L’agir des enseignants de français langue étrangère au Botswana met en avant le développement des compétences écrites des élèves. Les activités orales servent de moyens pour systématiser les savoirs linguistiques. Or, dans un contexte où l’objectif d’enseigner le français vise le développement de la compétence de communication, l’oral est objet et moyen d’enseignement. L’objectif de cette recherche est de savoir dans quelle mesure une formation à la méthodologie d’enseignement de l’oral permettrait d’améliorer l’agir enseignant afin de développer les compétences orales des élèves. Pour ce faire, nous proposons un dispositif de formation à l’enseignement de l’oral sous forme de séquence didactique. Il s’appuie sur les principes de l’approche communicative/actionnelle, ainsi que des postures d’étayages développées par Bucheton (2009). L’approche clinique/expérimentale nous permet, dans une perspective comparative, d’observer et de filmer l’action enseignante, sans puis avec ce dispositif, afin de déterminer les moyens mis en œuvre par les enseignants pour enseigner l’oral. Les entretiens d’autoconfrontation simple et d’alloconfrontation nous donnent l’accès aux motifs qui poussent les enseignants à agir. Les résultats indiquent que la seule stratégie discursive employée par les enseignants, l’alternance codique, détermine la posture d’étayage qu’ils adoptent et par conséquent le développement des compétences orales des élèves. Il est, de ce fait, primordial si l’on veut former les enseignants à l’enseignement de l’oral dans un contexte multilingue, d’y intégrer la didactique de l’alternance codique. / Teacher action in french as a foreign language classrooms of Botswana concentrates on the development of learners’ written skills. Oral activities are used to reinforce the teaching of grammar. However, in a context where language is taught for the purpose of developing learner’s communicative competence, oral skills constitute the means and the end. This research seeks to determine in what way the training of teachers to the didactics of oral skills could improve teacher action in order to develop learner’s oral skills. We therefore propose a training model to teachers, which is inspired by the communicative/task based learning. The clinical/experimental approach, is used to observe and video record teachers in action: first without the training model and then with the training model. Autoconfrontation and alloconfrontation interviews help understand the motives behind teacher’s action. The results indicate that, code switching; the only discourse strategy used by teachers, determines the posture that they adopt and consequently the development of learners’ oral skills. It is as a result important, if we want to train teachers on how to teach oral skills in a multilingual context, to integrate the didactics of code switching to the training model.

This thesis investigated the processing of emotional stimuli by the visual system, and how the processing of emotions interacts with visual awareness. Emotions have been given ‘special’ status by some previous research, with evidence that the processing of emotions may be relatively independent of striate cortex, and less affected by disruption to awareness than processing of emotionally neutral images. Yet the extent to which emotions are ‘special’ remains questionable. This thesis focused on the processing of emotional stimuli when activity in V1 was disrupted using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and whether emotional properties of stimuli can be reliably discriminated, or affect subsequent responses, when visibility is low. Two of the experiments reported in this thesis disrupted activity in V1 using TMS, Experiment 1 with single pulses in an online design, and Experiment 2 with theta burst stimulation in an offline design. Experiment 1 found that a single pulse of TMS 70-130 ms following a presentation of a body posture image disrupted processing of neutral but not emotional postures in an area of the visual field that corresponded to the disruption. Experiment 2 did not find any convincing evidence of disruption to processing of neutral or emotional faces. From Experiment 1 it would appear that emotional body posture images were relatively unaffected by TMS, and appeared to be robust to disruption to V1. Experiment 2 did not add to this as there was no evidence of disruption in any condition. Experiments 3 and 4 used visual masking to disrupt awareness of emotional and neutral faces. Both experiments used a varying interval between the face and the mask stimuli to systematically vary the visibility of the faces. Overall, the shortest SOA produced the lowest level of visibility, and this level of visibility was arguably outside awareness. In Experiment 3, participants’ ability to discriminate properties of emotional faces under low visibility conditions was greater than their ability to discriminate the orientation of the face. This was despite the orientation discrimination being much easier at higher levels of visibility. Experiment 4 used a gender discrimination task, with emotion providing a redundant cue to the decision (present half of the time). Despite showing a strong linear masking function for the neutral faces, there was no evidence of any emotion advantage. Overall, Experiment 3 gave some evidence of an emotion advantage under low visibility conditions, but this effect was fairly small and not replicated in Experiment 4. Finally, Experiments 5-8 used low visibility emotional faces to prime responses to subsequent emotional faces (Experiments 5 and 6) or words (Experiments 7 and 8). In Experiments 5, 7 and 8 there was some evidence of emotional priming effects, although these effects varied considerably across the different designs used. There was evidence for meaningful processing of the emotional prime faces, but this processing only led to small and variable effects on subsequent responses. In summary, this thesis found some evidence that the processing of emotional stimuli was relatively robust to disruption in V1 with TMS. Attempts to find evidence for robust processing of emotional stimuli when disrupted with backwards masking was less successful, with at best mixed results from discrimination tasks and priming experiments. Whether emotional stimuli are processed by a separate route(s) in the brain is still very much open to debate, but the findings of this thesis offers small and inconsistent evidence for a brain network for processing emotions that is relatively independent of V1 and visual awareness. The network and nature of brain structures involved in the processing of subliminal and low visibility processing of emotions remains somewhat elusive.

