar som kunde verifieras genom sökningar i bebyggelseregister kompletterades med gränspunkter, vägkorsningar och hydrografiska objekt som visuellt kan antas sammanfalla vid studie av geometrier i de automatiskt georefererade kartorna. För att de kartblad som bygger upp kartserierna ska passa ihop över skarvarna efter georeferering mosaikerades dessa kartblad till ett gemensamt virtuellt kartraster. Resultaten av georefereringen visade att de medelavvikelser som uppmättes i de automatiskt rektifierade kartorna, ca 50 m för Häradskartan och ca 150 m för stomkartorna, kunde förbättras till ca 30 m för båda kartmaterialen med ca sex passpunkter/kvadratmil. Det framgår dock att stora lokala variationer i storleken på felen finns såväl före som efter transformationerna och studien visar på att en mer komplex lokal transformationsmetod med en stor mängd passpunkter fördelade över kartan behövs för att erhålla generella förbättringar av passningen. De skapade 3D-visualiseringarna visade på att en visuellt bättre passning ändå kunde erhållas även med de relativt få passpunkter som använts här. / The first detailed topographic mapping of larger parts of Sweden is the so-called District Economic Map that was produced during the second half of the 19th century and which was followed by the General Staff Map in the beginning of the 20th century. These maps were produced from skeleton maps that were constructed from transports of older large-scaled maps from legal shifts and parcel acts. Historical topographic maps from the District Economic Map and the skeleton maps for the General Staff Map were published in 2023 as digital raster maps that has been georeferenced using an automatic method based on a grid of corner coordinates for the map series. This study aims to investigate whether the result of the automatic georeferencing method can be improved using a method of identifying common ground control points between the historical maps and the modern topographic maps that are available as open data from the Swedish Land Survey. In order for the applied methods to be available to an interested general public this study investigates the possibilities of performing the georeferencing using free open-source software and open data. To allow the evaluation of the georeferencing results in a practical application the historical maps are visualized in 3D. The study is limited to an area encompassing 400 000 ha mainly in Örebro county and the georeferencing algorithms that are available in the QGIS software. Ground control points were identified in the modern topographic map by supplementing building points representing castles, churches and manor houses that can be verified by researching registries of built heritage with boundary points, road crossings and hydrographic objects that visually appear to coincide when studying the geometries of the automatically georeferenced maps. In order to ensure that the map sheets that make up the map series fit over the sheet edges the sheets were mosaicked in a single virtual raster. The results of the georeferencing process show that the mean deviations that could be measured in the automatically referenced maps (approx. 50 m for the District Economic Map and approx. 150 m for the skeleton maps) could be improved to approx. 30 m in both cases using about six control points per 10 000 ha. Large variations in the sizes of local errors are prevalent both before and after the transformations and the study shows that a more complex local transformation method using a large amount of control points is required in order to achieve a general improvement of the fit with modern data. Visualizing in 3D did show, however, that a visually significant improvement could be achieved already using relatively few control points as in this study.

