With an increased globalization and flexibility of the labor market, the views and values of work have changed. The purpose of this study is to examine attitudes towards what defines a real job, based on parameters such as generational affiliation, level of education and form of employment. Furthermore, the study examines if precarious work is perceived as real jobs. The study has taken its starting point in Adam Smith’s Labor Theory of Value and Guy Standing’s description of the Precariat. The study has been implemented through a quantitative method, where questionnaires were used to collect data. These questionnaires were shared via social media. The collected material was analyzed using correlation measurements and cross-tabulations. The results of the study show that there is a difference among the generations' attitudes towards what constitutes the definition of a real job. The majority of the younger generation that had been consulted did not agree with that the working conditions listed in the questionnaire were essential for a job to be defined as real. As precarious work seldom includes the conditions referred to in the question formulated in this study, it can be concluded that the younger generation seems to perceive precarious work as real jobs. The result showed that level of education and form of employment affected each generations’ attitude towards what aspects should be included in the definition of a real job. / Genom ökad globalisering och flexibilitet på arbetsmarknaden har synen på och värderingar av vad ett arbete är ändrats. Syftet är, att bland respondenterna i studien, undersöka inställningen till vad som bör inkluderas i definitionen av ett riktigt arbete, med hänsyn till generationstillhörighet, utbildningsnivå och anställningsform. Undersökningen har utgått ifrån Adam Smiths teori om arbetets värde samt Guy Standings beskrivning av prekariatet. Studiens huvudsakliga frågeställning är huruvida generationstillhörighet påverkar inställningen till om kollektivavtal, huvudsaklig inkomstkälla samt meningsfullhet, bör inkluderas i definitionen av ett riktigt arbete. Vidare undersöks även om respondenternas utbildningsnivå och anställningsform kan komma att påverka dessa inställningar. Ytterligare en frågeställning i undersökningen är huruvida prekära arbeten uppfattas vara riktiga arbeten. Studien har genomförts med en kvantitativ metod där enkäter använts som datainsamling. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av sambandsmått och korstabeller. Studiens resultat visar att det finns en skillnad bland de olika generationernas inställning till vad som utgör definitionen av ett riktigt arbete. Majoriteten av de yngre i studien höll inte med om att de arbetsförhållanden som ingått i undersökningen krävdes för att ett arbete skulle definieras som ett riktigt arbete. Då prekära arbeten sällan inkluderar de aspekter som berörts i den huvudsakliga frågeställningen, kan det konkluderas att den yngre generationen uppfattar prekära arbeten som riktiga arbeten. Respondenternas utbildningsnivå eller anställningsform visade sig påverka generationernas inställning till vad som ska inkluderas i definitionen av ett riktigt arbete.

The financial misconduct and corruption at the very top of the class system that in 2008 caused the collapse of the world economy saw no reaction from the criminal justice system. In contrast, the 2011 English Riots at the bottom rungs of society, estimated to have caused 200 million pounds of damages, produced a ruthless response from the judiciary where sentences were almost treble the usual rate. Politicians were quick to condemn the rioters as mere wanton criminals and framing their actions within a behavioural explanation calling for severe punishments. My thesis’s aim is to show that it was instead decades of neoliberal policies that pushed these people to vent their frustration through rioting. Their ensuing anomic ethic is understood by considering the rioters’ actions through the prism of both Strain Theory and Institutional Anomie Theory. To contextualise their place within today’s capitalist society I categorized them within an emerging social class: The Precariat. Through a qualitative analysis of 17 interviews’ extracts, all that transpired was their desires to be active consumers by grabbing what they could; the riots were merely an excuse to bypass the structurally imposed limits that stood before the desired higher social status. This research speaks of an increasingly unequal society, which positions individual economic success above collective well-being. These disturbances are symptoms of a deep seated malaise and of a stripped-down manifestation of what neoliberalism really is. To reverse it, we ought to implement holistic socioeconomic policies that empower people through the creation of secure and well-paid jobs, encourage collectivism over individualism and that promote better education towards sustainable living and happiness.

No description available.

