Magistriniame darbe analizuojami alternatyvaus valstybės reguliavimui modelio – savireguliacijos - pritaikymo interneto erdvėje aspektai. Siekiama pagrįsti arba paneigti interneto savireguliacijos idėją, pateikiant Europos valstybių interneto savireguliacijos kodeksų pavyzdžius bei Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų teismų sprendimuose įtvirtintos savireguliacijos bendrąsias tendencijas. / The aim of this study is to analyse the suitability of self-regulation mechanism to alter internet regulation executed by the state. In order to motivate or to negate the idea of internet self-regulation, analysis is based on the internet codes of conduct in European countries as well as on the basic internet self-regulation tendencies embedded in the decisions of the courts in the United States of America. The status of the subjects - internet service providers, internet content providers and consumers - participating in the internet self-regulation process is defined in the third part of the study. Finally, the author is concerned with the possibility to embody internet self-regulation model in Lithuania and with the problems of this embodiment.

The growth of FDI inflow to developing countries is increasing, so have the questions of why some developing countries have succeeded in attracting and absorbing FDI benefits. These countries are seen to have found the right fit between the FDI attraction and the developmental agenda. Profound questions about the true value of FDI to host countries are addressed in this study. While FDI attraction may be justified on the basis of FDI benefits by foreign firms, it still remains critical to establish whether these benefits are automatic. As an attempt to answer these questions, this dissertation uses both firm level and country level data to investigate the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on developing countries.Interesting findings emerge from this study. The findings are in form of an interrelated structure setting, the study showed that technology, skills transfer and employment benefits via FDI take place only when the host country has the sufficient level of human capital, infrastructure and good local firms. And that the country must have stable political environment, consistent macroeconomic policy and good institutions in order to continue attracting FDI. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Le ciblage de l’inflation est le cadre le plus récent de la politique monétaire dans le monde. Il est désormais largement choisi par les pays avancés ainsi que par les pays émergents. Cependant, deux questions principales sont encore en débat particulièrement dans les pays émergent et en développement. Ils s’agissent des avantages du ciblage d’inflation et du respect de conditions préalables afin d’assurer le succès de ce régime. Empiriquement, on conclut que le ciblage d’inflation est un cadre de politique monétaire réussie pour les pays émergents. En plus, il n'est pas nécessaire pour ces pays de satisfaire toutes les conditions préalables strictes avant de réussir à l'adopter. La situation budgétaire et l'indépendance de la banque centrale jouent un rôle plus important que les autres conditions et doivent être préparées en premier lieu. Concernant le Vietnam, par l'approche structurelle vecteur autorégressif (VAR), la thèse montre que la politique monétaire de la banque centrale n’est pas efficace. Donc, il permet de confirmer la nécessité du changement de stratégie monétaire par rapport au cadre actuel. Cependant, notamment parce que la banque centrale n’est pas indépendante, le Vietnam ne peut pas adopter le ciblage d’inflation dans un bref délai. Les recommandations du durcissement de la contrainte budgétaire et de l’augmentation l’indépendance de la banque centrale sont suggérées avant la mise en œuvre de sa stratégie de ciblage d’inflation. / Inflation targeting (hereafter IT) is the newest monetary policy framework in the world. The practice of IT has been chosen by both advanced countries and emerging countries. However, two main issues are still under debate particularly in emerging and developing countries. They are the benefits of IT and preconditions to success adoption. Empirically, we showed that IT is considered as a successful monetary policy framework for emerging countries. In addition, it is not necessary for emerging markets to satisfy all stringent preconditions to successfully adopt IT. In practice, the fiscal situation and the central bank independence play a more important role than other conditions and need to be prepared first.Basing on Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR), the thesis concludes that Vietnamese monetary policy currently does not effectively control the inflation rate. Inflation targeting framework would be a solution to this. Nonetheless, this thesis concludes that at this moment in time Vietnam is not able to adopt the IT framework, as it still must prepare some of the preconditions required before official adoption. The recommendations of hardening the budget constraint and increase central bank independence in relationship with government are suggested before implementing IT strategy.

Title: Evaluation of a fire sportsmen's motor productivity Objectives: The aim of this work was to find out a motor performance of youngsters fire sportsmen who took a part in The Czech Republic championship of fire sport in 2015, and to verify whether the teams whose members have better general motor quality had also better special productivity and whether they take front place of the competition. Methods: In my diploma thesis I applied a monitoring and a testing method. Motor tests were applied on chosen teams from all over the Czech Republic that took a part in The Czech Republic championship. These were teams of youngsters of voluntary fire brigades from Kamenec u Poličky, Jablonec nad Jizerou, Bludov, Oznice, Michálkovice, Žebnice, Kostomlátky and Kvasiny. The testing involved female teams of youngsters from Kamenec u Poličky, Střezimíř, Horní Lánov, Těškovice, Jarcová and Bozkov. By means of motor tests the preconditions of chosen teams were detected. I chose four tests - a 50m running, a shuttle running 4x10m, a long jump from a spot and a stamina in a pull-up. Results: On the ground of data that I gained and the following analysis i tis obvious that the success in the fire sport does not depend only on motoric preconditions but also on other sections of the training. In particular motor...

Bakgrund: Genom en vårdande relation vinner sjuksköterskan patientens tillit. Skapandet av denna relation ser olika ut varje gång och kräver anpassning efter patient och situation. Syfte: Undersöka förutsättningar samt hinder för en vårdande relation mellan patienten och den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskan i somatisk slutenvård. Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ deskriptiv intervjustudie, med semi-strukturerade intervjuer som följde en intervjuguide. Åtta sjuksköterskor rekryterades via snöbollsurval. Datan analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Förutsättningarna för att en vårdande relation skulle skapas var bland annat att det fanns tillräckligt med tid, att sjuksköterskan hade en empatisk personlighet, ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt och att patienten hade intresse av att bygga en relation. Det som kunde förhindra den vårdande relationen var bristande kontinuitet, stressig miljö, bristande kommunikation, bristande förtroende från patienten eller om patienten var instabil eller kognitivt nedsatt. Slutsats: Brist på erfarenhet gjorde det svårt för sjuksköterskorna att skapa vårdande relationer. Då sjuksköterskorna upplevde att de hade stöd från kollegor minskade stressen, vilket gjorde det lättare att tidigare lära sig skapa vårdande relationer. Vidare forskning behövs för att undersöka vad för stöd nyutexaminerade behöver för att underlätta skapandet av vårdande relationer i början av sina yrkesliv. / Background: Nurses gains patients trust through caring relationships. The relation-building process is different each time and demand adjustments to the patient and the situation. Aim: To explore the preconditions and barriers to create caring relationships, among newly graduated nurses in somatic inpatient. Methods: The study is a qualitative descriptive interview study, with semi-structured interviews, following an interview guide. Eight nurses were recruited through snowball selection. Data was analysed with qualitative content analysis. Results: Conditions needed to create caring relationships were, among others, the access of time, that the nurse had an empathetic personality, a person-centered approach and that the patient had an interest in the relationship. Factors that challenged the caring relationship were lack of continuity, stressful environment, lack of communication, lack of trust from the patient or if the patient were instable or had a cognitive impairment. Conclusions: Lack of experience made it difficult to establish caring relationships. God support from colleges decreased stress among the nurses, which made it easier to create caring relationships. Further research of what kind of support that is needed among newly examined nurses to facilitate caring relationships is needed.

Outdoor teaching has been given attention which might be natural, but it ap-pears to be problematic to get functioning. The aim to this study is to seek knowledge about preconditions needed to get outdoor teaching in science func-tioning and the requirements of the teacher. The method of the data collection in the study are qualitative interviews and a selection of teachers working at a school with outdoor teaching profile has been done. The respondents appear to have unanimous thoughts about outdoor teaching due to the result. Precon-ditions when it comes to outdoor teaching in science are shown to be connected to the organization of outdoor teaching. The outdoor teaching organization is shown to be successful if the learning environments are well planned and if there are available materials to use. An example of successful learning envi-ronment is an outdoor classroom where an “ordinary” classroom indoors has been moved outdoors. In the result of the study it appears that barriers to out-door teaching can be that the environment nearby the school isn’t suited, but it is shown that environments can be adjusted. A conclusion of the study is that barriers can be overcome if preconditions to outdoor teaching are being worked with.

Šiuo tyrimu buvo siekta apibendrinti besimokančios organizacijos skatinimo mokytis prielaidas ir galimybes, analizuoti nuostatas išreikštas teisiniuose dokumentuose apie besimokančių organizacijų poreikius. Taip pat norėta atskleisti besimokančios organizacijos aplinką, kūrimo trukdžius, atskleisti organizacijos narių (darbuotojų ir darbdavių) požiūrį į vieną esminių besimokančios organizacijos kūrimosi prielaidų: mokymosi prieinamumo, mokymosi poreikių tenkinimo organizacijoje aspektu. Kadangi besimokanti organizacija stebi aplinką, supranta naujovių svarbą, nuolat atsinaujina, įdarbina asmenis, nusiteikusius išmokti naujų darbo metodų, įgyti naujų įgūdžių, sudaro galimybę darbuotojams adaptuotis ir keistis, skatina žinių troškimą, smalsumą, kiekvienam padeda rasti ir išnaudoti mokymosi galimybes, kuria mokymosi rėmimo sistemas, organizacijos vadovus traktuoja kaip pavaldinių tobulėjimo skatintojus, pripažįsta ir vertina tuos vadovus, kurie rūpinasi savo pavaldinių tobulėjimu, mokosi iš sėkmių ir nesėkmių, bendram mokymuisi vienija tiekėjus ir vartotojus, šalina mokymosi kliūtis, užtikrina mokymąsi visose organizacijos grandyse, todėl tyrimas, kuriame dalyvavę besimokantieji atsakė į pateiktus klausimus labiausiai išryškėjo tokia tendencija, kad skatinimas tobulintis labai pozityviai ir galimybę kelti kvalifikaciją ir siekti karjeros yra svarbiausia. Matyti poreikis kuo ilgiau išsilaikyti darbo rinkoje. Darbo rinkos reikalavimai yra svarbiausias indikatorius kuriant ar... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / It was reached to sum up the studying organization’s stimulation learning preconditions and possibilities, analyse attitudes expressed in juristical documents about studying organizations needs. Also, it was wanted to reveal studying organization’s environment establishment preconditions, organization’s members (workers and employees) attitude to the one of the main studying organization’s establishment preconditions: learning accessabilitie’s, learning meet the requirements in organization aspect. Whereas the studying organization follows environment, understands the importance of latest inventions, often renews, employs persons, who want to learn new work’s methods, to get new skills. It gives an opportunity for workers to adapt and change, makes learning’s sponsors systems, eliminates studying troubles, guarantees learning in all links of organization. So, the research in which learners took part in asked to the given questions, mostly showed the tendency, that stimulation to improve very positive and opportunity to get upper qualification and seek after career is the most important. The requirements of the job’s market are the basic indicator making or renewing professional learning context of the programmes. In all programmes is prevised English languages and information technologies learning, it is brought a module of business training. Leaders are also lack of knowledge and skills doing jobs. The didactics features of Andragogas activity are shown in activity forms of... [to full text]

The lack of a method for developing programs from Z specifications is a difficulty that is now widely recognised. As a contribution to solving this problem, we present ZRC, a refinement calculus based on Morgan's work that incorporates the Z notation and follows its style and conventions. Other refinement techniques have been proposed for Z; ZRC builds upon some of them, but distinguishes itself in that it is completely formalised. As several other refinement techniques, ZRC is formalised in terms of weakest preconditions. In order to define the semantics of its language, ZRC-L, we construct a weakest precondition semantics for Z based on a relational semantics proposed by the Z standards panel. The resulting definition is not unexpected, but its construction provides evidence for its suitability and, additionally, establishes connections between predicate transformers and two different relational models. The weakest precondition semantics of the remaining constructs of ZRC-L justify several assumptions that permeate the formalisation of Morgan's refinement calculus. Based on the semantics of ZRC-L, we derive all laws of ZRC. Typically the refinement of a schema in ZRC begins with the application of a conversion law that translates it to a notation convenient for refinement, and proceeds with the application of refinement laws. The conversion laws of ZRC formalise the main strategies and rules of translation available in the literature; its set of refinement laws is extensive and includes support for procedures, parameters, recursion, and data refinement. Morgan and Back have proposed different formalisations of procedures and parameters in the context of refinement techniques. We investigate a surprising and intricate relationship between these works and the substitution operator that renames the free variables of a program, and reveal an inconsistency in Morgan's calculus, Back's approach does not suffer from this inconsistency, but he does not present refinement laws. We benefit from both works and use a model based on Back's formalism to derive refinement laws similar to those in Morgan's calculus. Furthermore, we derive additional laws that formalise Morgan's approach to recursion. Three case studies illustrate the application of ZRC. They show that ZRC can be useful as a technique of formal program development, but are by no means enough to ascertain the general adequacy of its conversion and refinement laws. Actually, since Z does not enforce a specific style of structuring specifications, it is likely that new laws will be proved useful for particular system specifications: two of our case studies exemplify this situation. Our hope is that ZRC and its formalisation will encourage further investigation into the refinement of Z specifications and the proper justification of any emerging strategies or techniques.

Bilfria zoner är en planeringsstrategi som eftersträvar en hållbar stadsmiljö med fokus på att reducera bilanvändningen i människors vardag. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka vilka förutsättningar som har tagits i beaktande vid avgränsning av bilfria zoner för att få fram hur bilfria zoner ska avgränsas i svenska städer. Målet med studien var att identifiera vilka förutsättningar som är betydelsefulla vid avgränsning av bilfri zon. Därefter applicerades förutsättningarna i Gävle för att exemplifiera var det är möjligt och mest optimalt för Gävle kommun att införa en bilfri zon. Studien utfördes med två metoder för att få fram vilka förutsättningar som ska finnas vid avgränsning av bilfria zoner. Först utfördes en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av fyra befintliga och planerade bilfria zoner genom en induktiv ansats på plandokument, rapporter, vetenskapliga artiklar, böcker och organisationers hemsidor. De befintliga och planerade bilfria zonerna var gågatan Ströget, Helsingfors, Oslo och stadsdelen Vauban. Därefter genomfördes fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer. De intervjuade var trafikplanerare från Gävle kommun, Sundsvalls kommun, Umeå kommun och Eskilstuna kommun. Förutsättningar som framkom från innehållsanalysen och intervjuerna visades i tematiserade tabeller för att kunna jämföra förutsättningarna som framkommit från de två metoderna. Genom en jämförelse mellan innehållsanalysen och intervjuerna identifierades nio förutsättningar. Dessa nio förutsättningar är täthet, handel, offentliga byggnader, grönytor, mötesplatser, cykelstråk, kollektivtrafik, gångstråk och parkeringshus. Förutsättningarna applicerades på ett ortofoto över Gävle i ArcMap 10.6 för att exemplifiera var en bilfri zon är möjlig och mest optimal att implementera i Gävle stad. Appliceringen av förutsättningarna resulterade sig i ett område som centrerade sig till centrala Gävle. / Car-free zones are a planning strategy that strives for a sustainable urban environment, focusing on reducing car use in people's everyday lives. The purpose of this study has been to investigate what preconditions that have been taken into account when defining car-free zones, to find out how car-free zones are to be delimited in Swedish cities. The aim of the study was to identify which preconditions that are important when designing a car-free zone. Then the preconditions were applied in Gävle to exemplify where a car-free zone is possible and optimal for the municipality of Gävle. The study was carried out with two methods to determine the conditions for the delimitations of car-free zones. First, a qualitative content analysis of four existing and planned car-free zones was carried out through an inductive approach to planning documents, reports, scientific articles, books and organizations' websites. The existing and planned car-free zones were the pedestrian street Ströget, Helsinki, Oslo and the district Vauban. Thereafter four semi-structured interviews were conducted. The interviewees were traffic planners from Gävle Municipality, Sundsvall Municipality, Umeå Municipality and Eskilstuna Municipality. Preconditions emerging from the content analysis and interviews were shown in themed tables to compare the preconditions emerged from the two methods. A comparison between the content analysis and the interviews identified nine preconditions. These nine preconditions are density, trade, public buildings, green spaces, meeting places, cycle paths, public transport, walk paths and multistory car parks. The preconditions were applied to an orthophoto of Gävle in ArcMap 10.6 to illustrate where a car-free zone is possible and most optimal to implement in Gävle city. The application of the preconditions resulted in an area that centered in central Gävle

Stockholms bostadsmarknad har alltid varit pressad och bostadsbristen har länge varit ett faktum. 