L’intérêt quant à l'habilitation des employés persiste étant donné les nombreux avantages associés à un personnel habilité. Les recherches empiriques démontrent que les employés psychologiquement habilités sont plus performants (Ahearne et al., 2005), s'engagent à des comportements extra- roles (Den Hartog & De Hoogh, 2009; Raub & Robert, 2010), sont plus satisfaits (Vecchio et al., 2010), sont plus intrinsèquement motivés (Chen et al., 2011; Zhang & Bartol, 2010), et sont plus engagés envers leur travail (Hassan et al., 2012; Konczak et al., 2000; Mare, 2007; Tuckey et al., 2012). Malgré les résultats positifs de l’habilitation des employés, les interventions ne parviennent pas à atteindre les résultats attendus. De plus, rares sont les recherches qui examinent l’habilitation du point de vue des leaders. Donc, employant la perspective des leaders, cette étude tente de combler cette lacune en élucidant les facteurs qui contribuent à mieux comprendre pourquoi certains dirigeants habilitent les employés tandis que d’autres ne le font pas. À cette fin, les facteurs relationnels et de personnalité des leaders, ainsi que contextuels au travail et leur relation avec les practiques d’habilitation ont été examinés sur un échantillon de dirigeants au sein de sept ministères gouvernementales d'une province canadienne. Il a été constaté que plus le leader se définit par un concept de soi inclusive dans ses relations au travail, plus il/elle a tendance à habiliter ses subordonnés. Les attributs de personnalité, soit de l'honnêteté-humilité (positivement), d’identité morale (positivement) et le désir de dominer (négativement) ont également servi à prédire le comportement d'habilitation du leader. L'insécurité positionnelle s’est avéré prévoir négativement les comportements d’habilitation des leaders. En outre, il a été constaté que les dirigeants avec un sens de pouvoir plus élevé sont plus susceptibles d’habiliter leurs employés, contrairement à ce que prédit la littérature sur le pouvoir, perçu comme une force corruptrice (Kipnis, 1972; Maner & Mead, 2007). À l'inverse aux attentes, le trait d’implication de la culture organisationnelle s'est avéré non lié au comportement d’habilitation des leaders. Cette constatation correspond aux recherches sur le pouvoir et sa suppression des influences contextuels en faveur des traits internes du leader (Galinsky et al., 2003). En effet, le sentiment de puissance et le concept de soi collectif sont apparus comme les deux variables étudiés les plus importantes pour prédire le comportement d’habilitation des leaders. Cette étude a des implications considérables pour le domaine du leadership. Pour une main d’oeuvre plus habilitée, il est recommandé que les programmes de leadership tentent à développer un concept de soi plus inclusive chez leurs leaders, pour ensuite leur céder accès au pouvoir. / Interest in employee empowerment persists given the wide range of positive individual and organizational outcomes associated with an empowered workforce. Psychologically empowered employees perform better (Ahearne et al., 2005), undertake extra-role behaviour (Den Hartog & De Hoogh, 2009; Raub & Robert, 2010), are more satisfied (Vecchio et al., 2010), are more intrinsically motivated (Chen et al., 2011; Zhang & Bartol, 2010), are more committed (Hassan et al., 2012; Konczak et al., 2000; Mare, 2007), and are more engaged (Tuckey et al., 2012). Despite these positive outcomes communicated to leaders, interventions fail to reach the expected results. Yet, existing research rarely examine empowerment from the view of the leader. This study attempts to fill this gap by elucidating on factors that contribute to our understanding of why certain leaders empower whereas others don’t. To that end, relational, personality and situational variables and their relationship with leader empowering behaviour were examined on a sample of leaders within seven ministries of a Canadian provincial government. It was found that the more inclusive the leader self-defines in his/her relationships at work, the more likely he/she is to empower subordinates. The personality attributes of honesty-humility (positively), moral identity (positively), and desire for dominance (negatively) were also found to be associated to leader empowering behaviour. Positional insecurity was found to negatively predict leader empowering behaviour. Furthermore, results reveal that leaders with a higher sense of power are more likely to empower, in divergence with the literature on power as a corrupting force (Kipnis, 1972; Maner & Mead, 2007). Also, contrary to expectation, the involvement trait of organizational culture was found to be unrelated to leader empowering behaviour. This finding is consistent with the research on power and it’s suppressing of contextual influences in favour of more internal traits to the leader (Galinsky et al., 2003). Leader sense of power and collective self-concept emerged as the two most important variables predicting leader empowering behaviour. This study has significant implications for the field of leadership. For a more empowering organization, it is recommended that leadership programs work to develop a more inclusive self-concept in their leaders, following which, they can be entrusted with more power.

