Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2017-12-21T17:39:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marianabrinatialtomar.pdf: 5565205 bytes, checksum: aed1136ebbc66049baea19e7b7da34fb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-12-22T12:17:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marianabrinatialtomar.pdf: 5565205 bytes, checksum: aed1136ebbc66049baea19e7b7da34fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-22T12:17:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marianabrinatialtomar.pdf: 5565205 bytes, checksum: aed1136ebbc66049baea19e7b7da34fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-01 / A inserção de geração distribuída em sistemas de potência do mundo todo vem crescendo em ritmo acelerado nos últimos anos. Grandes investimentos em fontes limpas e renováveis, especialmente a eólica e solar, estão sendo feitos pelos países com o objetivo de minimizar os impactos ambientais causados pela geração de energia a partir de combustíveis fósseis. A conexão de uma geração distribuída utilizando fontes intermitentes pode trazer algumas vantagens para o funcionamento do sistema de distribuição, como melhora dos níveis de tensão, aumento da confiabilidade e redução de perdas elétricas. Porém, do ponto de vista do sistema de transmissão, a conexão desse tipo de geração em algumas áreas do sistema pode acabar tendo um impacto negativo em sua operação, causando variações de tensão que podem afetar alguns equipamentos da rede e aumentar a complexidade de sua operação. Além disso, deve ser avaliado seu impacto no controle de frequência de carga e controle de tensão entre outros aspectos. Desta forma, pode-se verificar que esse tipo de conexão deve ser estudado com um maior nível de profundidade. A partir deste contexto, neste trabalho serão analisados os impactos sistêmicos da conexão de uma geração solar em sistemas elétricos de potência, avaliando os níveis de perdas elétricas e variações nos níveis de tensão. Duas metodologias de solução do fluxo de potência na presença de incertezas são avaliadas. As incertezas consideradas estão nos dados de geração e também de carga do sistema. A primeira metodologia é baseada na solução do fluxo de carga determinístico sequencial ao longo da curva de carga. Para esta metodologia são consideradas curvas de carga e de geração, obtidas através do Sistema Teste de Confiabilidade IEEE24 barras e do Laboratório Solar da UFJF, respectivamente. São analisados os impactos nos níveis de perdas elétricas, assim como a variação dos níveis de tensão nas barras para diferentes situações de geração. A segunda metodologia avaliada é baseada na utilização de aritmética affine para determinação dos impactos destas incertezas. Os resultados de perdas obtidos serão tratados considerando-se o ponto médio dos intervalos para fins de comparação com outras metodologias. Os resultados das duas metodologias são comparados aos obtidos pelas Simulações de Monte Carlo, com o objetivo de serem validados. / The insertion of distributed generation into worldwide power systems has been increasing at a rapid pace in the last few years. Large investments in clean and renewable sources, especially wind and solar, are being made by countries to minimize the environmental impacts caused by fossil fuel power generation. Connecting a distributed generation using intermittent sources can bring some benefits for the operation of the distribution system, such as improved voltage levels, increased reliability and reduction of electrical losses. However, from the point of view of the transmission system, the connection of this type of generation in some areas of the system can end up having a negative impact on its operation, causing voltage variations which can affect network equipments and increase the operation complexity. In addition, impacts on the load frequency control and voltage control among other aspects must be evaluated. Thus, this type of connection must be studied with greater level of depth. In this context, the systemic impacts of the connection of a solar plant to electrical power systems, evaluating the levels of electrical losses and variations in voltage levels are analysed. Two methodologies for solving the power flow in the presence of uncertainties are evaluated. The uncertainties considered are the generation and system load data. The first methodology is based on sequential Newton power flow solutions along the load curve, in which load and generation curves obtained from the IEEE24 Bus Test System and from the UFJF Solar Laboratory, respectively. The impacts on the electrical losses are analyzed, as well as the variation on bus voltage levels in the bars for various generation conditions. The second methodology is based on the use of affine arithmetic to determine the impacts of these uncertainties. The results of losses obtained will be treated considering the average point of the intervals for comparisons with other methodologies. The results obtained from the two methods are compared with those obtained by the Monte Carlo Simulations, in order to validate them.

Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem do método da função barreira logarítmica (MFBL) para a resolução do problema de fluxo de potência ótimo (FPO). A pesquisa fundamenta-se metodologicamente na função barreira logarítmica e nas condições de primeira ordem de Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT). Para a solução do sistema de equações resultantes das condições de estacionaridade, da função Lagrangiana, utiliza-se o método de Newton. Na implementação computacional utiliza-se técnicas de esparsidade. Através dos resultados numéricos dos testes realizados em 5 sistemas (3, 8, 14, 30 e 118 barras) evidencia-se o potencial desta metodologia na solução do problema de FPO. / This work describes an approach on logarithmic barrier function method to solving the optimal power flow (OPF) problem. Search was based on the logarithmic barrier function and first order conditions of Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT). To solve the equation system, obtained from the stationary conditions of the Lagrangian function, is used the Newton method. Implementation is performed using sparsity techniques. The numerical results, carried out in five systems (3, 8, 14, 30 and 118 bus), demonstrate the reliability of this approach in the solution OPF problem.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge Isaac Rodriguez Rodriguez.pdf: 1323419 bytes, checksum: 4200a77bd6a2f02a314bd07b92e57da8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this work a framework for development of electric energy systems applications is proposed, on which several methodologies of analysis can be integrated or be adapted. An application of that framework has been developed to quantify the economic aspect for the improvement of power systems dynamic security based on preventive control. The following methodologies have been integrated for this objective: power systems dynamic security assessment, calculation of preventive control measures for dynamic security improvement and economic quantification of the impact caused by the application of those measures. Dynamic security assessment function uses a fast methodology based on transient energy function for contingencies dynamic ranking and a time-domain based methodology for the dynamic evaluation of contingencies. This last function has been implemented using a distributed processing environment. The power system dynamic security level is defined according to heuristic criteria which will determine the need of application of some control measure. The preventive control measures are defined when establishing the maximum limits of generation; those measures are calculated with fast methods without the use of sensitivities. Power system operation feasibility considering the new generation limits is obtained using a non linear optimal power flow program (OPF) with an objective function of load shedding minimization. The new operation condition of the power system is calculated following technical and economic considerations with the use of an OPF for several objective functions. The framework was projected using object-oriented methodology and CORBA (common object request broker architecture) architecture and has been coded in C++ and Java languages. Complete implementation of the described methodologies has been successfully tested with the Anderson-Fouad WECC-3 generators system and with a configuration of 44 generators of the interconnected Brazilian system. Analysis of results indicates that preventive control allows an improvement of power system dynamic security and a corresponding reduction in the economic impact after the occurrence of severe disturbances. / Neste trabalho é proposto um framework para desenvolvimento de aplicações elétricas, sobre o qual podem ser implementadas ou adaptadas distintas metodologias de análise, conseguindo que trabalhem em forma integrada para a quantificação do impacto econômico da melhoria da segurança dinâmica de sistemas elétricos. As metodologias incluem a avaliação da segurança dinâmica de sistemas de energia elétrica, o cálculo de medidas de controle preventivas para a melhoria dos níveis de segurança dinâmica e a quantificação do impacto econômico produzido pela aplicação de ditas medidas. Na avaliação da segurança dinâmica utiliza-se uma metodologia baseada na função de energia transitória para o ordenamento dinâmico de contingências e uma metodologia baseada no domínio do tempo para a avaliação dinâmica de contingências, esta última dentro de um ambiente de processamento paralelo. O nível de segurança dinâmica do sistema é estabelecido seguindo critérios heurísticos que determinarão a necessidade