Mes activités de recherche portent sur l'analyse et l'interprétation des mouvements humains à partir de données visuelles avec comme application principale l'amélioration du processus de communication entre l'homme et la machine. L'idée sous-jacente est de tendre vers une communication homme machine non pas par l'intermédiaire des traditionnels écran/clavier/souris mais vers un processus plus « humain » de communication. Ceci suppose que la machine est capable de reconnaître et d'interpréter tous les signes de communication humaine à savoir le langage verbal mais aussi tous les signes de communication non verbale. Nous nous plaçons donc en amont de la problématique des interactions homme-machine proprement dites. Ces travaux se focalisent sur l'interprétation des gestes humains de communication non verbale et en particulier sur l'interprétation des expressions faciales, des mouvements de la tête rigides (hochements...) ou non rigides (clignements, bâillement...), de certains gestes de mains (langage parlé complété destiné aux malentendants) ainsi que de certaines postures (assis, debout...).

abstract: Finger motion and hand posture of six professional clarinetists (defined by entrance into or completion of a doctorate of musical arts degree in clarinet performance) were recorded using a pair of CyberGloves® in Arizona State University's Center for Cognitive Ubiquitous Computing Laboratory. Performance tasks included performing a slurred three-octave chromatic scale in sixteenth notes, at sixty quarter-note beats per minute, three times, with a metronome and a short pause between repetitions, and forming three pedagogical hand postures. Following the CyberGloves® tasks, each subject completed a questionnaire about equipment, playing history, practice routines, health practices, and hand usage during computer and sports activities. CyberGlove® data were analyzed to find average hand/finger postures and differences for each pitch across subjects, subject variance in the performance task and differences in ascending and descending postures of the chromatic scale. The data were also analyzed to describe generalized finger posture characteristics based on hand size, whether right hand thumb position affects finger flexion, and whether professional clarinetists use similar finger/hand postures when performing on clarinet, holding a tennis ball, allowing hands to hang freely by the sides, or form a "C" shape. The findings of this study suggest an individual approach based on hand size is necessary for teaching clarinet hand posture. / Dissertation/Thesis / D.M.A. Music 2011

La notion de contradiction en linguistique a souvent été rejetée en marge des recherches en langues. On considère généralement que la parole contradictoire ou les structures oppositives ne peuvent servir logiquement l’efficacité requise par la théorie traditionnelle de la communication. Pour cette raison, la linguistique traditionnelle tend à considérer ces structures comme artificielles, servant des fins stylistiques ou rhétoriques. Or, nous pouvons observer à l’oral nombre d’énoncés présentant des marques de la contradiction nous amenant à examiner non pas des structures préparées mais bien spontanées, servant des fins communicatives et ayant un effet pragmatique réel dans la communication. Nous montrons que la contradiction s’actualise bel et bien en discours et que l’aporie logique qu’elle manifeste à première vuemet en scène une singularité énonciative. Le locuteur, en effet, met en scène la contradiction moyennant des conditions d’énonciation particulières (polyphonie, négation, connecteurs). Des énoncés présentant des marqueurs de la contradiction sont autant d’indices qui permettent de prendre en compte cette notion et de l’analyser sous une lumière nouvelle. C’est à partir d’un corpus établi sur des enregistrements de français oral spontané que nous mettons au jour les formes morphologiques et syntaxiques qui traduisent la mise en scène de la contradiction à l’oral ainsi que les effets pragmatiques qu’elles engendrent, afin de parvenir à dresser un système possible du fonctionnement de cette structure / The notion of contradiction in linguistics has often been rejected to the margins of language research. We generally consider that contradictory speech or structures of opposition cannot logically serve the effectiveness required by the traditional theories of communication. For this reason, traditional linguistics tends to consider these structures as artificial, serving stylistic or rhetorical