This diploma thesis deals with an admission procedure to the first form of primary education, school readiness, beginning of the school attendance and a formation of initial literacy in the first form of primary school. The theoretical part focuses on the ontogeny of a child in the pre-school and young school age, school readiness, the beginning of school attendance and the initial reading and writing skills. The research focuses on the preparation of children in kindergartens for school. It also describes three processes of admission procedure to the first form of primary school at three different schools. The author also analyses results of these admission procedures in 2018. She also analyses the human body drawings in connection with the school readiness. Last but not least she analyses the formation of hygiene habits of pupils in the first forms. The findings of this research are compared with the information in the theoretical part. There are also many appendices that document the research. At the end of the thesis there is the interpretation of the research and a description of contemporary school readiness issues.

In this diploma thesis we build on the topic of mental operation used in Jirásek's orientation test of school readiness. We aim to explain which mental operations are crucial for acquiring the skill of looped writing reproducing. We are looking for children's ideas about writing, in particular for their way of expressing the ideas about looped writing. Our theory is based on Piagetian approach and we also do a comparison to other authors, namely Anette Karmiloff Smith, Emilia Ferreiro and Ana Teberosky, Esther Adi-Japha and Norman Freeman. Data obtained using cross-sectional research on preschool children (of age from three to six years) suggest that there is a link between a success in the test of looped writting reproducing and iconicity overcoming. On the other hand, no link was found between acquiring the skill of quazi-iconicity and looped writting reproducing. KEYWORDS Preschool age, test of school readiness, looped writing, mental operation, iconicity, quazi- iconicity, cross-sectional research.

INTRODUÇÃO: O Método Canguru é um tipo de assistência neonatal que consiste no contato precoce pele a pele entre a mãe e o recém-nascido de baixo peso, de forma crescente e pelo tempo que ambos entenderem ser prazeroso e suficiente, permitindo dessa forma, uma maior participação dos pais no cuidado a seu recém-nascido, acompanhado de suporte assistencial, por uma equipe de saúde treinada adequadamente. Tem como premissa a interação dinâmica e continua entre fatores biomédicos e ambientais. OBJETIVO: Descrever a evolução do desenvolvimento motor e cognitivo de pré-escolares de muito baixo peso egressos do Método Canguru, que receberam leite humano durante o período de internação. MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas 54 crianças prematuras, no período de Janeiro de 2004 a Janeiro de 2011 que participaram do Método Canguru e acompanhadas no Ambulatório de Seguimento, até a idade pré-escolar. Essas crianças foram submetidas ao teste Denver II, com um ano e novamente na idade préescolar quando foi aplicada a Escala de Maturidade Mental Colúmbia. METODOLOGIA ESTATÍSTICA: As variáveis contínuas serão descritas através de suas médias e desvios-padrão. Aquelas com comportamento não paramétrico, serão descritas através da mediana e do intervalo inter-quartil. As variáveis categóricas serão descritas através de suas proporções e intervalos de confiança de 95%. Para descartar a hipótese de nulidade será utilizado o nível de corte de 5%. RESULTADOS: Na amostra houve predominância do sexo feminino de 65%, e cerca de 30% dos RNPT foram PIG. As medianas do peso de nascimento e idade gestacional foram 1316g e 32 semanas, respectivamente. A mediana da idade materna foi de 28 anos, ensino fundamental completo com nove anos de estudo e a renda per capita de R$150,00. Entre as 54 crianças do estudo, 15% tiveram Hemorragia Perintraventricular grau I, 19% desenvolveram displasia broncopulmonar e nenhuma apresentou retinopatia da prematuridade. No teste Denver II de 54 crianças na idade de um ano corrigida, constatamos um risco no desempenho do desenvolvimento motor grosso de 31%, na linguagem 7%, psicossocial 6% e motor adaptativo 2%. Na idade pré-escolar observamos uma diminuição significativa do risco no desempenho do desenvolvimento para 4% em linguagem, 3% em motor grosso e 0% em psicossocial e motor adaptativo. Na idade pré-escolar o desempenho cognitivo se assemelhou a normalidade, quando comparado com a população brasileira, de acordo com a padronização da Escala Colúmbia. Os fatores de risco para o desempenho no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor das crianças com um ano de idade corrigida estão associados ao tempo de internação e inicio da posição Canguru e foram estatisticamente significantes (p=0,009), (p=0,013), mesmo depois de ajustar à análise para as variáveis da idade gestacional, peso de nascimento, idade materna e sexo. Embora não tenha havido significância estatística, as crianças que foram amamentadas por mais tempo (meses) tiveram percentualmente menor risco para o desempenho neuropsicomotor. Nesta amostra constatamos em relação ao aleitamento materno total a mediana de sete meses e para o aleitamento exclusivo a mediana de três meses. CONCLUSÃO: A análise da evolução do desenvolvimento motor e cognitivo de pré-escolares nascidos pré-termo de muito baixo peso e egressos do Método Canguru, mostrou que, as crianças com um ano de idade corrigida, apresentaram 38% de risco no desempenho neuropsicomotor e ao atingirem a idade pré-escolar, apenas 5% demonstraram este risco. No que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento cognitivo, os valores obtidos foram percentualmente acima da média da população brasileira. Estes achados sugerem que as crianças que foram RNPT