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Presumptive fertility is an ideology that leads us to treat not only pregnant women, but all female patients of reproductive age, with the presumption that they could be pregnant. This preoccupation with the possibility that a woman could be pregnant compels medical and social interventions that have adverse consequences on women’s lived experiences. It is important to pause now to examine this ideology. Despite our social realities -- there is a patient centered care movement in medical practice, American women are delaying and forgoing childbearing, abortion is safe and legal -- there is still a powerful medical and social process that subjugates womens’ bodies and lived experiences to their potential of being a mother. Fetoconsciousness, preoccupation with the fetus or hypothetical, not-yet-conceived, fetus privileges its potential embodiment over its mother’s reality. As a set of values that influence our beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors, the ideology of presumptive fertility is contextualized, critiqued, and challenged. / Urban Bioethics

This study developed a GC-MS method for the simultaneous detection of piperazines and congeners in street samples of amphetamine type stimulants. This research investigated the clandestine routes of synthesis and chemical profiles of phenylpiperazines, represented by 1- (4-fluorophenyl)piperazine (4-FPP) and 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (3-TFMPP). These drugs are part of the increasingly prevalent illicit new psychoactive substances. The presence of (2, 3, 4) FPP and (2, 3, 4) TFMPP positional isomers has been identified by other researchers as a limitation due to their similar chemical profiles. The method was optimized and confirmed as compliant with the International Conference on Harmonisation and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research guidelines on validation. 4- FPP and 3-TFMPP were synthesised using potential routes for clandestine laboratories. Simple extraction and analysis of 11 street samples was conducted using the method developed. Furthermore, the stability of 22 drugs during analysis was investigated. Limits of detection were in the range 5 – 1.95ng/mL free base on column. The synthesised samples were identified as 4-FPP and 3-TFMPP. Several impurities were observed in the synthesised samples, which were identified and categorised as residual reactants, isomers of 4-FPP and of 3-TFMPP and by-products of synthesis. The percentage yields of the synthesised samples obtained were up to 82.4% 4-FPP and 78.7% 3-TFMPP. The street samples were found to contain MDMA, 3-TFMPP, BZP, caffeine, ephedrine and other impurities. The analytical method simultaneously separates 19 of the most common drugs found in piperazine samples and achieves for the first time the GC-MS separation of (i) 2-FPP, 3-FPP and 4-FPP and (ii) 2-TFMPP, 3-TFMPP and 4-TFMPP at the same time from a sample matrix containing all the 19 compounds. This method provides operational laboratories with a more effective method for the chemical characterisation of street samples of piperazines and also provides novel stability data.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / In this paper, we propose a technological solution integrated to a wearable device that allows measuring some physiological variables such as body mass index (BMI), steps walked in a determined day, burned calories, blood pressure and other risk factors associated with the Framingham´s score. The objective of this article is to identify the evolutionary pattern of the Framingham’s score each day in order to determine a presumptive diagnosis of high blood pressure. The technological solution was validated in the social insurance of a public hospital in Lima, Perú. The preliminary results obtained in a diagnostic test show a sensitivity level of 83.33%, a level of precision better than a traditional Framingham´s score for presumptive diagnosis of high blood pressure. Our proposal contributes to the patient’s awareness about the bad routine habits related to lifestyle and promotes the empowerment of data in order to make some changes that influence on the reduction of cardiovascular disease risk. / Revisión por pares

[pt] A presente tese é primordialmente um trabalho de filosofia do direito. Não obstante, também pode ser encarada como uma contribuição para o estudo filosófico sobre a natureza das regras prescritivas (e do uso diretivo ou prescritivo da linguagem), englobando: uma investigação sobre as regras e suas notas características e contingentes e um estudo sobre as diferentes maneiras por meio das quais elas podem integrar o raciocínio prático dos seus destinatários. Para não usar a linguagem de férias, as regras serão discutidas dentro do cenário do positivismo conceitual. O objetivo é mostrar alguns dos principais problemas que devem ser enfrentados quando se pretende levar as regras a sério. Trata-se de uma incursão nas fontes filosóficas dos casos difíceis do direito, quando encarado como um sistema de regras. / [en] The present thesis is primarily an exercise in philosophy of law. However, it can also be viewed as a contribution to the recurring philosophical investigations about the nature of prescriptive rules (and the directive or prescritive use of language in general), encompassing: an inquiry about rules and their characteristic and contigent marks, and a research of several ways by means of which they can play a part in the practical reasoning of its addressees. In order not to use language on holiday, the discussion about rules will be held on the stage set up by conceptual positivism. The aim is to point out some of the main problems that must be faced when rules are taken seriously. In a nutshell, the thesis is an incursion into the philosophical sources of hard cases, when law is conceived as a system of rules.