goals. Yet, we can observe, in oral speech, numerous utterances presenting marks of contradiction. This brings us to examine not the prepared structures but the spontaneous ones, serving communicative goals and having a real pragmatic effect within communication. This study will demonstrate that such utterances do exist in speech, and that the logical aporia they express at first sight reveals in fact a distinctive enunciative posture. We will showhow the utterer stages this posture through particular conditions of enunciation (polyphony, negation, markers). We will finally analyse the pragmatic effect of the structure of contradiction in and on discourse.The utterances presenting pragmatic connectors are of as many indications which allow us to take into account these notions and to analyse them under a new light. It is from a corpus established on the recordings of spontaneous oral conversations that we attempt to bring up the morphological forms and the syntax which conveys oral contradiction along with the pragmatic effects which it creates, in order to draw up a possible system of the functioning of these structures

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bianca Melzi De Domenicis.pdf: 2649471 bytes, checksum: ce4ae62dac28d598e4c8a970685cbc45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The coexistence of hygienic and aesthetic concerns in urban changes of the city of São Paulo by the end of the 19th century is indubitable. In this way, the attention of the municipal government with poor collective housings, called cortiços (Portuguese term for beehives ) is part of an extent sanitation plan that searched beauty and health for the environment, i.e. therefore useful to the city‟s welfare and to its promising image. The so called cortiços were the villians for health and moral of the city of São Paulo: a place of crowd, dirt, vicious and poorness. Despite of being undesirable, there has been a great number of these collective housings in the city. Municipal government, based on the Postures Code and the Sanitary Code of 1894, conducted official visits and interdicts as the main way of reducing this social, hygienic and aesthetic illness that took place in São Paulo‟s downtown / O trabalho apresenta a estrutura dos cortiços no final do século XIX e os motivos pelos quais a população optava por habitar neste tipo de moradia. Com base na legislação sanitária, o estudo analisa de que forma os cortiços, condenados pelo Código Sanitário em 1894, continuaram a existir. A cidade de São Paulo precisava ser reestruturada para atender à demanda de trabalhadores que vinham atraídos pelo café e depois pela indústria, sendo indubitável a coexistência de preocupações higiênicas e estéticas nas transformações urbanas da cidade em fins do século XIX. Nesse sentido, a atenção da municipalidade com os cortiços paulistanos fez parte de um amplo plano de saneamento que buscava um ambiente belo e saudável, ou seja, útil ao bem estar social e à imagem promissora da cidade. Os vilões da saúde e da moral paulistana eram os cortiços: lugar de aglomeração, sujeira, vício e pobreza. Apesar de indesejadas, estas habitações coletivas existiam em grande número na capital paulista, e o poder público, baseado nas Posturas Municipais e no Código Sanitário, se utilizou principalmente de visitas domiciliares e interdições aos cortiços para diminuir este mal social, higiênico e estético nos arredores do centro paulistano

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:31:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Bortoloto do Carmo.pdf: 2904216 bytes, checksum: 356065f121ef31b414761076ebfb8838 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This article analyzes the daily life relationships through the conflicts generated by the application of the Municipal Postures within the routine of the city of Santos (1870-1890). To find the "being" of everyday life, and not look at it from the perspective of the municipality and legitimize its speech, the invisible in the application process of these postures was sought. In the studied period migrants and immigrants came to the city from all over the country and the world; at the same time, it was striking in the speech of the municipality issues such as "modernity" and "progress". This made the "other" to not be understood in its complexity and forced that all these experiences were buoyed by the unifying speech in search of "civilized" habits. In the research were worked questions related on transport, especially