abstract: The United States is facing an emerging principal shortage. This study examines an intervention to deliver professional development for assistant principals on their way to becoming principals. The intervention intended to boost their sense of efficacy as if they were principals while creating a supportive community of professionals for ongoing professional learning. The community was designed much like a professional learning community (PLC) with the intent of developing into a community of practice (CoP). The participants were all elementary school assistant principals in a Title I district in a large metropolitan area. The researcher interviewed an expert set of school administrators consisting of superintendents and consultants (and others who have knowledge of what a good principal ought to be) about what characteristics and skills were left wanting in principal applicants. The data from these interviews provided the discussion topics for the intervention. The assistant principals met regularly over the course of a semester and discussed the topics provided by the expert set of school administrators. Participant interaction within the sessions followed conversation protocols. The researcher was also a participant in the group and served as the coordinator. Each session was recorded and transcribed. The researcher used a mixed methods approach to analyze the intervention. Participants were surveyed to measure their efficacy before and after the intervention. The session transcripts were analyzed using open and axial coding. Data showed no statistically significant change in the participants' sense of efficacy. Data also showed the participants became a coalescing community of practice. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ed.D. Educational Leadership and Policy Studies 2011

Submitted by Marcel Grillo Balassiano (marcelgb@fgvmail.br) on 2012-03-13T20:13:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marcel Grillo Balassiano (versão final).pdf: 719504 bytes, checksum: 4f51af1d1db0b84eb3a8eeb4d745fe8f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁURA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2012-03-14T14:48:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marcel Grillo Balassiano (versão final).pdf: 719504 bytes, checksum: 4f51af1d1db0b84eb3a8eeb4d745fe8f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-03-15T14:03:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marcel Grillo Balassiano (versão final).pdf: 719504 bytes, checksum: 4f51af1d1db0b84eb3a8eeb4d745fe8f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-03-15T14:03:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marcel Grillo Balassiano (versão final).pdf: 719504 bytes, checksum: 4f51af1d1db0b84eb3a8eeb4d745fe8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-30 / The structure of anglo-saxon ownership, and its classical agency problem, with conflicts between manager and shareholders, characterized by pulverized properties, although prevalent in literature, does not establish the rule, but the exception. Differently from United States and England, Brazil has a concentrated ownership structure, where the influence of major shareholders is strong. In this case, conflict is not between manager and shareholders (principal - agent conflict), but between major shareholders and minor shareholders (principal - principal conflict). In the brazilian capital market, there are two types of stock – ordinary (voting stock) and preferential (non voting stock). This breaks the current rule in many countries - like United States – in which one stock means one vote. Thus, in many cases, there is a combination of too much power with very few resource allocation in the company. That said, it is the object of the present study to find an estimate of magnitude related to voting stocks, cash flow and the excess of vote by major shareholders, of companies listed in the Ibovespa - Bovespa Index, in the years of 2009-2010 (theoretical portfolio of the third period of four months of said years), segregating them by acting sector and type of major shareholder. For this study, a sample of 121 companies was analysed, using methodologies for the ends (descriptive and explanatory) and for the means (bibliographic and documental). Data collection was obtained using the ―Economática‖ System and the ―IAN‘s‖ of the brazilian ―Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM)‖. As a result, this research confirmed the hypothesis of the current literature, which states that the open capital of the brazilian companies is concentrated, especially the stock capital (51,95% mean and 51,20% median in 2009, and 47,16% mean and 51,70% median in 2010), with the occurrence of a significant distance between the power of voting and the power of the cash flow of major