Esta pesquisa pretende unir forças a outros trabalhos que, sob diferentes abordagens teóricas e empíricas, investigam formas alternativas de organização social e de produção, tomando como objeto os coletivos de trabalhadores-artistas no Brasil e em Portugal, com destaque para os coletivos teatrais. A noção de trabalhador-artista refere-se àqueles que têm consciência da sua condição de trabalhador e atuam estética e politicamente a partir dessa condição. Para compreender os sentidos desse coletivismo, utilizou-se uma estratégia metodológica que integrou a análise de fontes históricas, estatísticas e documentais, realização de um inquérito por questionário, entrevistas, observação participante e o aprofundamento de dois estudos empíricos. O coletivismo é analisado sob a dupla perspectiva das formas de organização coletiva da produção e das dinâmicas de ação coletiva, o que por sua vez se articula com o contexto geral das relações de trabalho e produção no neoliberalismo. A problematização de nossa abordagem situa-se entre o processo de precarização do trabalho, as estratégias de auto-organização e a transformação social emancipatória. / This research intends to join forces with other works that, from different theoretical and empirical approaches, investigate alternative forms of social and production organization, taking as object the collectives of artist-workers in Brazil and Portugal, notably the theater collectives. The notion of artist-worker relates to those who are self-conscious of their condition as workers and act politically and aesthetically from that condition. In order to understand the meanings of this collectivism, the methodological strategy integrated the analysis of historical, statistical and documentary sources, conducting a survey, interviews, participant observation and the deepening of two empirical studies. Collectivism is envisaged under the double perspective of the forms of collective organization of production and the dynamics of collective action, which in turn relates to the general context of work and production relations within neoliberalism. Our issue lies between the process of work precariousness, self-organizing strategies and emancipatory social transformation.

Esta pesquisa pretende unir forças a outros trabalhos que, sob diferentes abordagens teóricas e empíricas, investigam formas alternativas de organização social e de produção, tomando como objeto os coletivos de trabalhadores-artistas no Brasil e em Portugal, com destaque para os coletivos teatrais. A noção de trabalhador-artista refere-se àqueles que têm consciência da sua condição de trabalhador e atuam estética e politicamente a partir dessa condição. Para compreender os sentidos desse coletivismo, utilizou-se uma estratégia metodológica que integrou a análise de fontes históricas, estatísticas e documentais, realização de um inquérito por questionário, entrevistas, observação participante e o aprofundamento de dois estudos empíricos. O coletivismo é analisado sob a dupla perspectiva das formas de organização coletiva da produção e das dinâmicas de ação coletiva, o que por sua vez se articula com o contexto geral das relações de trabalho e produção no neoliberalismo. A problematização de nossa abordagem situa-se entre o processo de precarização do trabalho, as estratégias de auto-organização e a transformação social emancipatória. / This research intends to join forces with other works that, from different theoretical and empirical approaches, investigate alternative forms of social and production organization, taking as object the collectives of artist-workers in Brazil and Portugal, notably the theater collectives. The notion of artist-worker relates to those who are self-conscious of their condition as workers and act politically and aesthetically from that condition. In order to understand the meanings of this collectivism, the methodological strategy integrated the analysis of historical, statistical and documentary sources, conducting a survey, interviews, participant observation and the deepening of two empirical studies. Collectivism is envisaged under the double perspective of the forms of collective organization of production and the dynamics of collective action, which in turn relates to the general context of work and production relations within neoliberalism. Our issue lies between the process of work precariousness, self-organizing strategies and emancipatory social transformation.

In my diploma work I am dealing with topic of work in one of the world's largest global retailer on the internet - Amazon. In 2015 Amazon opened a new fullfilment centre in Dobrovíz near Prague. Through the statement of one of ex-employee I discovered what it means to work for one of the richest man in the world (2019) - Jeff Bezos. These working conditions I've decided to demonstrate on platform AmazonExperience which consists from e-shop that contains artworks - that apeears as products. They are mostly inspired by company's slogans, stereotypes of work, experiences of Amazon's system and strict or unwritten rules.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse how three books can be seen as a modern form of the Swedish working class literature tradition. The works are Linjen by Elise Karlsson, Tjänster i hemmet by Marie Hållander, and Cykelbudet by Anders Teglund. The first two books are fictional accounts of the precarious working conditions in contemporary Sweden, and the last book is a hybrid between novel and non-fiction. This thesis utilizies Marxist alienation theory, Bourdieu’s theory of capital and Guy Standing’s theory of the precariat. Furthermore, I relate the material to different defintions of working class literature. By analyzing the material with these theoretical concepts I establish that alienation is a common theme, that Bourdieu’s theory can explain the complex class positions of the main characters, and that all books depict precarious labor. The results show that the three books can be labeled as a modern form of working class literature, even though they differ from earlier forms of this tradition.