the conflicts involving the main forms of transportation in the city: the wagons, trams and passersby. Within these experiments, it was also sought from social to labor relations, as how these people understood the roads and the role of the City Council in designing ownership changes of these territories, fining and directing the daily practices. The city also widened and grew beyond its colonial boundaries; new districts appeared which did not happen without conflicts or disputes among the elite sectors. The search for new places to live also meant the existence of conflicts and difficulties of living in the city center. Several people came to the city in search of work and they were looking for places to establish themselves in a fixed way or for just a couple of nights. It was common to see employees living in their workplace, causing a surveillance increase of these types of houses. It was during the 1870s that the word ―cortiço" was incorporated in the vocabulary of the municipality agents and it had become a problem to be solved. The supervision of the construction of the also called "little rooms" or "cubicles" were quite difficult because a handful of accumulated wood in a day could mean a cortiço built in the next day. Furthermore, the centrality that the city of Santos acquired in the years 1870-1890 for immigrants, migrants, slaves and freed slaves meant that a great multitude of habits and customs were placed towards fiscal actions that aimed at a "civilized" city project. This discourse and practices have become more incisive and inspections were more constant in the daily life of the population by the presence of epidemic outbreaks - mainly yellow fever and smallpox - making customs that were considered harmful to health and hygiene come to light. Evictions of "putrid matter", the garbage, the city cleaning and the very way that people lived were symptoms showing a ―sick urban body." Within this perspective, the municipality alternated between soft and palliative speeches and others more assertive and interventionist. With these issues in mind, efforts were made understand these historical subjects, their experiences, their paths among the various conflicts analyzed and bring them to the fore, valuing their voices and their actions in the routine of the city of Santos, in its various forms of living and survive / Este trabalho analisa as relações cotidianas através dos conflitos gerados pela aplicação das Posturas Municipais dentro do cotidiano da cidade de Santos (1870 a 1890). Para encontrar o ―ser‖ desse cotidiano, e não olhá-lo através da perspectiva da municipalidade e legitimar seu discurso, procurou-se o invisível no processo de aplicação dessas posturas. No período estudado migrantes e imigrantes chegavam à cidade de todas as partes do país e do mundo; ao mesmo tempo, era marcante no discurso da municipalidade questões como a ―modernidade‖ e o ―progresso‖. Isso fazia com que o ―outro‖ não fosse compreendido em sua complexidade e forçava com que todas essas experiências fossem balizadas pelo discurso unificador em busca de hábitos ―civilizados‖. Na pesquisa foram trabalhadas questões relativas aos transportes, principalmente os conflitos que envolviam as principais formas de locomoção na cidade: as carroças, os bondes e os transeuntes. Dentro dessas experiências, procurou-se desde relações sociais e de trabalho, como essas pessoas entendiam as vias públicas e qual o papel da Câmara Municipal em projetar mudanças de apropriação desses territórios, autuando, multando e direcionando as práticas cotidianas. A cidade também se alargava e crescia para além de seus limites coloniais, surgiam novos bairros o que não aconteceu sem conflitos ou disputas entre setores da elite. A busca por novos locais para morar também significava a existência de conflitos e dificuldades de habitar dentro do centro urbano. Diversas pessoas chegavam à cidade em busca de trabalho e procuravam locais para se estabelecer de forma fixa ou por apenas um par de noites. Era comum que empregados morassem no próprio local de trabalho, fazendo com que fiscais aumentassem a fiscalização desses tipos de moradias. Foi durante a década de 1870 que a palavra ―cortiço‖ incorporou-se no vocabulário dos agentes da municipalidade e tornaram-se um problema a ser solucionado. A fiscalização da construção dos também chamados ―quartinhos‖ ou ―cubículos‖ eram bastante dificultosas pois um punhado de madeiras acumuladas em um dia poderiam significar um cortiço construído no dia seguinte. Além disso, a