Questo lavoro propone dei temi sulla tax compliance in un contesto come quello italiano, caratterizzato da un basso livello della stessa. Il primo capitolo propone una ricerca concernente gli effetti dei controlli. Nella letteratura, l’esito degli stessi è ancora discusso, alla luce del fatto che sono possibili due effetti opposti: il target effect ed il bomb-crater effect. Grazie all’impiego di un database dell’Agenzia delle Entrate italiana, con una combinazione di tecniche di of matching e difference – in – difference, questo lavoro mostra come in un particolare contesto, come quello italiano, i controlli possono avere un effetto positivo sulla tax compliance. Il secondo capitolo mostra gli effetti dell’introduzione di una presumptive tax nella forma di una minimum tax. L’obiettivo principale è quello di studiare l’effetto di tale introduzione quando si hanno particolari condizioni. Nello specifico, questa analisi confronta le tasse italiane pagate da un particolare gruppo di contribuenti, con quelle che verrebbero pagate con l’introduzione di una presumptive tax nella forma di una minimum tax. Il presente lavoro include due differenti metodologie di stima di una presumptive tax, sviluppate dall’ISTAT e dall’Agenzia delle Entrate italiana, includendo anche le possibili reazioni dei contribuenti. / This work investigates issues of tax compliance in a context like the Italian one, characterized by a low level of it. The first chapter investigates the role of audits. In the present literature, the outcome of them is an open question since two opposite effects are possible: the target effect and the bomb-crater effect. Using a database provided by the Italian Revenue Agency, with a combination of matching with difference – in – difference techniques, this work shows how in a particular context, such as Italy, audits can have a positive effect on tax compliance. The second chapter explores the effects of implementing a presumptive tax in the form of a minimum tax. The main aim is to study the effect of a change in the policy from a particular starting condition. More specifically, this analysis compares the taxes collected in Italy from a particular group of taxpayers, to the ones that would be collected if Italy implements a presumptive tax in the form of a minimum tax. This work implements two different methodologies to estimate a presumptive tax, provided by ISTAT and the Italian Revenue Agency, and reactions of taxpayers are included as well.

Detta arbete grundar sig på att undersöka vad som krävs för att bolag ska investera i nyproduktion av hyresrätter. Vi går in på olika hyressättningssystem som används vid befintliga hyreslägenheter och hur staten med hjälp av presumtionshyror och investeringsstöd har försökt stimulera nyproduktionen av hyreslägenheter. Ämnet fri hyressättning eller marknadshyror har varit ett hett debattämne som till och med fått regeringen att avgå år 2021. Arbetet fortsätter därför att undersöka om det strikta hyressättningssystem som finns i Sverige hindrar nyproduktionen av hyresrätter samt om just en fri hyressättning hade kunnat ändra på detta.  Arbetet har utgått från en kvalitativ metod för att uppnå syftet. Arbetet utgår från vetenskapliga artiklar, litteratur samt intervjuer med personer från olika fastighetsbolag. Resultatet som vi kommit fram till är att detta är en känslig fråga där åsikterna varierar mellan privata och kommunala bolag. Det går att konstatera att nybyggnationen har minskat och priserna för nybyggnation har stigit kraftigt till följd av inflationen och det höjda ränteläget. För att öka incitamentet till nybyggnation av hyreslägenheter krävs en tydligare struktur och handlingsplan från kommunerna samt mer beviljande av bygglov, men i ett långtidsperspektiv krävs en ny reform av hyressättningssystemet. / This paper examines the requirements that are needed for companies to invest in new development. We go into different rental compensation systems that are used in existing rental apartments and how the state has tried to stimulate the production of rental apartments with the help of presumptive rents and investment support. The subject of no rent regulations or market rents has been a hot topic of debate that even caused the government to resign in 2021. Therefore, the paper continues to investigate whether the strict rent setting system that exists in Sweden prevents the new production of rental properties and whether a free rent setting could have changed this. A qualitative method has been used to fulfil the purpose of the paper. The paper is based on scientific articles, literature and interviews with people from various real estate companies. The result of the study is that this is a sensitive issue where opinions vary between private and municipal companies. It can be stated that new developments have decreased and prices for new construction have risen sharply as a result of inflation and the increased interest rate. In order to increase the incentive for new construction of rental apartments, a clearer structure and action plan from the municipalities is required, as well as more granting of building permits, but in the long term, a new reform of the rent compensation system is required.