da aplicação de alguma medida de controle. As medidas de controle preventivo são definidas ao estabelecer os limites máximos de geração, calculados com métodos rápidos, sem o uso de sensibilidades. A factibilidade da operação do sistema considerando estes novos limites de geração é obtida com a utilização de um fluxo de potência ótimo não linear (FPO) e uma função objetivo de minimização de corte de carga. O novo ponto de operação é calculado segundo considerações técnico - econômicas com a utilização de um FPO para diferentes funções objetivo. O framework foi projetado utilizando metodologia orientada a objetos e uma arquitetura CORBA (common object request broker architecture), e codificado nas linguagens C++ e Java. A implementação total das metodologias descritas foi testada com sucesso no sistema Anderson-Fouad WECC de 3 geradores e numa configuração do sistema interligado brasileiro de 44 geradores. A análise dos resultados indica que o controle preventivo permite uma melhoria da segurança dinâmica do sistema de potência e uma correspondente diminuição no impacto econômico após a ocorrência de perturbações severas.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-25T18:26:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ricardovioldossantos.pdf: 2585437 bytes, checksum: 897e63c2118d5c0e74581bbdb80ccb38 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-26T12:23:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ricardovioldossantos.pdf: 2585437 bytes, checksum: 897e63c2118d5c0e74581bbdb80ccb38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T12:23:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ricardovioldossantos.pdf: 2585437 bytes, checksum: 897e63c2118d5c0e74581bbdb80ccb38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Buscando corrigir aspectos relacionados à qualidade de energia, bancos de capacitores em derivação são utilizados em alimentadores primários dos sistemas de distribuição. A busca pela melhor forma de alocação constitui um problema complexo de natureza matemática combinatória, ao incluir critérios técnicos conflitantes e restrições do sistema. Este problema não tem solução trivial, tornando-se importante a formulação de metodologias para auxiliar nessa tarefa. Neste trabalho, é proposta uma metodologia para alocação de bancos de capacitores em derivação em nós do sistema elétrico, com possibilidade de alocação desequilibrada, considerando sua natureza discreta, com objetivo de minimizar desequilíbrios de tensão e custos de alocação, baseada em aplicação de algoritmo genético. Foram consideradas também restrições tais como limites de correntes nos alimentadores, limites de tensão para a conformidade com as faixas adequadas de tensão padronizadas pelos órgãos competentes e a disponibilidade de bancos. / Seeking for correcting issues related to power quality, shunt capacitor banks are used in primary feeders of distribution systems. The search for the best allocation is a complex problem of combinatorial mathematical nature, including conflicting technical criteria and constraints of the system. This problem has nontrivial solution, making important the development of methodologies to assist in this task. In this work, it is proposed a methodology for allocation of shunt capacitor banks in electric system nodes, with the possibility of unbalanced allocation, considering its discrete nature, with the purpose of minimizing voltage imbalances and allocating costs, based on genetic algorithm application. Restrictions such as limits of current feeders, voltage limits for compliance with the appropriate standard voltage ranges and the availability of capacitor banks were considered.

Submitted by Patrícia Cerveira (pcerveira1@gmail.com) on 2017-06-13T15:56:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rene_Cruz_Freire.pdf: 5170376 bytes, checksum: 8c6b6dd8986d23b53ae99ba90dd69ef5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-06-29T16:38:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Rene_Cruz_Freire.pdf: 5170376 bytes, checksum: 8c6b6dd8986d23b53ae99ba90dd69ef5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-29T16:38:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rene_Cruz_Freire.pdf: 5170376 bytes, checksum: 8c6b6dd8986d23b53ae99ba90dd69ef5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Um dos temas de alta relevância para a sociedade atual é a qualidade do suprimento de energia elétrica, que deve ser ininterrupto, seguro e econômico. Para tal, é primordial que o sistema de potência esteja preparado para um possível defeito de algum equipamento da rede, mantendo a operação dentro dos patamares seguros, evitando os blecautes