centralidade que a cidade de Santos adquiriu nos anos de 1870 a 1890 para imigrantes, migrantes, escravos e forros faziam com que uma grande multiplicidade de hábitos e costumes fossem colocados frente a ações fiscalizatórias que visavam um projeto de cidade ―civilizada‖. Esse discurso e práticas tornaram-se mais incisivos e as fiscalizações ficaram mais constantes no cotidiano da população pela presença dos surtos epidêmicos principalmente da febre amarela e varíola fazendo com que os costumes que fossem considerados nocivos à saúde e a higiene viessem à tona. Os despejos de ―matérias pútridas‖, o lixo, a limpeza da cidade e a própria forma que a população vivia eram sintomas que evidenciavam um ―corpo urbano doente‖. Dentro dessa perspectiva, a municipalidade alternava entre discursos brandos e paliativos e outros mais assertivos e intervencionistas. Tendo essas questões em vista, buscou-se compreender esses sujeitos históricos, suas experiências, suas trajetórias em meio aos diversos conflitos analisados e trazê-los à tona, valorizando suas vozes e suas atuações no cotidiano da cidade de Santos, em suas várias formas de viver e sobreviver

Notre travail de thèse vise à identifier la grammaire de l‟incertitude dans les situations didactiques. Notre corpus est constitué de séances d‟éducation aux médias filmées dans des classes de 4ème et 3ème au collège. Certaines sont des séances ordinaires et les autres ont été conçues dans le cadre d‟une ingénierie didactique coopérative. Ces séances sont analysées au sein de la TACD ou Théorie de l'Action Conjointe en Didactique. Nous mettons l‟accent sur sa dimension communicationnelle (sémiose) en nous appuyant sur l‟analyse comparative des postures énonciatives. Nous analysons l‟impact des objets médiatiques (ensembles rédactionnels dans la presse écrite, infographies) sur lesquels travaillent les élèves. Nous décrivons les jeux d‟apprentissage à l‟aide d‟un système de catégories théoriques. L‟incertitude et la réticence sont présentes depuis l‟origine dans la théorie didactique (contrat didactique et milieu) mais elles n‟ont jamais été étudiées spécifiquement. Nous établissons les différentes dimensions de cette incertitude, pour le professeur et pour l‟élève puis recherchons les liens existants avec la construction de certitudes. Nous postulons que l‟éducation aux médias se caractérise par un haut degré d‟incertitude et le risque d‟une construction dogmatique des savoirs par effet d‟influence du professeur et/ou des médias et non par une enquête rationnelle dans un milieu.

La réflexion sur la notion de projet urbain reste toujours d’actualité du fait des nouveaux processus de mutation qui s’opèrent, dans les territoires urbanisés, à partir de l’émergence des phénomènes de globalisation et de métropolisation.L’expression de projet urbain fait son apparition dans les années 1980 en Europe occidentale, en réaction à la démarche de planification urbaine en vigueur pendant les « trente glorieuses ». Face aux excès de la vision fonctionnaliste de ces années-là et au coup d’arrêt des grands projets d’extension, la notion de projet urbain apparaît comme une démarche, un nouvel ensemble d’actions qui s’intéresse à la conception de la forme de la ville, s’occupant en priorité de la restructuration des territoires tombés en obsolescence pendant la crise des années 1970. La nature des territoires d’application de la démarche de projet urbain a toutefois changé au gré des évolutions économiques et sociales. Alors que dans les années 1980 les projets urbains s’intéressaient prioritairement au remodelage des secteurs à l’intérieur des villes, en particulier à ceux déstructurés ou fortement "impactés" par la crise, dans les décennies suivantes le centre d’intérêt s’est déplacé vers des secteurs touchés par les phénomènes de métropolisation et de globalisation.Partant de ces constats, il est donc apparu opportun de dresser un état des lieux de la notion de projet urbain.En termes d’efficacité, cette recherche s’est orientée sur le choix de l’Espagne, plus particulièrement sur les villes de Madrid et Barcelone qui ont constitué, ces quarante dernières années, un laboratoire très riche d’application de la notion de projet urbain. / The reflection on the concept “projet urbain “, (urban strategy) is still in topical because of the new processes of change occurring in the urbanized areas, due to the emergence of the phenomena of globalization and metropolisation.The expression of “projet urbain “ appeared in the 1980s in Western Europe, in