En la actualidad, se hace más frecuente la aparición de enfermedades que años atrás no eran comunes o que se presentaban en personas de avanzada edad, lo grabe de este hecho radica en que año tras año se diagnostican en personas de temprana edad. Una de estas enfermedades es la hipertensión arterial, enfermedad relacionada con el aumento desmesurado de la fuerza ejercida por el corazón para transportar la sangre a todos los órganos del cuerpo humano. Padecer esta enfermedad a temprana edad es considerado peligroso debido a qué se pueden encubar enfermedades crónicas como el cáncer y la diabetes. Por otra parte, el Estado invierte cantidades exorbitantes de dinero para poder tratar esta enfermedad, lo cual, en el caso de prevenirse, se podrían destinar estas sumas de dinero a otros proyectos de igual importancia para la sociedad peruana. El presente proyecto tiene como objetivo brindar un apoyo a la sociedad en la concientización y autocontrol de la presión arterial a través de una solución tecnológica que permita realizar un análisis de factores de riesgo de variables relacionadas a enfermedades cardiovasculares, para poder estimar y poder brindar un diagnóstico presuntivo que permita que las personas puedan conocer si están propensos a ser hipertensos y tengan una alternativa de cambios de hábitos conductuales para poder reducir esa probabilidad. Este documento contiene información relativa a los factores que influyen en la adquisición de la hipertensión arterial, así como la información referente a los procedimientos médicos para el despistaje en primera instancia de hipertensión arterial y el uso emergente de tecnologías wearables para la toma de datos fisiológicos de un usuario. / In this paper, we propose a Technological Solution integrated to a wearable device that allows measuring some physiological variables such as body mass index (BMI), steps taken, burned calories, blood pressure and others risk factors associated with the Framingham´s score. The objective of this article is to identify the evolutionary pattern of the Framingham´s score each day in order to determine a presumptive diagnosis of high blood pressure. This propose is due to rising rate of people diagnosed as hypertensive in Perú that affects 13% of the population every year and it´s the beginning of chronic diseases such as Cancer or Diabetes. This Technological Solution is composed of 4 phases: 1. The user´s data collection from the wearable device; 2. The data reception to the mobile application through Bluetooth communication protocol; 3. The sending data from the mobile application to the SQL Azure database engine hosted in the cloud platform; 4. The process of generating educational health reports based in Framingham´s score. The Technological Solution was validated in a social insurance of a public hospital in Lima, Perú. The preliminary results obtained in a diagnostic test shows a sensitivity level of 83.33% in the proposed Technological Solution, a level of precision better than a traditional Framingham´s score for presumptive diagnosis of high blood pressure. This proposed contributes to the patient´s awareness about the bad routine habits related to lifestyle and promotes the empowerment of data in order to make some changes that influence on the reduction of cardiovascular disease risk. / Tesis

Le régime de cession des droits sociaux applicable des entre les membres d’une même famille est certes privilégié. Mais le législateur ne prend en compte que certains d’entre eux, à savoir, les ascendants, les descendants et certains collatéraux. Pourtant, les parts sociales ou actions font parties des biens patrimoniaux de la famille. Cette mise en société sert de prétexte à une meilleure gestion du patrimoine familial, mais aussi à sa cession au sein de la famille. L’objectif souvent non avoué est la pérennisation de l’entreprise familiale au sein de la famille. Toutefois, législateur ne reconnait toujours pas tous les types de schémas familiaux contemporains. Et pour cause, la notion de famille n’est pas définie en droit. Pourtant cette définition serait bien utile pour soumettre les cessions entre proches à un régime bien spécifique. La conséquence est que la pratique des affaires a développée quantité de règles pour permettre aux associés familiaux soit de rester ensemble au sein de la société ou d’en sortir. En effet, les aléas de la vie familiale commandent les cessions. Ce sont souvent des pactes extra-statutaires qui servent de support à la cession des titres. Le problème est qu’ils n’engagent que leurs signataires. Autrement dit, les associés familiaux non signataires de ces pactes ne sont pas concernés par ceux-ci. Pourtant, ils font partie de la même société et de la même famille. Peuvent-ils pour autant élever contestation en justice ? Car à bien des égards, ces pactes sont souvent à la frontière de l’illégalité notamment celle de l’interdiction des pactes sur succession future. Alors, la liberté de cession du cédant serait-elle empêchée dans le cadre d’une société familiale ? L’élément de réponse se trouve sans doute dans la consécration du pacte de famille, un nouvel outil juridique autonome destiné à compléter efficacement les statuts de la société. / The system of transfer of the corporate holdings of the company applicable between members of the same family is certainly privileged. But the legislator only takes into account some of them namely, ascendants, descendants and some collaterals. However, shares or stocks are part of the family's patrimonial assets. This incorporation serves as a pretext for better management of the family patrimony, but also for its transfer within the family. The often unstated aim is the sustainability of the family business within the family. However, legislator still does not recognize all types of contemporary family patterns. And for good reason, the notion of family is not defined in law. Yet this definition would be very useful to submit the transfers between relatives to a specific regime. The consequence is that business practice has developed a lot of rules to allow family partners to either stay together in society or get out of it. Indeed, the vagaries of family life command shares disposal. These are often extra-statutory pacts that serve as a support for the sale of securities. The problem is that they only commit their signatories. In other words, non-signatory family members of these pacts are not affected by them. Yet they are part of the same company and the same family. Can they raise a challenge in court? Because in many ways, these pacts are often on the borderline of illegality, including the prohibition of pacts respecting a future succession. Could the transferor's freedom of assignment be prevented in the context of a family company? The element of response is undoubtedly in the consecration of the family pact, a new independent legal tool designed to effectively supplement the company statutes.