e todas as suas consequências para a sociedade. Isso pode ser feito através do redespacho das unidades geradoras, de modo a encontrar um ponto de operação que concilie segurança e economicidade, dois objetivos conflitantes, enquanto busca se afastar o mínimo possível do ponto de operação previamente estabelecido, via planejamento eletroenergético, para o sistema de potência em questão. Trata-se de uma abordagem multiobjetiva do Fluxo de Potência Ótimo com Restrições de Segurança (FPORS) que pode ser solucionada com uma abordagem de Computação Evolucionária (CE) com viés multiobjetivo. Neste trabalho, foram implementadas e comparadas duas meta-heurísticas evolutivas multiobjetivo: Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) e o Multi-objective Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization (MOEPSO). Os resultados dessas heurísticas também foram comparados com a abordagem mono-objetivo do mesmo problema. Os algoritmos foram implementados no MATLAB® e testados em um sistema-teste que simula as condições do Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN). As heurísticas multiobjetivo foram comparadas através da metodologia de análise da Fronteira de Pareto (FP), onde é analisado qual método concilia melhor os objetivos de economia e segurança. Na primeira análise o NSGA-II saiu-se melhor, entretanto após a implementação de melhorias no algoritmo, o MOEPSO mostrou desempenho superior na segunda análise. Nas duas análises, o viés multiobjetivo mostrou-se superior ao mono-objetivo, na comparação através do critério de agregação de objetivos. Em relação ao tempo de simulação de cada método, o MOEPSO foi superior na primeira análise, já na segunda análise foi implementado um refinamento baseado no Fluxo de Potência Linearizado no FPORS, que baixou o tempo de simulação das duas heurísticas multiobjetivas em comparação com a primeira análise, e o MOEPSO teve o menor tempo de simulação. Na comparação com o viés mono-objetivo, apenas o NSGA-II teve tempo médio de simulação maior que o método mono-objetivo na primeira análise. Na segunda análise, todas as heurísticas multiobjetivo possuíam tempo de simulação menores que o método mono-objetivo. / One of the topics of high relevance to the today’s society is the quality of electric power supply, which must be uninterrupted, safe and economical. To this end, it is essential that the power system be prepared for a possible defect of some equipment from the network while maintaining operation within safe levels, avoiding blackouts and all its consequences for society. This can be done by redispatch of generating units, in order to find an operation point which conciliate security and economy, two conflicting objectives, while seeking to depart as little as possible of the operation point previously established in the energy planning for the power system in question. This is a multi-objective approach to Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow (SCOPF) that can be solved with an approach of Evolutionary Computation with multi-objective bias. In this work we were implemented and compared two multi-objective evolutionary meta-heuristics: Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) and Multi-objective Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization (MOEPSO). The results of these heuristics were also compared with mono-objective approach to the same problem. The algorithms were implemented in MATLAB® and tested in a test-case that simulates the conditions of the Brazilian Sistema Interligado Nacional (National Interconnected System). The multi-objective heuristics were compared using the analysis methodology of the Pareto Frontier, where is analyzed which method is better to conciliate the economy and security objectives. In the first analysis the NSGA-II fared better, but after the implementation of improvements in the algorithm, the MOEPSO showed superior performance in the second analisys. In both analyzes, the multi-objective bias was superior to the mono-objective bias, in the comparison through objectives aggregation criteria. Concerning the simulation time of each method, the MOEPSO was superior in the first analysis, but in the second analysis was implemented a refinement based on DC Load Flow, which lowered the simulation time of the two multi-objective heuristics compared with the first analysis, and the MOEPSO had the shortest time simulation. Compared to the mono-objective bias, only the NSGA-II had an average time simulation greater than the mono-objective method in the first analysis. In the second analysis, all multi-objectives heuristics had simulation time smaller than the mono-objective method.