MBP alimentadas com leite humano durante sua internação e egressas do Método Canguru podem apresentar um desempenho no desenvolvimento tanto motor como cognitivo semelhante ao padrão de normalidade / INTRODUCTION: The Kangaroo Method is a perinatal care concerning skin contact between the mother and the low birth weight (LBW) newborn as long as both consider it pleasant and necessary. It allows greater parental participation in the care of their low birth weight newborn closely followed by properly trained healthcare professionals. The dynamic and continuous interaction between biomedical and environmental factors is its premise. OBJECTIVE: To describe the cognitive and motor development of children at preschool age that were born with very low birth weight (VLBW), former patients of the Kangaroo Method that were breastfed during hospital stay. METHOD: Fifty four preterm infants were studied between January 2004 and January 2011. The infants participated in the Kangaroo Method and they were followed up to preschool age by trained professionals in a followup ambulatory. These children were submitted to Denver II test by the time they were one year old and again at preschool age. Columbia Mental Maturity scale was applied to the children at preschool age. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The continual variables will be described by their averages and standard deviations. The nonparametric variables will be described by the medians and the interquartile interval. The categorical variables will be described by their proportions and the confidence interval of 95%. A 5% cutoff point will be applied to discard the null hypothesis. RESULTS: In the sample 65% were female, approximately 30% of the preterm newborn were small for the gestational age. Birth weight and gestational age medians were respectively 1316g and 32 weeks. Maternal age median was 28 years old. The mothers completed elementary school in nine years and their per capita income was R$ 150,00. The fifty four children involved in the study 15% had peri-intraventricular hemorrhage level 1, 19% had bronchopulmonary dysplasia and none had retinopathy of prematurity. The fifty four children were assessed at one year old, corrected age, to Denver II test and the following development risks were detected, 31% gross motor, 7% language, 6% psychosocial and 2% adaptive motor. At preschool age there was a considerable decrease in those parameters, 4% for language and 3% for gross motor 0% for psychosocial and adaptive motor. According to the Columbia scale standardization cognitive performance at preschool age resembled normality when compared with Brazilian population. Our study identified that the children involved had a higher performance than the population of reference (Brazilian population). Hospitalization period and the beginning of the Kangaroo position determined the risks factors for psychomotor development at one year old, corrected age, even after the adjustments in the analysis for gestational age, birth weight, mother\'s age and gender (p=0,009), (p=0,013) had been made. Although there was no statistical significance children breastfed for longer period had a lower psychomotor development risk. For the sample enrolled the median for total breastfeeding was 7 months and the exclusive breastfeeding 3 months. CONCLUSION: The Kangaroo Method had an impact on motor and cognitive developmental performance of the preschool age children born preterm with very low birth weight. At one year old, corrected age, the children concerned presented a 38% risk in psychomotor performance, however at preschool age the percentage dropped to 5%. The measured values for cognitive development were above the average for the Brazilian population. These findings suggest that very low birth weight preterm newborn that were breastfed during hospital stay and submitted to Kangaroo Method may present motor as well as cognitive developmental performances similar to normal standard

INTRODUÇÃO: O Método Canguru é um tipo de assistência neonatal que consiste no contato precoce pele a pele entre a mãe e o recém-nascido de baixo peso, de forma crescente e pelo tempo que ambos entenderem ser prazeroso e suficiente, permitindo dessa forma, uma maior participação dos pais no cuidado a seu recém-nascido, acompanhado de suporte assistencial, por uma equipe de saúde treinada adequadamente. Tem como premissa a interação dinâmica e continua entre fatores biomédicos e ambientais. OBJETIVO: Descrever a evolução do desenvolvimento motor e cognitivo de pré-escolares de muito baixo peso egressos do Método Canguru, que receberam leite humano durante o período de internação. MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas 54 crianças prematuras, no período de Janeiro de 2004 a Janeiro de 2011 que participaram do Método Canguru e acompanhadas no Ambulatório de Seguimento, até a idade pré-escolar. Essas crianças foram submetidas ao teste Denver II, com um ano e novamente na idade préescolar quando foi aplicada a Escala de Maturidade Mental Colúmbia. METODOLOGIA ESTATÍSTICA: As variáveis contínuas serão descritas através de suas médias e desvios-padrão. Aquelas com comportamento não paramétrico, serão descritas através da mediana e do intervalo inter-quartil. As variáveis categóricas serão descritas através de suas proporções e intervalos de confiança de 95%. Para descartar a hipótese de nulidade será utilizado o nível de corte de 5%. RESULTADOS: Na amostra houve predominância do sexo feminino de 65%, e cerca de 30% dos RNPT foram PIG. As medianas do peso de nascimento e idade gestacional foram 1316g e 32 semanas, respectivamente. A mediana da idade materna foi de 28 anos, ensino fundamental completo com nove anos de estudo e a renda per capita de R$150,00. Entre as 54 crianças do estudo, 15% tiveram Hemorragia Perintraventricular grau I, 19% desenvolveram displasia broncopulmonar e nenhuma apresentou retinopatia da prematuridade. No teste Denver II de 54 crianças na idade de um ano corrigida, constatamos um risco no desempenho do desenvolvimento motor grosso de 31%, na linguagem 7%, psicossocial 6% e motor adaptativo 2%. Na idade pré-escolar observamos uma diminuição significativa do risco no desempenho do desenvolvimento para 4% em linguagem, 3% em motor grosso e 0% em psicossocial e motor adaptativo. Na idade pré-escolar o desempenho cognitivo se assemelhou a normalidade, quando comparado com a população brasileira, de acordo com a padronização da Escala Colúmbia. Os fatores de risco para o desempenho no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor das crianças com um ano de idade corrigida estão associados ao tempo de internação e inicio da posição Canguru e foram estatisticamente significantes (p=0,009), (p=0,013), mesmo depois de ajustar à análise para as variáveis da idade gestacional, peso de nascimento, idade materna e sexo. Embora não tenha havido significância estatística, as crianças que foram amamentadas por mais tempo (meses) tiveram percentualmente menor risco para o desempenho neuropsicomotor. Nesta amostra constatamos em relação ao aleitamento materno total a mediana de sete meses e para o aleitamento exclusivo a mediana de três meses. CONCLUSÃO: A análise da evolução do desenvolvimento motor e cognitivo de pré-escolares nascidos pré-termo de muito baixo peso e egressos do Método Canguru, mostrou que, as crianças com um ano de idade corrigida, apresentaram 38% de risco no desempenho neuropsicomotor e ao atingirem a idade pré-escolar, apenas 5% demonstraram este risco. No que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento cognitivo, os valores obtidos foram percentualmente acima da média da população brasileira. Estes achados sugerem que as crianças que foram RNPT MBP alimentadas com leite humano durante sua internação e egressas do Método Canguru podem apresentar um desempenho no desenvolvimento tanto motor como cognitivo semelhante ao padrão de normalidade / INTRODUCTION: The Kangaroo Method is a perinatal care concerning skin contact between the mother and the low birth weight (LBW) newborn as long as both consider it pleasant and necessary. It allows greater parental participation in the care of their low birth weight newborn closely followed by properly trained healthcare professionals. The dynamic and continuous interaction between biomedical and environmental factors is its premise. OBJECTIVE: To describe the cognitive and motor development of children at preschool age that were born with very low birth weight (VLBW), former patients of the Kangaroo Method that were breastfed during hospital stay. METHOD: Fifty four preterm infants were studied between January 2004 and January 2011. The infants participated in the Kangaroo Method and they were followed up to preschool age by trained professionals in a followup ambulatory. These children were submitted to Denver II test by the time they were one year old and again at preschool age. Columbia Mental Maturity scale was applied to the children at preschool age. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The continual variables will be described by their averages and standard deviations. The nonparametric variables will be described by the medians and the interquartile interval. The categorical variables will be described by their proportions and the confidence interval of 95%. A 5% cutoff point will be applied to discard the null hypothesis. RESULTS: In the sample 65% were female, approximately 30% of the preterm newborn were small for the gestational age. Birth weight and gestational age medians were respectively 1316g and 32 weeks. Maternal age median was 28 years old. The mothers completed elementary school in nine years and their per capita income was R$ 150,00. The fifty four children involved in the study 15% had peri-intraventricular hemorrhage level 1, 19% had bronchopulmonary dysplasia and none had retinopathy of prematurity. The fifty four children were assessed at one year old, corrected age, to Denver II test and the following development risks were detected, 31% gross motor, 7% language, 6% psychosocial and 2% adaptive motor. At preschool age there was a considerable decrease in those parameters, 4% for language and 3% for gross motor 0% for psychosocial and adaptive motor. According to the Columbia scale standardization cognitive performance at preschool age resembled normality when compared with Brazilian population. Our study identified that the children involved had a higher performance than the population of reference (Brazilian population). Hospitalization period and the beginning of the Kangaroo position determined the risks factors for psychomotor development at one year old, corrected age, even after the adjustments in the analysis for gestational age, birth weight, mother\'s age and gender (p=0,009), (p=0,013) had been made. Although there was no statistical significance children breastfed for longer period had a lower psychomotor development risk. For the sample enrolled the median for total breastfeeding was 7 months and the exclusive breastfeeding 3 months. CONCLUSION: The Kangaroo Method had an impact on motor and cognitive developmental performance of the preschool age children born preterm with very low birth weight. At one year old, corrected age, the children concerned presented a 38% risk in psychomotor performance, however at preschool age the percentage dropped to 5%. The measured values for cognitive development were above the average for the Brazilian population. These findings suggest that very low birth weight preterm newborn that were breastfed during hospital stay and submitted to Kangaroo Method may present motor as well as cognitive developmental performances similar to normal standard

Στην προσχολική παιδαγωγική, το σώμα του παιδιού αποτελεί το μέσο για την ολοκλήρωση της ολόπλευρης και ισόρροπης ανάπτυξής του. Το παιδί ολοκληρώνει τη συνολική ανάπτυξή του, καθώς εξελίσσεται το σώμα του· εξέλιξη που επηρεάζει και τη μαθησιακή και κοινωνικο- συναισθηματική ζωή του και, εν συνεχεία, κατά πολύ την ακαδημαϊκή του πορεία (Ευαγγελινού & Παππά, 2002). Σε κάθε κινητική δραστηριότητα, άλλωστε, συμμετέχει πάντα ολόκληρο το άτομο με αποτέλεσμα οι κινήσεις του να έχουν συναισθηματικές, νοητικές και κοινωνικές προεκτάσεις (Zimmer, 2007). Η διδασκαλία της ψυχοκινητικής αγωγής (ΨΑ) στηρίζει τις βάσεις της στα γενικά αναλυτικά προγράμματα του Νηπιαγωγείου, δίνοντας έμφαση στην ολόπλευρη ανάπτυξη των νηπίων, μέσα από τις ιδιαίτερες εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες τους. Από τα αποτελέσματα της μέχρι σήμερα ερευνητικής δραστηριότητας, η ψυχοκινητική αγωγή έχει ευεργετική επίδραση στις κινητικές δεξιότητες των μαθητών και υποστηρίζει σημαντικά εκείνους που παρουσιάζουν φτωχή κινητική απόδοση ή αναπτυξιακές διαταραχές (Cooley, Oakman, McNaughton & Ryska, 1997; Hamilton, Goodway & Haubensticker, 1999; Karabourniotis, Evaggelinou, Tzetzis & Kourtessis, 2002; Rintala, Pienimäki, Ahonen, Cantell & Kooistra, 1998; Σπανάκη, 2008; Σπανάκη, Σκορδίλης & Βενετσάνου, 2010; Zimmer, Christoforidis, Xanthi, Aggeloussis & Kambas, 2008; Venetsanou, Kambas, Sagioti, Giannakidou, 2009). Παράλληλα, στο χώρο του Νηπιαγωγείου, μεγάλη αξία έχουν οι δραστηριότητες που εμπεριέχουν τεχνικές θεατρικών δράσεων, καθώς υποστηρίζουν την ομαλή ένταξη του νηπίου στην ομάδα του Νηπιαγωγείου και την κοινωνικοποίησή του και αναπτύσσουν τις δεξιότητές του, που εξελίσσονται σε αυτήν την ηλικία (Μπουρνέλη, 2002). Σημαντικός, όμως, είναι ο ρόλος τους όσον αφορά την αντιμετώπιση μαθητών με κοινωνικο- συναισθηματικές και μαθησιακές δυσκολίες (Κουρετζής, 2008), με δυσκολίες προσαρμογής ακόμα και άτομα με ειδικές εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες (Κουρκούτας, 2007; Λενακάκης, 2001). Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή εξέτασε την επίδραση ενός παρεμβατικού προγράμματος ΨΑ με στοιχεία θεατρικού παιχνιδιού στην κινητική, γνωστική και συναισθηματική ανάπτυξη μαθητών/τριών προσχολικής ηλικίας με ή χωρίς ειδικές εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες. Η επίδραση του παραπάνω προγράμματος εξετάστηκε σε μαθητές γενικού σχολείου, σε μαθητές με κώφωση/ βαρηκοΐα, αλλά και σε μαθητές που φοιτούσαν σε τμήματα ένταξης ‘γενικού’ Νηπιαγωγείου. Το δείγμα της έρευνας αποτέλεσαν 63 μαθητές/ τριες που φοιτούσαν σε Νηπιαγωγεία, Αθήνας και Ηρακλείου Κρήτης. Συγκεκριμένα: α) Ν = 13 από 2 Νηπιαγωγεία με μαθητές με κώφωση β) Ν = 41 από 2 Νηπιαγωγεία με μαθητές ‘γενικού’ πληθυσμού και γ) Ν = 9 από 2 Νηπιαγωγεία με μαθητές που φοιτούσαν σε τμήματα ένταξης. Με τυχαία δειγματοληψία, το ένα τμήμα Νηπιαγωγείου από κάθε ομάδα πληθυσμού αποτέλεσε την πειραματική ομάδα και το άλλο τμήμα την ομάδα ελέγχου, αντίστοιχα (Thomas & Nelson, 2003). Η αρχική αξιολόγηση συμπεριλάμβανε δοκιμασίες που αξιολογούσαν την κινητική, γνωστική και συναισθηματική ανάπτυξη όλων των συμμετεχόντων, με τη χρήση των ‘Bruininks- Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency’ (Bruininks, 1978), ‘ΑΘΗΝΑ τεστ’ (Παρασκευόπουλος & Παρασκευοπούλου, 2011), και το ‘Ερωτηματολόγιο Δια- προσωπικής και Ενδο- προσωπικής Προσαρμογής’ (ΕΔΕΠ) (Παρασκευόπουλος & Γιαννίτσας, 1999), για κάθε μία από τις παραπάνω αξιολογήσεις, αντίστοιχα. Στη συνέχεια, σχεδιάστηκε το παρεμβατικό πρόγραμμα ΨΑ με στοιχεία θεατρικού παιχνιδιού, σε συνεργασία με τους εκπαιδευτικούς των επιλεγμένων τμημάτων, για τις πειραματικές ομάδες. Το πρόγραμμα ΨΑ βασιζόταν στις εξατομικευμένες ανάγκες και δυνατότητες του κάθε μαθητή ξεχωριστά και εμπεριείχε δραστηριότητες προσαρμοσμένες στις αρχές ΨΑ της Zimmer (2007) σε συνδυασμό με στοιχεία θεατρικού παιχνιδιού και πραγματοποιήθηκε η υλοποίησή του στις πειραματικές ομάδες. Οι ομάδες ελέγχου ακολούθησαν το ημερήσιο πρόγραμμα του κάθε Νηπ/είου. Η πειραματική παρέμβαση είχε χρονική διάρκεια δυόμιση μήνες (10 εβδομάδες) συνολικά, με συχνότητα δύο φορές την εβδομάδα. Στο τέλος της παρέμβασης ακολούθησε η επαναξιολόγηση των συμμετεχόντων των δύο ομάδων, ως προς την κινητική, γνωστική και ψυχοκοινωνική τους ανάπτυξη, με τα ίδια ερευνητικά εργαλεία που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την αρχική αξιολόγηση. To Στατιστικό Πρόγραμμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, SPSS) (Norusis, 1993) χρησιμοποιήθηκε για τις ανάγκες της έρευνας. Συγκεκριμένα, τρεις ομάδες από παραγοντικές αναλύσεις διασποράς (2 x 2 ANOVAs) αξιολόγησαν την επίδραση του παρεμβατικού προγράμματος ΨΑ, στην κινητική, γνωστική και συναισθηματική ανάπτυξη μαθητών Νηπιαγωγείου. Στα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας υπήρξαν σημαντικές αλληλεπιδράσεις παρεμβατικού προγράμματος και χρονικού σημείου μέτρησης σχετικά με τις κινητικές ικανότητες των τριών ομάδων μαθητών/τριών (‘γενικό’, κωφών και φοιτούντων σε τμήματα ένταξης). Επίσης, υπήρχαν σημαντικές αλληλεπιδράσεις αναφορικά με τις γνωστικές δεξιότητες. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν, επίσης, σημαντική αλληλεπίδραση στις ψυχοκοινωνικές δεξιότητες των συμμετεχόντων στην ομάδα του ‘γενικού’ πληθυσμού, ενώ δεν υπήρχε αντίστοιχη σημαντική αλληλεπίδραση για την ομάδα των κωφών και των μαθητών/τριών σε τμήματα ένταξης. Τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας έρευνας παρουσιάζουν τη σημαντικότητα ψυχοκινητικών προγραμμάτων μέσα στην εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία, προκειμένου να υποστηριχτεί ο μαθητής αναφορικά με την κινητική αλλά και τη γνωστική και την ψυχοκοινωνική του ανάπτυξη. Σύγχρονοι παιδαγωγοί οφείλουν να ενημερώνονται και να αξιοποιούν προγράμματα σαν το παρόν παρεμβατικό προκειμένου να στοχεύουν στην περαιτέρω βελτίωση των δυνατοτήτων των μαθητών/τριών τους. Το κατάλληλο πρόγραμμα παρέμβασης στηριζόμενο στην ψυχοκινητική εκπαίδευση μπορεί να επηρεάσει την ανάπτυξη και εξέλιξη του ατόμου συνολικά. Σημαντική, εξάλλου, είναι η πρώιμη ανίχνευση δυσκολιών και ο προσδιορισμός των ιδιαίτερων εκπαιδευτικών αναγκών του κάθε μαθητή, και, εν συνεχεία, ο σχεδιασμός παρεμβατικών προγραμμάτων κατάλληλων για την αντιμετώπιση των προαναφερόμενων και την κατάλληλη υποστήριξη. / In preschool pedagogy, child's body is the instrument for the integration of comprehensive and balanced development. Children complete their overall development, as their body evolves; this development affects their learning and socio-emotional life and, subsequently, to a large extent, their academic course. However, in several motor activities, the whole person is always involved and the movements have an emotional, cognitive and social implication. The teaching of psychomotor bases its foundation on the general curricula of kindergarten, emphasing in all-round growth of infants, through their specific educational needs. From the results of research activity up to now, psychomotor therapy has a beneficial effect on motor skills of students and supports significantly those who have poor motor performance or developmental disorders (Cooley, Oakman, McNaughton & Ryska, 1997; Hamilton, Goodway & Haubensticker, 1999; Karabourniotis, Evaggelinou, Tzetzis & Kourtessis, 2002; Rintala, Pienimäki, Ahonen, Cantell & Kooistra, 1998; Σπανάκη, 2008; Spanaki, Skordilis & Venetsanou, 2010; Zimmer, Christoforidis, Xanthi, Aggeloussis & Kambas, 2008; Venetsanou, Kambas, Sagioti, Giannakidou, 2009). Simultaneously, in the space of kindergarten, the activities with some technical theatrical actions have high value , as they support the smooth integration of infants in the nursery team and their socialization as well as develop their skills, which evolve in this age. However, their role as far as dealing with students facing socio- emotional or learning difficulties difficulties in adapting, even people with special educational needs can be considered really important. This thesis examined the effect of the intervention psychomotor program with elements of theatrical play in motor, cognitive and emotional development of preschoolers with and without special educational needs. The effect of this program was examined in public school students, students with deafness / hearing loss, but also in students attending integration classes in 'general' kindergarten. The sample consisted of two parts, from: a) 2 kindergartens with deaf students (N = 13), b) two kindergartens with pupils 'general' population (N = 41) and c) two kindergartens with students attending rehabilitation classes (N = 9). Through random sampling, the one part of each population group formed the experimental group and the other part the control group, respectively (random selection) (Thomas, & Nelson, 2003). The initial assessment included tests evaluating motor, cognitive and emotional development of all participants, using the ‘Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency’ (Bruininks, 1978), ‘Athena test’ (Paraskevopoulos & Paraskevopoulou, 2011), and ‘Questionnaire inter-personal and intra-personal adjustment’ (ALCO) (Paraskevopoulos & Giannitsas, 1999), each of the above evaluations, respectively. The design of the intervention program Psychomotor Education with signs of dramatic play was done in collaboration with the teachers of the selected sections, attended the experimental groups proceeded to execution. The psychomotor program was based on the individual needs and abilities of each student and included activities well adapted to the principles of PsA, according to Zimmer (2007), in combination with elements of theatrical game and was held in the groups that were selected as experimental groups randomly (Thomas, & Nelson, 2003). The groups remained as control groups OE followed the normal daily schedule of every kindergarten. The experimental intervention period lasted two and a half months (10 weeks) in total, with a frequency of two times a week. At the end of the experimental intervention, the reassessment of participants regarding kinetic, cognitive and emotional development, for all groups (experimental and control) followed, with the same research tools used for the initial evaluation. To Statistical Program of Social Sciences (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, SPSS 13) was used for the purposes of research. Specifically, three 2x2 ANOVA analyses evaluated the effect of the intervention program on kinetics, cognitive and emotional development of kindergarten students. The survey results showed significant interactions existing between the experimental group and the time of assessment regarding the motor skills of all populations ('general', deaf and those attending inclusive classes). Moreover, there were significant interactions of the intervention program for the experimental group compared with the control group of all populations on cognitive skills. The results of the research also showed significant interaction to the psychosocial skills of participants in the group of 'general' population, while there was no significant interaction for the group of deaf and those attending inclusive classes, regarding psychosocial skills. The results of this study highlight the importance of psychomotor programs in the educational process in order to support students with respect to their motor, cognitive and psychosocial development. Modern educators should be informed and take advantage of programs like this intrusive one, in order to aim at further improvement of the capabilities of their students. The appropriate intervention program based on psychomotor education can affect the growth and development of the whole person. Besides, the early detection and identification of the difficulties as well as the special educational needs of each student, and, subsequently, the design of appropriate intervention programs to address the above with the appropriate support is a very important issue.

Les enfants victimes d’agression sexuelle (AS) peuvent présenter divers problèmes psychologiques (Beitchman, Zucker, Hood, DaCosta et al., 1991; Briere & Elliott, 1994). Ces difficultés peuvent d’ailleurs perdurer jusqu’à l’âge adulte (Putnam, 2003). Afin de favoriser le rétablissement de ces enfants et prévenir le cycle intergénérationnel de la maltraitance sexuelle, il est important de s’intéresser aux facteurs de protection pouvant diminuer leurs séquelles. Les pratiques parentales représentent un facteur clé dans le développement de l’enfant de façon générale (Campbell, 1995) et peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la capacité des victimes à s’adapter à l’AS qu’elles ont subie (Ullman, 2003; Yancey & Hansen, 2010). Des pratiques parentales moins étudiées dans ce domaine de recherche ont été examinées dans la présente étude, soit le contrôle psychologique (CP), le contrôle limitatif (CL) et le soutien de l’autonomie (SA). Par ailleurs, l’évaluation des variables pouvant être liées à la conduite parentale et des impacts de celle-ci sur le développement de l’enfant permettra de mieux comprendre les difficultés que peuvent présenter ces familles et d’intevenir adéquatement auprès de celles-ci. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient : 1) de valider une grille de codification des comportements parentaux auprès d’enfants d’âge préscolaire, 2) de documenter le lien entre le CP, le CL, un concept que nous avons proposé dans la présente étude, et le SA afin de clarifier des incohérences conceptuelles et des failles méthodologiques notées dans les études passées, 3) de comparer les pratiques parentales de mères d’enfants victimes d’AS avec celles de mères dont l’enfant n’a pas vécu d’AS, 4) d’examiner le lien entre les mauvais traitements et les événements traumatiques subis par les mères, leur détresse psychologique et leurs pratiques parentales et 5) d’évaluer la relation entre les pratiques parentales et l’adaptation psychologique des enfants de l’échantillon. Un échantillon formé de 22 enfants d’âge préscolaire victimes d’AS recrutés au Centre d’expertise Marie-Vincent (CEMV) et de 79 enfants n’ayant pas vécu un tel événement recrutés dans des Centres de la petite enfance (CPE) de milieux défavorisés de Montréal, de même que leurs mères, a participé à l’étude. La détresse psychologique des mères, les mauvais traitements subis dans leur l’enfance, les expériences traumatiques vécues avant et après 18 ans et les comportements inductifs et coercitifs ont été mesurés à l’aide de questionnaires auto-rapportés par la mère. Les mères et les éducateurs-trices de garderie ont aussi complété un questionnaire sur la symptomatologie de l’enfant. Finalement, une grille de codification des comportements parentaux a permis de mesurer les pratiques des mères et ce, lors d’une procédure d’observation. Les résultats démontrent que la grille élaborée présente des qualités psychométriques satisfaisantes. Par ailleurs, les corrélations entre les échelles principales de la grille de même que les résultats de l’analyse factorielle révèlent que le CP, le CL et le SA constituent des construits indépendants, tel que prévu. La comparaison des comportements maternels montre que les mères d’enfants victimes d’AS présentent des pratiques similaires à celles des mères dont l’enfant n’a pas subi d’AS. De plus, des liens ont été obtenus entre les expériences traumatiques et les mauvais traitements passés de la mère, sa détresse psychologique et les pratiques qu’elle adopte envers son enfant. Finalement, l’utilisation de stratégies inductives est associée marginalement à moins de troubles extériorisés chez l’enfant alors que l’utilisation de stratégies coercitives est reliée à plus de troubles intériorisés, selon l’éducateur-trice de l’enfant. Afin d’augmenter les possibilités que l’enfant se développe de façon optimale et de prévenir la transmission intergénérationnelle des mauvais traitements sexuels, il est important de comprendre le fonctionnement et les pratiques parentales des mères non-agresseurs. Les résultats de cette étude ont permis de mieux documenter la conduite des mères d’enfants victimes d’AS. Par ailleurs, des explications sont proposées concernant les facteurs distincts associés à l’utilisation d’une conduite centrée sur l’enfant (inductive) versus sur le parent (coercitive). L’identification de ceux-ci peut permettre une prévention et une intervention plus adéquate auprès de ces familles et est d’autant plus cruciale compte tenu de l’impact négatif de certaines pratiques sur l’adaptation de l’enfant, tel que démontré dans la présente recherche. / Child sexual abuse victims may present diverse adjustment problems (Beitchman et al., 1991; Briere & Elliott, 1994) that may persist into adulthood (Putnam, 2003). To promote the recovery of these children and prevent the intergenerational cycle of sexual abuse, it is important to focus on protective factors that can diminish their sequelae. Parenting practices constitute a key factor in child development and in the victims’ capacity to deal with the abuse suffered (Ullman, 2003; Yancey & Hansen, 2010). In the present study, focus was placed on parenting practices that are generally less studied, namely, psychological control (PC), limiting control (LC) and autonomy support (AS). Also, the examination of the factors associated with these practices and their impact on child development had for purpose to better understand the difficulties that these families may face so as to develop more adequate clinical interventions that are better suited for their specific needs. The objectives of this thesis were : 1) to validate a parental behavior coding system for preschool aged children, 2) to document the link between PC, LC, concept that we proposed in this study, and AS in order to clarify conceptual inconsistencies and methodological biases noted in previous studies, 3) to compare the parenting practices of mothers whose child has been sexually abused with those of mothers whose child has not been abused, 4) to examine the link between mothers’ childhood maltreatment and traumatic events, psychological distress and parenting practices and 5) to examine the relationship between parenting practices and children’s psychological adjustment. A sample composed of 22 preschool aged sexually abused children recruited at the Centre d’expertise Marie-Vincent (CEMV) and 79 non abused children recruited in Centres de la petite enfance (CPE) of disadvantaged areas of Montreal, as well as their mothers, participated in the study. Mothers’ psychological distress, childhood maltreatment, traumatic experiences before and after 18 years of age and their inductive and coercive conduct were measured using self-reported questionnaires by the mothers. Mothers and nursery educators also completed a questionnaire on the child’s symptomatology. Finally, a parental behavior coding system allowed the measurement of parenting practices during an observational procedure. Results show that the psychometric properties of the proposed rating system are satisfactory. Also, correlations between the main scales of the rating system and the results of factor analyses reveal that psychological control, limiting control and autonomy support are independent constructs, as hypothesized. The comparison of maternal behavior show that mothers of sexually abused children display similar practices as those of mothers whose child has not been sexually abused. Also, links were found between traumatic experiences and past abuse by mothers, her psychological distress and the practices displayed with her child. Finally, inductive strategies are associated with less externalized problems reported by mothers while coercive strategies are related to more externalized problems, according to the child’s educator. In order to increase the potential for a child to develop optimally and prevent the intergenerational transmission of sexual maltreatment, it is important to understand non-perpetrating mothers’ functioning and their parenting practices. The results of this study allowed to better document the conduct of mothers whose child was sexually abused. Also, explanations are proposed in regards to the different determinants obtained for child-centered (inductive) versus parent-centered (coercive) conduct. The identification of these risk factors may contribute to a more adequate prevention and intervention with these families and is even more crucial given the negative impact of some practices on the adjustment of their child, as shown in the present research.

Contexte. Les attitudes et comportements alimentaires développés pendant la petite enfance influencent grandement la relation future du mangeur à l’égard des aliments. Le parent s’avère en ce sens des plus déterminants. Objectifs. Cette étude vise à connaître les pratiques et attitudes employées par les parents québécois d’enfants d’âge préscolaire pour favoriser le « bien manger » ainsi que le repas familial agréable. Méthodes. La collecte de données a été effectuée à l’aide de cartes postales qui étaient distribuées dans six cent cinquante Centres de la Petite Enfance parmi les mille retrouvés dans la province de Québec pour ensuite être remises aux parents. L’analyse des réponses aux deux questions ouvertes figurant sur la carte postale a été effectuée en se basant sur le modèle des prises alimentaires de Jean-Pierre Poulain. Résultats. Plus de mille (1257) cartes postales ont été retenues aux fins d’analyses. Les données recueillies permettent dans un premier temps de connaître la perception des parents quant à la notion de manger bien. Les notions de qualité et de quantité, diamétralement opposées se démarquent. Dans le cas du repas familial, la discussion, la présence de tous les membres à table ainsi que l’absence de télévision sont abondamment mentionnées. Conclusion. Cette étude permet de constater la variété des stratégies employées par les parents québécois au moment du repas. Ces données d’une grande pertinence pour la santé publique permettront de cibler les messages clés à promouvoir auprès de ces acteurs d’influence dans le développement des habitudes alimentaires des tout petits. / Context. Food attitudes and behaviors developed during early childhood greatly influence the future relationships that children will have with food. Parents play a major role in this part of their preschool child’s life. Objective The main goal of this study is to explore attitudes and behaviors that Quebec parents adopt at meal time with their preschooler in order to encourage healthy eating practices as well as enjoyable family meals. Methodology. To collect data, postcards, an innovative tool, were sent to six hundred fifty day-care centres, also known as Centres de la petite enfance (CPE), of which there are more than a thousand in Quebec. The postcards were then distributed to parents, who were asked to respond to two open-ended questions. Analysis of the qualitative data was based on Jean-Pierre Poulain’s food intake model. Results. More than a thousand (1,257) postcards were used in the analysis. Data collected illustrate first and foremost the vision that parents have of healthy eating and reveal two diametrically opposed perspectives: quality and quantity. With regard to family meals, respondents frequently mentioned conversation at the table, the presence of all family members and the absence of television while eating. Conclusion. Findings from this study show the diverse strategies used by Quebecers during mealtimes. The data are essential to defining key public health messages about eating habits for children that should be promoted among these influential actors.