本文調查年輕世代 (1988 至 1995 年間出生者) 閩南語的變調範域 (Tone Sandhi Domain)，即調群 (Tone Group)。文中以「傳統調群」表文獻記載的變調範域，以「新調群」表本文重新調查的變調範域。論文的研究立基於音韻句法互動之上，並持間接指涉假設觀點，從韻律音韻學的角度出發，認為句法音韻間存有一韻律介面，且調群為此介面上的韻律單位：音韻詞組 (Phonological Phrase, ϕ)。 本文發現新調群與傳統調群的劃分相異。前人研究指出，調群邊界 (#) 標於音韻詞組右端，音韻詞組為一最大投射 XP，且不可為附加語及附著語。新調群僅部分可以傳統音韻詞組界定，其他則對應至句法上的主要語 X，以及附加語最大投射 XP。此外，新調群的邊界為選擇性地出現，具語言變異。新調群出現四種於傳統調群未見的劃分形式：依調群邊界前的語法單位分為主要語 X 類別：(1) V # NP # (2) V # QP # 及附加語 XP 類別： (3) QP # A # (4) AdvP # V #。 本文提出調群新定義，並以優選理論中的 ROE 模型進行分析，提出三個新制約：Align-R (XP-Fnc, ϕ)、ϕ-min 及 Align-R (X-head, ϕ)。Align-R (XP-Fnc, ϕ) 用以區分功能性投射與詞彙性投射；ϕ-min 限制音韻詞組至少含兩音節；Align-R (X-head, ϕ) 解釋調群邊界標註於主要語 X 右端。分析時著重制約 Align-R (XP-Fnc, ϕ) 、ϕ-min 及 Align-R (X-head, ϕ) 與切分線 | (Critical Cut-Off Line) 的關係。整體制約排序為：Ident-T-Rϕ | Align-R (XP-Fnc, ϕ) >> ϕ-min >> Align-R (X-head, ϕ) >> *T >> Align-R (XP-Lex, ϕ)。除信實性制約 Ident-T-Rϕ 之外，其他標記性制約皆列於切分線之下，預測語言變異。 / The goal of this thesis is to explore the tone sandhi domain, tone group (hereafter, TG), of Taiwan Southern Min of younger generation. A corpus is built and analyzed within the framework of Prosodic Theory, a derived theory from the Phonology-Syntax Interface Theory. In the literature, TG boundary # was marked at the right edge of an XP which is neither an adjunct nor a clitic. However, the TG boundary # of younger generation is marked at the right edges of a maximal XP, an adjunctive XP and an X-head. Moreover, language variation is observed in the TG parsing: the presence of TG boundary # is optional. There are four TG parsings not observed in the literature: (1) V # NP # (2) V # QP # (3) QP # A # (4) AdvP # V #. TG is redefined as a Phonological Phrase which syntactically corresponds to a maximal XP, an adjunct XP, an X-head but not to a clitic XP. The four TG parsings are then analyzed with Rank-Ordering Model of EVAL (ROE), a subtheory within the Optimality Theory domain which particularly addresses language variation. According to ROE, constraints on the right side of critical cut-off line participate in the prediction of variation. Three constraints involving in variation are proposed: Align-R (XP-Fnc, ϕ), ϕ-min and Align-R (X-head, ϕ). Align-R (XP-Fnc, ϕ) distinguishes lexical projection and functional projection, ϕ-min requires a Phonological Phrase to be minimally disyllabic, and Align-R (X-head, ϕ) predicts # to occur at the right edge of an X-head. The analysis centers around the three constraints’ relation with the critical cut-off line. The constraint rankings are: Ident-T-Rϕ | Align-R (XP-Fnc, ϕ) >> ϕ-min >> Align-R (X-head, ϕ) >> *T >> Align-R (XP-Lex, ϕ). Except for the faithfulness constraint Ident-T-Rϕ, the other markedness constraints are arranged at the right side of the cut-off line in order to predict language variation.

This dissertation explores the types of professional communities that are built when teachers work in initiatives that, in various forms, link them to teachers from other countries. In doing so it explores the types of knowledge that may be exchanged by the building of these communities and the value that teachers put upon these different forms of knowledge. Therefore, this study is situated in the broad theoretical context of discussions related to the building of professional communities but explores this within a specifically international context. The most significant findings that this dissertation identifies are: that the teachers involved built the professional communities that are most important to them in more exploratory ways and with more agency than is suggested by other related research, and in connection to this that those professional communities that the participants attached most significance to were consistently alternative to the immediate workplace. It was also found that whilst the teachers involved in this study problematised the possibility of directly transferring specific classroom strategies, stories about teaching were seen by all to be useful vehicles for exchanging other forms of knowledge, for enabling affirmation and for co-constructing moral purpose. These findings have potential implications for policy and practice as they indicate that structures that focus exclusively on developing communities within schools may need to be enriched by those that provide teachers with the flexibility to discover and build communities in alternative ways too. The primary data collection method used when conducting this research was interview. The participants who were interviewed came from two countries, namely England and Macedonia. This entirely qualitative approach is positioned within an interpretivist paradigm. However, it is argued that contributions to theoretical debates regarding the nature of professional communities can still be made.

The subject of this thesis is to introduce the reader to the issue of possible financial investment in the virtual economy with real funds and design strategies to maximize the initial capital appreciation. The introduction describes the analysis of virtual PED currency, the economy and the system of publicly traded shares. The main part is focused on presenting the results of practical traded investment based on fundamental analysis, speculation about the intrinsic value of the shares and evaluating applied strategies, including the benefits of work.

<p>Research on graph representation learning (GRL) has made major strides over the past decade, with widespread applications in domains such as e-commerce, personalization, fraud & abuse, life sciences, and social network analysis. Despite its widespread success, fundamental questions on practices employed in modern day GRL have remained unanswered. Unraveling and advancing two such fundamental questions on the practices in modern day GRL forms the overarching theme of my thesis.</p> <p>The first part of my thesis deals with the mathematical foundations of GRL. GRL is used to solve tasks such as node classification, link prediction, clustering, graph classification, and so on, albeit with seemingly different frameworks (e.g. Graph neural networks for node/graph classification, (implicit) matrix factorization for link prediction/ clustering, etc.). The existence of very distinct frameworks for different graph tasks has puzzled researchers and practitioners alike. In my thesis, using group theory, I provide a theoretical blueprint that connects these seemingly different frameworks, bridging methods like matrix factorization and graph neural networks. With this renewed understanding, I then provide guidelines to better realize the full capabilities of these methods in a multitude of tasks.</p> <p>The second part of my thesis deals with cases where modeling real-world objects as a graph is an oversimplified description of the underlying data. Specifically, I look at two such objects (i) modeling hypergraphs (where edges encompass two or more vertices) and (ii) using GRL for predicting protein properties. Towards (i) hypergraphs, I develop a hypergraph neural network which takes advantage of the inherent sparsity of real world hypergraphs, without unduly sacrificing on its ability to distinguish non isomorphic hypergraphs. The designed hypergraph neural network is then leveraged to learn expressive representations of hyperedges for two tasks, namely hyperedge classification and hyperedge expansion. Experiments show that using our network results in improved performance over the current approach of converting the hypergraph into a dyadic graph and using (dyadic) GRL frameworks. Towards (ii) proteins, I introduce the concept of conditional invariances and leverage it to model the inherent flexibility present in proteins. Using conditional invariances, I provide a new framework for GRL which can capture protein-dependent conformations and ensures that all viable conformers of a protein obtain the same representation. Experiments show that endowing existing GRL models with my framework shows noticeable improvements on multiple different protein datasets and tasks.</p>

No description available.

No description available.

This project is an examination of the possibility of using existing software to develop Virtual Reality (VR) software that includes key aspects of objects in a user’s surroundings into a virtual environment, producing Augmented Virtuality (AV). A defining limitation is the requirement that the software be consumer-accessible, meaning it needs run on a common smartphone with no additional equipment. Two related AV concepts were considered: shape reconstruction and positional tracking. Two categories of techniques were considered for taking the measurements of reality necessary to achieve those AV concepts using only a monocular RGB camera as sensor: monocular visual SLAM (mvSLAM) and Structure from Motion (SfM). Two lists of requirements were constructed, formalising the notions of AV and consumer-accessibility. A search process was then conducted, where existing software packages were evaluated for their suitability to be included in a piece of software fulfilling all requirements. The evaluations of SfM systems were made in combination with Multi-View Stereo (MVS) systems – a necessary complement for achieving visible shape reconstruction using a system that outputs point clouds. After thoroughly evaluating a variety of software, it was concluded that consumer-accessible AV can not currently be achieved by combining existing packages, due to several issues. While future hardware performance increases and new software implementations would solve complexity and availability issues, some inaccuracy and usability issues are inherent to the limitation of using a monocular camera. / Detta projekt är en undersökning av möjligheten att använda befintlig programvara till att utveckla Virtual Reality (VR)-programvara som infogar framstående aspekter av objekt från en användares omgivning in i en virtuell miljö och därmed skapar Augmented Virtuality (AV). En definierande begränsning är kravet på att programvaran skall vara konsumenttillgänglig, vilket innebär att den behöver kunna köras på en vanlig smartphone utan extra utrustning. Två besläktade AV-koncept beaktades: formrekonstruktion och positionsspårning. Två kategorier av tekniker togs i beaktande, vilka kunde användas för att göra de uppmätningar av verkligheten som var nödvändiga för att uppnå de tänkta AV-koncepten med hjälp av endast en monokulär RGB-kamera som sensor: monocular visual SLAM (mvSLAM) och Structure from Motion (SfM). Två listor med kriterier konstruerades, vilka formaliserade begreppen AV och konsumenttillgänglighet. En sökprocess utfördes sedan, där befintliga programvarupaket utvärderades för sin lämplighet att inkluderas i en programvara som uppfyllde alla kriterier. Utvärderingarna av SfM-system gjordes i kombination med Multi-View Stereo (MVS)-system – ett nödvändigt komplement för att uppnå synlig formrekonstruktion med ett system vars utdata är punktmoln. Efter att noggrant ha utvärderat en mängd programvara var slutsatsen att konsumenttillgänglig AV inte för närvarande kan uppnås genom att kombinera befintliga programvarupaket, på grund av ett antal olika problem. Medan framtida prestandaökningar hos maskinvara och nya programvarutillämpningar skulle lösa problem med komplexitet och tillgänglighet, är vissa problem med tillförlitlighet och användbarhet inneboende hos begränsningen till att använda en monokulär kamera.