Submitted by Micheli Abreu (mabreu@fiocruz.br) on 2015-03-18T19:10:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro_Ramos_EPSJV_Mestrado_2014.pdf: 2096696 bytes, checksum: 4e760475867b567bb2a64040cef89b59 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mario Mesquita (mbarroso@fiocruz.br) on 2015-03-18T20:21:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro_Ramos_EPSJV_Mestrado_2014.pdf: 2096696 bytes, checksum: 4e760475867b567bb2a64040cef89b59 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mario Mesquita (mbarroso@fiocruz.br) on 2015-03-18T20:28:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro_Ramos_EPSJV_Mestrado_2014.pdf: 2096696 bytes, checksum: 4e760475867b567bb2a64040cef89b59 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-18T20:28:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro_Ramos_EPSJV_Mestrado_2014.pdf: 2096696 bytes, checksum: 4e760475867b567bb2a64040cef89b59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-04 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Politécnica de Saúde Joaquim Venâncio. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Profissional em Saúde. / O objeto de estudo desta dissertação é o Programa Nacional de Acesso ao Ensino Técnico e Emprego - PRONATEC. Analisa o objeto a partir da formação do Estado capitalista brasileiro e das políticas sociais de Estado, desde 1930 até os governos dos Partidos dos Trabalhadores. Compreende a historicidade da formação do Estado e das políticas como resultado da luta de classes. Avalia politicamente o objeto a partir da sua Lei de criação (Lei 12.513/11). Compreende que o objeto é uma política de governo que é expressão da política de Estado capitalista, baseado no entendimento de Poulantzas. Demonstra os modos de desenvolvimento do Estado brasileiro e as políticas de Educação Profissional no período da análise. Vincula o PRONATEC ao modelo de desenvolvimento conhecido como pós-fordismo periférico, como formação do precariado. Verifica que o PRONATEC é uma fonte de transferência de recursos públicos para a iniciativa privada. Destaca que o Programa não prioriza uma Educação Profissional integrada ao Ensino Médio. Conclui encaminhando questões sobre novas reflexões sobre o objeto. / The subject of this dissertation is the National Program for Access to Technical Education and Employment - PRONATEC. Analyzes the object from the formation of the Brazilian capitalist state and social policies of the state, from 1930 to the governments of Workers' Parties. Understand the historicity of state formation and policies as a result of class struggle. Politically evaluates the object from its creation Law (Law 12,513 / 11). Understands that the object is a government policy that is an expression of the capitalist state policy, based on the understanding of Poulantzas. Demonstrates the ways of development of the Brazilian state policies and Vocational Education in the period of analysis. Binds the PRONATEC the development known as peripheral post-Fordism as training precariat model. Verifies that the PRONATEC is a source of transfer of public resources to private enterprise. Highlights that the Program does not prioritize an integrated Professional Education to High School. Concludes forwarding questions about new thoughts on the subject.