2021 rapporterade Länsstyrelsen att det demografiska bostadsbehovet i Stockholms län inte uppfylls. De facto är att det inte längre är en fråga om bostadsbrist, det är en fråga om bristande bostadsförsörjning! Fler bostäder behövs som skall kunna tillgodose medel- och framförallt låginkomsttagares bostadsbehov. Samtidigt härjade COVID-19 pandemin omkring och ledde till distansarbete som även 2022, “post pandemi”, fortsatt används i hög grad. Hur kontoren utnyttjas och vad för lokaler som efterfrågas på kontorsmarknaden har ställts på sin spets, och vakansgraden i somliga lägen och för vissa typer av kontorsbyggnader har stigit alltmer. Där kan ett behov av att utveckla dessa byggnader från fastighetsägarens sida uppstå för att förbättra driftnettot, då behovet redan är tydligt från samhället sida, fler bostäder till överkomligt pris! I och med detta gav regeringen Boverket i uppdrag att skriva en rapport kring förutsättningarna för att omvandla lokaler till bostäder. Därför blev detta kandidatarbetes syfte tydligt, att undersöka behovet av, och förutsättningarna för att omvandla vakanta kontorsbyggnader till bostäder “efter” pandemin. Detta, då ett ökat intresse från fastighetsägarnas sida uppenbarligen behöver väckas, allra mest ur ett hållbarhets- och bostadsförsörjningsperspektiv, och det vidare behöver redogöras för en konverterings förutsättningar, utom Boverkets egna rapport. Genom att tillämpa en semistrukturerad kvalitativ intervjustudie som knyter an till en litteraturöversikt uppfylls examensarbetets syfte och dess frågeställning besvaras.  Vad gäller behovet av konvertering på fastighetsägarnas sida, är detta begränsat. Mycket av detta har att göra med att intresset och incitamenten inte är så stora, men främst torde det ha att göra med att de flesta fastighetsägare ännu inte sett så stor skillnad på kontorsmarknaden. Dessutom adderat till detta är att inställningen till konvertering ofta är att det är för svårt på grund av diverse lagar, regler och krav. Vad gäller förutsättningarna för att konvertering ska kunna ske, är dessa många och djupgående. Tillräckligt hög vakans, lågt ingångsvärde, såväl som rätt förutsättningar plantekniskt, byggtekniskt, juridiskt, ekonomiskt, statligt, kommunalt och samhälleligt måste uppfyllas. Det viktigaste är dock den ekonomiska genomförbarheten, dör denna, gör också projektet det. Detta är varför det kan vara krångligt med konvertering, då det verkligen gäller att hitta rätt fastighet och byggnad med rätt förutsättningar och möjligheter! / The housing market in Stockholms has always been under pressure and the housing shortage has for a long time been a fact. In 2021 Länsstyrelsen reported that the demographic need of housing in Stockholm has not been fulfilled. In fact, it is not a question about a housing shortage anymore, it is a question about an insufficient housing supply! There is a need for more affordable housing for those with middle, and especially low income. Alongside all of that, COVID-19 has changed the working community even "post" pandemic, working from home and having digital meetings is now a part of the normal working week. This has led to a change in what is demanded of working spaces, which has resulted in higher vacancy rates in especially some types of areas with a particular standard. A need for property development can therefore arise since property owners have an interest in increasing the net operating income of the property, as well as there is a societal need. The government in Sweden gave an assignment to Boverket because of this need for housing and because of the increasing vacancy rates since the pandemic. The assignment which was given to Boverket, was to evaluate the preconditions of converting office buildings into housing. Therefore, it became clear as to what the purpose of this thesis were to be, I was to study the need for, and the preconditions for converting office buildings into housing. And I was to do this in hopes of increasing the property owners interests of conversion since it is important from a sustainability and housing supply perspective, and also because I found that it needed to be made clear of the exact conversion preconditions outside of Boverkets own report. The thesis purpose will be fulfilled, and the thesis questions will be answered by doing an semi- structured qualitative interview study that relates to a literature overview. The property owners need for conversion of the office buildings has through this study been proven to be raher limited. A lot of this has to do with the owners interest and the incentive of the conversion. Also, most of the property owners have not yet seen such a big difference on the office market. Added to this, the attitude towards conversion seemed rather negative, most of the interviewed companies taught it to be too hard to convert office buildings because of various laws, rules and requirements. In order for conversion to happen, it has been shown that the right preconditions regarding the zoning plan, structural engineering, law, economics, the states, the municipalities and the community's attitude towards the project need to be met.