reaction to the urban planning process in effect during the "thirty glorious years". Faced with the excesses of the functionalist vision of those years and the sudden shutdown of major expansion projects, the concept of “projet urbain “appears as a process, a new set of actions focuses on the design of the shape of the city, dealing primarily with the restructuring of territories witch felt in obsolescence during the crisis of the 1970s.The nature of the application areas in the urban project approach has however changed at the whim of economic and social developments. While in the 1980s urban projects are primarily interested in remodeling areas within cities, especially those damaged or strongly affected by the crisis, in the following decades the focus has moved to areas affected by the phenomenon of metropolisation and globalization. Based on these observations, it therefore seemed appropriate to draw up an inventory of the concept of “projet urbain “.In terms of effectiveness, this research has focused on the choice of Spain, especially in the cities of Madrid and Barcelona who constituted the last forty years, a rich laboratory for applying the concept of “projet urbain “.

Orientadores: Julieta Teresa Aier de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T12:58:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Taveira_LuisRenatoSilva_M.pdf: 567469 bytes, checksum: 12c8bb6e5ab0cdceb1c808db594ecf81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O programa de assentamentos rurais patrocinado pelo Governo do Estado de São Paulo e gerenciado pela Fundação Itesp, tem a peculiaridade de possuir um serviço de extensão rural próprio. Pensado para atender às demandas específicas de seu público, caracterizado por múltiplas origens e experiências de vida, por carência material e por precária habilidade gerencial, este serviço tem reproduzido práticas que seu próprio discurso pretende superadas. Em razão disso, são intensas as críticas dos movimentos sociais a ele. Este trabalho surgiu do interesse em saber até que ponto o serviço de extensão rural da Fundação Itesp corresponde às expectativas de seu público, e até que ponto as características socioeconômicas deste interferem em sua apreciação. A pesquisa foi realizada nos assentamentos rurais Santa Rosa e Rancho Grande, localizados na Regional Oeste da Fundação Itesp (Pontal do Paranapanema). Inicialmente foram entrevistados seis assentados. Dessas entrevistas, obteve-se um conjunto de parâmetros de avaliação utilizados para elaborar um questionário, aplicado então a outra amostra de setenta e três assentados, com o fim de mensurar as apreciações individuais em relação ao serviço de extensão rural. A análise estatística dos dados apontou para a existência de sete grupos com semelhantes características socioeconômicas e apreciações individuais, comprovando haver interferência dessas características na apreciação feita. Os resultados comprovam a existência de grupos insatisfeitos, demandando flexibilização nas abordagens aos distintos públicos existentes nos assentamentos. Para que isso aconteça, um bom começo é ouvir o que os assentados têm a dizer / Abstract: The rural settlements policy in São Paulo State, managed by Itesp Foundation, have a specific rural extension service. Designed to take care of farmer¿s needs, farmers whom hasa a variety of life experiences and origins, material privations and precarious ability to manage lands, this service reproduce old practices censured by its discourse. For that very reason, the social movement¿s critics are very strong. This research arise with the intent to detect the contentment rate about Itesp Foundation¿s rural extension service and prove to be true the social and economics attribute¿s interference in these contentment rate. This research was executed in two rural settlements, Santa Rosa and Rancho Grande, from Itesp Foundation¿s West Sectional (Pontal do Paranapanema). At first, was interviewed 6 farmers to get variables to work out a questionnaire, applied in a stratified sample of 73 farmers to identify particular postures related to rural extension service. The statistical analysis identified 7 groups with similar social and economics attributes and particular postures, proving the interference of that attributes in these opinions. The results also prove the existence of unsatisfied groups. It¿s indispensable change the approaches to different groups. It¿s indispensable hear the farmers / Mestrado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola