La motion adoptée dès 1963, à l’issue du colloque d’Uriage-les-Bains, appelle à une unification des réglementations sportives en matière de lutte contre le dopage. Pourtant, à partir des années 1990, des cas et des affaires se multiplient soulignant les dysfonctionnements de réglementations internationales éparses élaborées par des représentants des pouvoirs publics, d’une part, du mouvement olympique, d’autre part. En 1999, près de quarante ans après le premier colloque sur le dopage, l’Agence Mondiale Antidopage (AMA) est créée avec comme mission principale d’harmoniser les règlementations de cette pluralité d’acteurs. Ce travail vise précisément à décrire et analyser ce que font les différents protagonistes dans cette tâche d’harmonisation et, dans une perspective sociologique, à saisir cette figure sociale particulière. Celle-ci met en tension une nécessité de stabiliser des matériaux, des dispositifs et des formes de collaboration avec un minimum de réversibilité et de proposer un travail démocratique qui permette de remettre en question les choix précédents. La création de l’AMA, l’élaboration et la révision du Code mondial antidopage, la mise en conformité des partenaires de l’Agence et la construction d’outils de contrôle et de prévention rendent compte de la façon dont les acteurs tentent de s’accorder en articulant des principes axiologiques, des dispositifs et des pratiques. En cela, une entrée par les critiques et les arguments au fil du temps montre que l’harmonisation consiste en des jeux d’ajustements sur la base de jugements fondés sur l’indépendance de chacun dans ses activités quotidiennes et les degrés de contraintes posés par le processus lui-même. / The motion carried from 1963, as the result of the Uriage-les-Bains conference, calls for some rules standardization concerning the fight against doping in sports. But starting in the 1990’s, situations and scandals have tended to increase, emphasizing the dysfunction of scattered international standards elaborated by representatives from local authorities on one side and from the olympic authorities on the other side. In 1999, almost forty years after the first conference on doping in sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is created, meaning to harmonize anti-doping policies and regulations among the great number of protagonists. This particular thesis aims precisely to describe and analyse who does what in this very task of harmonization and, from a sociologic perspective, to understand this particular social figure. It shows the necessity of stabilizing materials, devices and forms of partnerships with a minimum of reversibility and of offering some democratic approach which would allow to question previous choices and orientations. The creation of WADA, processing and updating of the World Anti-Doping Code, compliance of the partners of WADA and building of control and prevention instruments tend to show how the participants are trying to find an agreement combining axiological principles, devices and practices. Thus, entering through critics and arguments in history shows that harmonization is based on adjustment processes which rely on each and every one’s independence in its daily activities and on degrees of constraints inherent in the process of harmonization itself.

MOREIRA, Marcos Onete Fontenele. A linguagem enquanto grandeza transcendental em Karl-Otto Apel. 2008. 96f.– Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Filosofia, Fortaleza (CE), 2008. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-03T12:22:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_mofmoreira.pdf: 561798 bytes, checksum: 50fd61295623c330074ed1eed4c9dfe0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-10-04T16:01:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_mofmoreira.pdf: 561798 bytes, checksum: 50fd61295623c330074ed1eed4c9dfe0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-04T16:01:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_mofmoreira.pdf: 561798 bytes, checksum: 50fd61295623c330074ed1eed4c9dfe0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / The author presents the Apel’s philosophy from the confrontation of the kant’s philosophy transcendental with the linguistic-pragmatic overturn in the philosophy of the XX century. To Apel, the Kant’s philosophy has to be faced with linguistic turn. To him, it means to understand that the transcendental question necessarily implies for the language human being question as a condition to the possibility and validity of the intersubjective understanding and to estabilish, from the nowadays reached level for the epistemological reflection, the proper language game, related to the philosophy. Therefore, according to a theorical articulation more elaborated thought comprehension of the language in the philosophical reflection, the philosophy is apt to face, without naivety, the challenges of the contemporary world. / O autor apresenta a filosofia de Apel articulada a partir do confronto da filosofia transcendental kantiana com a reviravolta lingüístico-pragmática na filosofiado século XX. Para Apel, a filosofia de Kant tem que ser confrontada com a linguistic turn. Para ele, trata-se de compreender que a pergunta transcendental implica necessariamente a pergunta pela linguagem humana como condição de possibilidade e validade da compreensão intersubjetiva e estabelecer, a partir do nível atingido hoje pela reflexão epistemológica, o jogo de linguagem próprio à filosofia. Por isso, em virtude de uma articulação teórica mais adequada através da compreensão da centralidade da linguagem na reflexão filosófica, a filosofia está apta a enfrentar, sem ingenuidade, os desafios do mundo contemporâneo.

Discutimos nesta pesquisa o uso dos elementos de Cortesia, em especifico, a atenuação, entendida como categoria pragmática que afeta as relações interpessoais enquanto atividade linguística (redução do dito e do dizer) e social (aproximação ou não distanciamento do outro). Enfatizando estes aspectos, o trabalho tem como objetivo comparar o emprego de procedimentos linguísticos de atenuação na produção de atos diretivos e respostas não preferidas (atos de fala não corteses), por estudantes universitários das cidades de São Paulo (Brasil) e Córdoba (Argentina). Ainda, explicar as diferenças tendo como base os conceitos de sociedades de aproximação e distanciamento (HAVERKATE, 2004 e BRIZ, 2007) e analisar as diferenças nas interpretações que realizaram os estudantes da cidade argentina dos enunciados formulados pelos paulistanos. Nesta investigação, formulou-se e aplicou-se questionário de coleta de dados denominado testes sociais no qual apareceram situações de interação no ambiente de trabalho e da faculdade. No processo analítico deste fenômeno, usamos o método comparativo salientando as relações quantitativas e qualitativas dos enunciados estabelecidos pelos paulistanos e cordobeses, analisando dois tópicos, a comparação dos procedimentos de atenuação empregados; e a interpretação dos enunciados (dos estudantes paulistanos) feita pelos alunos de Córdoba. Como resultado, verificamos o uso acentuado de procedimentos de atenuação por parte dos paulistanos, causando interpretações díspares por parte dos cordobeses. / Discussed in this study the use of Courtesy elements in specific, attenuation, understood as a pragmatic category that affects interpersonal relationships as linguistic activity (reduction of said and say) and social (approximation or not distancing from another). Emphasizing these aspects, the study aims to compare the use of linguistic attenuation procedures in the production of directive acts and not preferred answers (speech acts not polite), for university students from São Paulo (Brazil) and Córdoba (Argentina). Also explain the differences based on the concepts of proximity and distance in social interactions (HAVERKATE, 1994 and BRIZ, 2007) and analyze the differences in interpretations that made by students of Córdoba city from statements made by students of São Paulo. In this investigation, it is formulated and applied data collection questionnaire called social tests in which appeared interaction situations in the workplace and college. In the analytical process of this phenomenon, we use the comparative method emphasizing the quantitative and qualitative relationships of statements established by Paulistanos and Cordobeses, analyzing two topics, the comparison of attenuation procedures used and the interpretation of these statements (of São Paulo students) made by students of Cordoba. As a result, we see the vast use of mitigation procedures on the part of São Paulo, causing differing interpretations by the students of Córdoba.

O objetivo deste trabalho é a análise dos elementos de cortesia e atenuação no Português falado na região de São José do Rio Preto e no Espanhol falado na região de Málaga. Os corpora analisados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semidirigidas e fazem parte do Projeto ALIP Amostra Linguística do Interior Paulista, o brasileiro, e PRESEEA - Proyecto para el Estudio Sociolingüístico del Español de España y América, o espanhol. Analisamos um total de 24 entrevistas, sendo 12 de nível médio e 12 de superior, seis em cada idioma, divididas igualmente entre falantes do sexo feminino e do sexo masculino. Os falantes de nível médio tinham idades entre 25 e 45 anos, enquanto que a faixa etária entre os de nível superior era entre 50 e 70 anos. Partindo da teoria pragmática dos Atos de Fala e de estudos mais recentes sobre cortesia e atenuação de teóricos como Leech (2007), Bravo (2001, 2004, 2005), Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2004, 2005, 2006), entre outros, analisamos tanto a fala dos entrevistadores quanto a dos informantes. A partir da fala dos entrevistadores, pudemos observar como as perguntas, as solicitações de informações eram elaboradas em ambos os idiomas. Tal análise possibilitou a verificação de como o entrevistador se posicionava e quais eram as estratégias utilizadas verbos no imperativo, enunciados diretos, uso de atos de preparação ou verbos que visavam a proteger a face do informante. Já a análise da fala dos informantes objetivou a averiguação do uso de outras estratégias, cuja intenção era a defesa pessoal ou de terceiros, protegendo sua própria face ou a do entrevistador. Entre essas estratégias citamos a desfocalização do eu, a proteção à própria face ou à do outro, o uso de elementos atenuadores no momento de expressar opiniões, entre outras. Ao longo de nossa análise investigamos também o posicionamento de cada entrevista no eixo de solidariedade ou poder de acordo com a teoria de Brown e Gilman (1960). Para isso, foi necessário o estudo das formas de tratamento empregadas, bem como o uso ou não de formas nominais. Os resultados obtidos, dentro dos corpora estudados, mostram que a Língua Espanhola é uma língua de mais aproximação com o interlocutor, enquanto que a Língua Portuguesa denota maior distância. Observou-se ainda que determinados elementos como o uso de um tratamento mais formal no caso da Língua Portuguesa se caracteriza mais como uma estratégia conversacional do que uma distância social. / The present paper aims at the analysis of the politeness and attenuation elements in both the Portuguese spoken in São José do Rio Preto region and in the Spanish spoken in Malaga region. The studied corpora were obtained by means of partially guided interviews and are part of the ALIP Project (São Paulo\'s Countryside Linguistic Sampling), the Brazilian one, and the PRESEEA ( Project for the Sociolinguistic Study of the Spanish Spoken in Spain and America), the Spanish one. A total of 24 interviews were analysed, being 12 of those on an average level and the other 12 on a superior one, six in each language, equally divided into male and female speakers. The average level speakers range aged from 25 to 45 whereas the superior level ranged from 50 to 70. Considering the pragmatic theory of Speech Acts and other more recent studies on politeness and attenuation by theorists such as Leech (2007), Bravo (2001, 2004, 2005), Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2004, 2005, 2006), among others, both interviewers\' and interviewees\' speeches were analysed. From the interviewers\' speeches it was possible to observe how the questions, the information required, were built up in both languages. Such an analysis made possible verifying how the interviewer was positioned as well as which strategies were used: verbs in imperative, direct enunciations, preparation acts usage or verbs aiming at protecting the informer\'s face. Yet the informers\' speech analysis aimed at the inquiry of other strategies usage being the intention of such the personal or third parties\' defense, proctecting oneself\'s face or the interviewer\'s one. Among these strategies we mention defocusing the self, protecting oneself\'s own face or the other\'s one, attenuating elements usage when expressing opinions, among others. Throughout our analysis we investigated also the positioning of each interview coming to the axis solidarity or power according to Brown and Gilman\'s theory (1960). For such, it was made necessary the study of the treatment forms applied as well as the use or not of noun forms. The achieved results in the studied corpora showed that the Spanish language proves to be a language of more approximation coming to the interlocutor whereas the Portuguese language denotes more distance. It could also be noticed that certain elements such as the use of a more formal treatment coming to the Portuguese language are characterized more as a conversational strategy than as a social distance element.

Orientador: Kanavillil Rajagopalan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T13:25:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Avelar_MarcusVinicius_M.pdf: 864490 bytes, checksum: c20b90a7b86bf4d3251e6d4601d51c0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Esta dissertação tem por objetivo estudar - de uma perspectiva pragmático-discursiva - como são constituídas as identidades da chamada "diversidade sexual" nas Cartilhas do site Mix Brasil. A escolha do corpus justifica-se pela posição central que o referido site ocupa no engendramento (e popularização) de uma certa identidade gay e de outras identidades não heterossexuais. Os pressupostos teóricos encontram-se, sobretudo, nos últimos trabalhos de John L. Austin (e sua visão performativa da linguagem) e, também, no pensamento social contemporâneo que entende as identidades como sendo contingentes. Especificamente no campo dos estudos de gênero, Judith Butler é a referência principal. Busca-se, assim, lançar um novo olhar sobre a questão das identidades sexuais contemporâneas a partir do diálogo entre a lingüística e as demais ciências sociais. A análise do corpus mostrou que as identidades das Cartilhas do Mix Brasil são performatizadas de maneira hierárquica, numa escala que vai desde uma identidade ideal (a gay) até identidades marcadas por corpos abjetos (as travestis). Trata-se de uma estrutura aberta que, ao reinterpretar dois modelos distintos de prática sexual (aqui chamados "igualitário" e "hierárquico"), por um lado afirma a legitimidade de todas as orientações sexuais e, por outro, coloca as identidades marcadas por signos de feminilidade no local mais baixo de sua escala. / Abstract: This thesis aims at investigating - from a pragmatic-discursive perspective - the way identities of the so-called 'sexual diversity' are constituted in the Cartilhas of the Brazilian Internet site Mix Brazil. The corpus choice is justified given the centrality this site has when it comes to the engenderment (and popularization) of a certain gay identity as well as other non-heterosexual identities. The theoretical background comprises the later works of John Langshaw Austin (and his performative perspective on language), and the contemporary social thought that faces identities not as stable, but rather as contingent. As for the field of gender studies, Judith Butler is the main reference. I intend to approach the contemporary sexual identities issue from a dialogue between linguistics and other social sciences. The corpus analysis showed that the identities on Mix Brazil are performatized in a hierarchical fashion, on a scale that goes from an ideal identity (the gay one) to identities marked by abject bodies (the transvestites). The Cartilhas are organized as an open structure in which two distinct models of sexual practices (here called "egalitarian" and "hierarchical") are reinterpreted. On the one hand, the reinterpretation occurs in such a way that all sexual orientations have their legitimacy guaranteed. On the other hand, however, those identities marked by signs of femininity are placed at the bottom of the scale. / Mestrado / Mestre em Linguística

This article provides a case study account of the language functions of tipo, which is a pragmatic feature of Argentine Spanish vernacular, as used by 10 young adult native speakers of the language (ages 18-25), in the context of oral face-to-face and synchronous technology-mediated written interactions with young adult Spanish L2 learners. An examination of naturally occurring and self-reported language awareness data suggests that tipo has acquired a wide array of pragmatic functions it is a marker of hesitation, exemplification, reformulation, vagueness, and quoted speech. In its non-pragmatic marking uses, it can refer to an unspecified man, preface a hyponym, and be used to make a comparison. Participants' usage patterns, in conjunction with their understanding of sociopragmatic variability in the use of tipo, are discussed as a direction for research in colloquial features of youth vernacular.

This study presents the results of an analysis of pragmatic aspects of language samples obtained from five agrammatic aphasic individuals prior to and following Linguistic Specific Treatment (LST). Clinically and statistically significant positive changes in informativeness and efficiency were documented in posttreatment samples. Analysis of communicative competence (i.e., naïve listeners' ratings of pre- and posttreatment audiotaped samples), was undertaken to examine the social validity of quantified changes. Mean ratings across listeners were computed to evaluate their subjective perceptions of general communicative constructs. Results indicated that objectively measured changes in pragmatic aspects were perceptible to naïve listeners, however, to varying degrees across participants and constructs.

This study explores English language pragmatic phenomena in the Mandarin speech of a native Chinese language teacher as she interacts with American learners of Mandarin in a university classroom setting. I document and analyze her use of English backchannel 'mm hmm' in interactions that are otherwise in Mandarin, and I document and analyze the transfer of American interaction rituals and English syntax to her Mandarin language interactions with students. In this context, her patterns of communication both reflect and constitute cultural worlds. These pragmatic transfers to her Mandarin reflect her cultural and communicative assimilation to America, but they also serve to constitute pedagogical contexts that are familiar to American students and may facilitate their learning, and they serve to constitute a sojourner Chinese scholar identity for the teacher.

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No description available.