Darbe atlikta teorinė ekologinio vaiko pažinimo ir vertinimo modelio sampratos, raiškos dokumentuose, vaikų raidos ypatingumų ir specialiųjų ugdymo(si) poreikių įvertinimo pokyčių analizė. Empirinėje darbo dalyje nagrinėjami prioritetai, kuriuos teikia specialistai vertindami ir ugdydami vaiką, tėvų pasirengimas teikti informaciją apie savo vaiką, ekologinio požiūrio taikymo prioritetai ir teorinių nuostatų į vaiko pažinimą raiška praktikoje. Iškeltos hipotezės, kad specialistų teorinės nuostatos į vaiko pažinimą ir ugdymą grindžiamos ekologinio sisteminio modelio elementais, kurie praktikoje gali būti keičiami tradiciniu vaiko vertinimo modeliu bei, kad specialistų diskusijos grupėje, refleksijos bei tinkamas teorinis ir praktinis pasirengimas leidžia pažinti vaiką šeimos kontekste. Anketinės apklausos bei sutelktos grupės metodais atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas – įvertinti specialistų nuostatas į vaiko pažinimą, vertinimą ir ugdymą, šių nuostatų raišką praktikoje bei jų sąsajas su ekologiniu sisteminiu požiūriu, ir pateikti vaiko pažinimo šeimos kontekste praktinį modelį. Atlikta statistinė (aprašomoji dažnių, vidurkių, Kruskal- Wallis neparametrinio testo) duomenų analizė. Tyrime dalyvavo 112 darželių ir 39 ankstyvosios reabilitacijos tarnybų specialistai bei 106 specialiųjų ugdymosi poreikių turinčių vaikų tėvai. Svarbiausios empirinio tyrimo išvados: 1. Vertindami ir ugdydami ankstyvojo ir ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaiką, turintį specialiųjų poreikių, specialistai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Theoretical analysis of the ecological systemic model conception and it‘s expression in the official documents, as well as the changes in the process of identification and assessment of children special needs/special educational needs have been analyzed and presented in the master thesis. In the empirical part of the paper the professional priorities in childs‘ assessment and education, parents preparedness to share information with professionals about their child, priorities of ecological approach used, as well as attitudes towards the child in a practice have been analyzed and described. Hypothesis has been formulated that theoretically the professionals‘ attitudes towards a child, towards the recognition of his/her developmental peculiarities as well as towards the training are based on the elements of ecological systems approach. However in the educational practice the elements of ecological model can be combined with the elements of traditional child‘s estimation model. Discussions in a focus groups, reflections and relevant theoretical and practical preparedeness enable professionals to know the child in the context of his/her family. The research has been based on the methods of questioning in written as well as on focus group method. The main purpose of the inquiry was to evaluate professionals’ attitudes towards the assessment and the education of the child as well as the expression of these attitudes in the practice and their links with ecological systemic... [to full text]

La capacità di capire la mente e di predire il comportamento in età prescolastica si basa su concetti mentali o i bambini capiscono gli altri costruendo significanti nell'interazione senza elaborare una formale teoria della mente – TOM? Studio 1: l'analisi coi modelli di Rasch delle performance di 141 bambini alla versione italiana della TOM Scale (Wellman, Liu, 2004) rileva la sequenza: desideri – credenze – emozioni. I risultati vengono letti nei termini della crescente capacità dei bambini a considerare prospettive diverse, e non solo in termini di sviluppo concettuale. Sudio 2: la codifica delle interazioni di 72 bambini nel gioco di finzione (con una griglia appositamente costruita) mostra un progresso nella costruzione collaborativa dei significati solo parzialmente associato alle abilità TOM e individua nella calma un correlato del successo TOM. studio 3: dall'intervista di 36 madri emerge un legame tra mindfulness materna e calma dei bambini, e tra mind-mindedness e mentalità psicologica materne e capacità di ragionamento mentale dei bambini. La letteratura e i risultati del presente lavoro portano a riconoscere che l'esperienza interpersonale sostiene lo sviluppo del ragionamento mentale e suggeriscono che future valutazioni della capacità di capire la mente coinvolgano più direttamente i bambini di quanto facciano gli attuali strumenti formali. / Do preschoolers need mental concepts in order to reason and predict behavior, or do they construe meaning within interactions and do not need to build formal theories of mind - ToM? In study 1, the Rasch analysis of 141 children's performances on the Italian version of the ToM Scale (Wellman, Liu, 2004) shows a progression of understanding from desire, to belief to emotion. Results are discussed in terms of children's increasing experience at dealing with different perspectives that interacts with conceptual development. In study 2, the observation of 72 preschoolers' dyadic play interactions (coded with an exhaustive scheme developed ad-hoc) shows progress in children's collaborative construction of meaning, partially independent from abilities measured by the ToM Scale, and finds calmness as a correlate of ToM success. In study 3, the interview of 36 mothers reveals that maternal mindfulness is related to children's calmness and that maternal mind- and psychological mindedness are associated with children's facility at reasoning about the mental world. The theoretical review and empirical evidence collected lead to recognizing the role played by interpersonal and interactive experiences in framing mental reasoning, and suggest that future research measure social understanding in more participative, subjective situations than current formal assessment.

This work is focused on children at preschool age from these points of view: biology, psychology, sociology and pedagogy with the consideration to the evolution of child´s personality at kindergarten. The work results from the General Educational Program for Preschool Education at kindergartens which wants to extend and deepen single topics about the spiritual factors of the child. In practical part there are proposals of topics for the work with preschool children for three-year period. These topics relate to single periods of liturgical and calendar year. In the form of game the children are approaching to single periods during the school year by the help of symbols which are typical for each period.