Fackliga organisationer menar på att tidsbegränsade anställningar har skapat fler osäkra jobb. Svenskt näringsliv menar däremot att de tidsbegränsade anställningarna inte har ökat någonting under de senaste 15 åren, vilket statistiska centralbyrån (SCB) bekräftar i en rapport. Rapporten visar att en viss minskning av de tidsbegränsade anställningarna har skett under andra kvartalet 2019 den visar dock också på att de tidsbegränsade anställningar som finns har blivit osäkrare än tidigare. Den här studien utfördes i Falun kommun och syftet med studien var att undersöka hur vikarier inom äldreomsorgen och LSS upplever deras arbetssituation som smsanställd och hur de upplever det sociala sammanhanget på arbetsplatsen. Vi undersökte även om deras anställningsform har inverkan på deras sociala liv utanför arbetet. Sju semistrukturerade intervjuer har utförts i samband med studien. Studien använder sig utav en tematisk analys där fyra teman har identifierats: kritik, sammanhållning, privatliv och trygghet. Genom dessa teman så används tre teorier, Guy Standings teori om prekariatet, Antonovskys teori om KASAM och Karasek och Theorells modell om krav och kontroll. Studien har visat på att smsanställningen är en prekär anställning som kan leda till problem för den anställde. Men den visar också att om den anställde har skyddsnät i form av en annan inkomstkälla eller att personen har valt anställningen så kan den ge stor frihet och hjälpa till att lösa livspusslet. / The unions argue that temporary work has created more unsecure jobs. However, the Confederation of Swedish enterprise argue that temporary work has not increased during the last 15 years. This statistic is confirmed by Statistic Sweden (SCB) which shows a small decrease of temporary workers during the second quarter of 2019. The report shows that the number of temporary workers has not changed for a long time, however it shows that their employment has become even more unsecure. The study has been conducted in the city of Falun Sweden, whit the purpose of studying how temporary workers within the eldercare and disability sector in a medium sized city in Sweden see their employment as SMS- employees and if they feel cohesion in the workplace. The purpose was also to examine if the employment influences their social life. Seven semi structured interviews were conducted whit workers whit this type of employment within the sectors. The study is using a thematic analyse and has been divided into four themes: critic, private life, cohesion, and security. The themes are using three theories as well as previous studies to analyse the data. In the analysis of the recorded data, Guy Standings theory of the precariat, Antonvskys theory of KASAM and Karasek and Theorell’s model of requirement and control have been used. The study has shown that SMS- employment is indeed a precarious employment and can cause various problems for the employee. However, the study also shows that for people who have safety in form of another income and have chosen this employment, the employment can give an enormous freedom and help get a good amount of work balance.

This thesis examines the effects of de-industrialisation on the lives of adult learners attending adult education programmes in the former coal mining and steel working communities of County Durham. It presents the outcomes of a qualitative study of life history stories which are 'person centred'. Focusing on the subjective experiences of learners, both past and present, was an appropriate way in which the learner voice could be heard as well as helping to understand their experiences and views on the effects that de- industrialisation has had on their lives, and if lifelong learning was improving their life chances. The importance of social class and gender in configuring and understanding adult learner experiences are critical factors whilst, at the same time, the collective resources of these working class communities have been systematically undermined. Furthermore, the provision of publically funded adult education has declined dramatically since the 1980s. Through the prism of learners' lives the study explores experiences of employability skills programmes and community adult education programmes on shaping the position, disposition and identity of learners who have experienced a major trauma to their communities, their families and themselves. Ontological insecurity, a product of de-industrialisation, has a critical impact on the lives of these adults. The thesis adopts Hirschman's (1970) framework of 'Exit, Loyalty and Voice', originally used to frame the responses of workers confronting the possibility of job losses in a firm, as a way of understanding the reactions of adult learners to the impact of de-industrialisation on communities. In Hirschman's framework the relationship between exit, loyalty and voice followed a distinctive pattern. Loyalty, for example, was the opposite of voice, as people in a firm stayed silent in order to be saved from job loss. In this study, loyalty to the community has enabled individuals to benefit from support and community provision, which has given them a lifeline for survival and a step on the way to finding a voice. Exit, in the original framework, involved proactive workers getting 'ahead of the curve' by finding alternative employment before others. In this study, employability skills training - as a resource for exit - does not deliver. Instead, it systematically demoralises individuals and undermines their capacity to act. It involves churning learners between welfare and more training programmes and, where and when available, into short-term work. The overall impact has resulted in the social exclusion of these learners from the labour market and from the community - the opposite of agency. It is argued that this is a paradox given that social and economic inclusion was an aim of lifelong learning policies. The thesis challenges the claim of neoliberal ideology that purports to promote the freedom of individuals to determine their own fate. Those attending employability skills programmes are expected to find solutions to structural problems, and are subjected to coercive methods through psychological interventions that are expected to bring about attitudinal behaviour changes to achieve employability. It is argued that this is a paradox given deficient labour market conditions which are beyond the control of the learner. Attention is given to public sector community adult education that once offered liberating models of adult education, but have now been subjected to the logic of neoliberal governmentality. This is creating new 'subjectivities' for educators, who are being coerced to deliver learning for the economy rather than social purpose education. What has emerged is a new role of the employability trainer.