In recent years, the electric power industry around the world is changing continuously due to transformation from regulated market structure to deregulated market structure. The main aim of the transformation of electric supply industry under open access environment is to overcome the some of the limitations faced by the vertically integrated system. It is believed that this transformation will bring in new technologies, integration of other sources of energy such as wind, solar, fuel cells, bio-gas, etc., which are self sustainable and competitive, and better choice for the consumers and so on. As a result, several new issues and challenges have emerged. One of the main issues in power systems is to support reactive power for maintaining the system voltage profile with an acceptable margin of security and reliability required for system operation. In this context, the thesis addresses some of the problems related to planning and operation of reactive power in power systems. Studies are mainly focused on steady state operation of grid systems, grid connected wind farms and distribution systems as well. The reactive power support and loss allocation using Y-bus approach is proposed. It computes the reactive power contribution from various reactive sources to meet the reactive load demand and losses. Further, the allocation of reactive power loss to load or sink buses is also computed. Detailed case studies are carried out on 11-bus equivalent system of Indian southern region power grid under different loading conditions and also tested on 259-bus equivalent system of Indian western region power grid. A comparative analysis is also carried out with the proportional sharing principle and one of the circuit based approach in the literature to highlight the features of the proposed approach. A new reactive power loss index is proposed for identification of weak buses in the system. The new index is computed from the proposed Y-bus approach for the system under intact condition as well as some severe contingencies cases. Fuzzy logic approach is used to select the important and severe line contingencies from the contingency list. The validation of weak load buses identification from the proposed reactive power loss index with that from other well known existing methods in the literature such as Q-V sensitivity based modal analysis and continuation power flow method is carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed index. Then, a short-term reactive power procurement/optimal reactive power dispatch analysis is also carried out to determine the optimum size of the reactive compensation devices to be placed at the weak buses for reactive compensation performance analysis in the system. The proposed approach is illustrated on a sample 5-bus system, and tested on sample 10-bus equivalent system and 72-bus equivalent system of Indian southern region power grid. A comprehensive power flow analysis of PQ type models for wind turbine generating units is presented. The different PQ type models of fixed/semi-variable speed wind turbine generating units are considered for the studies. In addition, the variable speed wind turbine generating units are considered in fixed power factor mode of operation. Based on these models, a comparative analysis is carried out to assess the impact of wind generation on distribution and transmission systems. 27-bus equivalent distribution test system, 93-bus equivalent test system and SR 297-bus equivalent grid connected wind system are considered for the studies. Lastly, reactive power coordination for voltage stability improvement in grid connected wind farms with different types of wind turbine generating units based on fuzzy logic approach is presented. In the proposed approach, the load bus voltage deviation is minimized by changing the reactive power controllers according to their sensitivity using fuzzy set theory. The fixed/semi-variable speed wind turbine generating units are also considered in the studies because of its impact on overall system voltage performance even though they do not support the system for voltage unlike variable speed wind generators. 297-bus equivalent and 417-bus equivalent grid connected wind systems are considered to present the simulation results. A comparative analysis is also carried out with the conventional linear programming based reactive power optimization technique to highlight the features of the proposed approach.

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With limited enhancement or expansion of the transmission infrastructure, the contemporary power systems are operating under more stressed conditions. It becomes important to fully utilize the existing transmission system to supply load demand as much as possible, thus eliminating or reducing the need for new transmission investment. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) technology provides an alternative to fully utilize the existing transmission lines as well as new and upgraded lines, by controlling power and also enhancing the power transfer capability of transmission lines. However, the implementation of FACTS controllers in the transmission system has introduced new power system dynamics that must be addressed in the area of power system protection, such as rapid changes in line impedance, power angle, line currents, transients introduced by the occurrence of fault and associated control action of the FACTS controller. Therefore, the performance of the protection system must be carefully analyzed in the presence of FACTS controllers. The thesis aims at evaluating the performance of distance relays when different types of FACTS controllers, in particular Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based FACTS controllers, are incorporated at the midpoint of the transmission system to achieve voltage profile improvement and power transfer capability. The detailed models of these controllers and their control strategies are described. The presence of FACTS controllers in the loop affects both steady state and transient components of voltage and current signals. The rapid response of FACTS controllers to different power system configurations significantly affects the apparent impedance seen by distance relays. The apparent impedance seen by distance relays would be different from that of the system without FACTS controller. Due to this, the distance relay may malfunction, resulting in unreliable operation of the power system during faults. Furthermore, the effect of FACTS controllers on distance relay operation depends on the type of FACTS controller used, the application for which it has been installed and its location in the power system. The distance relay is evaluated for different loading conditions and for various fault conditions. Simulation studies are carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC based transient simulation package.