shareholders (1,10 mean and 1,24 median in 2009, and 1,07 mean and 0,98 median in 2010). With this study, it is also possible to conclude that the principal - principal conflict is predominant in Brazil. / A estrutura de propriedade anglo-saxônica, e o seu clássico problema de agência, com conflitos entre gestores e acionistas, caracterizados por propriedades pulverizadas, apesar de ser predominante na literatura, não constituí a regra, mas sim a exceção. O Brasil, diferentemente dos Estados Unidos e da Inglaterra, possuí uma estrutura de propriedade concentrada, onde é forte a presença de acionistas majoritários. Nesse caso, o conflito verificado não é entre gestores e acionistas (conflito agente X principal), mas sim entre acionistas majoritários e acionistas minoritários (conflito principal X principal). No mercado de capitais brasileiro, há duas classes de ações, as ordinárias (com direito a voto), e as preferências (sem direito a voto), o que viola a regra existente em muitos países, como nos Estados Unidos, de uma ação, um voto. Sendo assim, em muitos casos, ocorre uma combinação de muito poder com pouca alocação de recursos próprios na empresa. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar a magnitude dos direitos de votos, de fluxo de caixa, e do excesso de votos dos acionistas majoritários (das ações ordinárias) das empresas listadas no índice Bovespa – Ibovespa para os anos de 2009 e 2010 (carteira teórica do terceiro quadrimestre dos respectivos anos), separando-as por setor de atuação e por tipo de acionista majoritário. Para este estudo foi analisada uma amostra de 121 empresas, utilizando a metodologia quanto aos fins (descritiva e explicativa), e quanto aos meios (bibliográfica e documental). A coleta de dados foi feita no sistema Economática e nos IAN’s da CVM. Como resultados a pesquisa corroborou as hipóteses da literatura existente de que a estrutura de capital das empresas brasileiras de capital aberto é concentrada, principalmente no capital acionário (média de 51,95% e mediana de 51,20% em 2009, e 47,16% e 51,70% em 2010), e ocorrendo em vários casos uma distância considerável entre o poder de voto e o poder do fluxo de caixa dos acionistas majoritários (média de 1,10 em 2009 e mediana de 1,24, e 1,07 e 0,98 em 2010). Com isso, também se verifica que o conflito principal X principal é o predominante no Brasil.

LOPES, Fernando Bezerra. Índice de sustentabilidade do perímetro irrigado Baixo Acaraú-Ceará. 2008. 116 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Curso de Mestrado em Agronomia, Fortaleza-CE, 2008. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T14:53:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_fblopes.pdf: 8811876 bytes, checksum: 201eefecde686ccd48ca07732060ab33 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T14:54:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_fblopes.pdf: 8811876 bytes, checksum: 201eefecde686ccd48ca07732060ab33 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T14:54:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_fblopes.pdf: 8811876 bytes, checksum: 201eefecde686ccd48ca07732060ab33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / The aimed of this work was an integrated sustainability analysis of the Irrigated Perimeter of Baixo Acaraú (PIBAU) sited in Acaraú basin, Ceará, Brazil. The analysis was labeled by an agro ecological sustainability index (ASI). The approach was based on 22 cross-over form applied to small producers that live in the PIBAU. In the irrigated areas selected to perform the interviews, it was developed the irrigation system evaluation. Factory Analysis/Principal Components Analysis (FA/PCA) was employed to select the factors sustainability indicators of the irrigated perimeter as well as to define the agro ecological sustainability index. Results showed that 64% of the producers had a power education and 77% of them had no experience with irrigation agriculture before. Also, it was identified that only 18% of irrigation systems presented an excellent CUD, while 28% of them were classified with a bad performance. According to the sensitive test effectuated by FA/PCA, only 12 of 27 variables that composed the initial matrix were significant to explain the total variance of data set. The 12 variables selected by the model were grouped in five factors explaining 79.14% of the total variance. The factors loading indicated that the PIBAU sustainability is, principally, related to the lack of acknowledgment as well as the used of suitable management of agricultural practices. The sustainability index of each productive units ranges from 0.283 to 0.916 and the average was 0.538. Only 9.0% of the pooled productivity were classified as sustainable, while 18.2% of them presented a kind of sustainability. Almost the half of producers (45.5%) showed a threatened sustainability and the others (27.3%) were in unsustainable condition. Also, it was identified that some units with a good irrigation system performance, without of salinization risk presented a low sustainability index (0.371). This is explained by the fact the index express an integration of different variables. Even though, no risk of salinization was identified, this work registered an addition high of significance of salt in the irrigated area when compared to undisturbed one. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma análise integrada da sustentabilidade do Perímetro Irrigado Baixo Acaraú (PIBAU), localizado na Bacia do Acaraú a norte do Estado do Ceará, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de um índice de sustentabilidade agro-ambiental. Para isso, aplicou-se uma amostragem exploratória, adotando um modelo de amostragem não probabilístico, obtendo uma população amostral de 22 produtores agrícolas beneficiados pelo respectivo projeto de irrigação e aplicando-se questionários do tipo “cross-over”. Nos lotes selecionados para a aplicação dos questionários, foi realizada uma avaliação dos sistemas de irrigação. Os fatores determinantes da sustentabilidade do Perímetro, bem como o índice de sustentabilidade foram identificados pelo emprego da técnica de Análise Fatorial/Análise da Componente Principal (AF/ACP). A pesquisa identificou que mais da metade dos produtores agrícolas apresentam baixo nível educacional (64%) e que 77% dos irrigantes não tinham experiência com a prática da agricultura irrigada antes de ser proprietário de um lote no Perímetro. Apenas 18% dos sistemas de irrigação localizada do Perímetro apresentam Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Distribuição (CUD) classificado como excelente e 28% apresentam CUD classificado como ruim. Pelo teste de sensibilidade, efetuado utilizando-se o modelo da AF/ACP, identificou-se que, das 27 variáveis que compunham a matriz inicial, apenas 12 delas apresentaram alguma significância na explicação da variância total dos dados. O emprego do modelo promoveu a redução de 12 características dos fatores que influenciam a sustentabilidade do Perímetro para cinco componentes, que explicam 79,14% da variância total. Os pesos atribuídos a cada fator indicaram que a sustentabilidade do Perímetro Baixo Acaraú está, principalmente, relacionada à falta de conhecimento e do uso de técnicas corretas de produção agrícola. Os índices de sustentabilidade obtidos para cada unidade produtiva variaram no intervalo de 0,283 a 0,916. A média global de sustentabilidade dos lotes foi de 0,538 representando uma condição de sustentabilidade comprometida. Apenas 9,0% das unidades produtivas estudadas encontram-se numa situação de sustentabilidade equilibrada. Outros 18,2% dos produtores ainda são considerados sustentáveis, mas em condição de ameaça, que pode advir de qualquer um dos fatores contabilizados no índice. Quase metade dos colonos (45,5%) pesquisados registrou uma sustentabilidade que já se apresenta de alguma forma comprometida e os demais (27,3%) estão em condições de insustentabilidade. A unidade produtiva em estudo não apresenta solos com problema de salinização, porém com exceção da camada inferior (0,90 a 1,20 m), para as demais camadas estudadas (0 a 0,30, 0,30 a 0,60 e 0,60 a 0,90 m) a adição de sais ao solo pelo manejo inadequado da irrigação foi altamente significativa. Apesar do solo não apresentar risco de salinização e o sistema de irrigação funcionar com uma uniformidade de distribuirão classificado como bom, a unidade em estudo apresenta índice de sustentabilidade de 0,371, devido o índice ser formado por um conjunto de variáveis.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma anÃlise integrada da sustentabilidade do PerÃmetro Irrigado Baixo Acaraà (PIBAU), localizado na Bacia do Acaraà a norte do Estado do CearÃ, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de um Ãndice de sustentabilidade agro-ambiental. Para isso, aplicou-se uma amostragem exploratÃria, adotando um modelo de amostragem nÃo probabilÃstico, obtendo uma populaÃÃo amostral de 22 produtores agrÃcolas beneficiados pelo respectivo projeto de irrigaÃÃo e aplicando-se questionÃrios do tipo âcross-overâ. Nos lotes selecionados para a aplicaÃÃo dos questionÃrios, foi realizada uma avaliaÃÃo dos sistemas de irrigaÃÃo. Os fatores determinantes da sustentabilidade do PerÃmetro, bem como o Ãndice de sustentabilidade foram identificados pelo emprego da tÃcnica de AnÃlise Fatorial/AnÃlise da Componente Principal (AF/ACP). A pesquisa identificou que mais da metade dos produtores agrÃcolas apresentam baixo nÃvel educacional (64%) e que 77% dos irrigantes nÃo tinham experiÃncia com a prÃtica da agricultura irrigada antes de ser proprietÃrio de um lote no PerÃmetro. Apenas 18% dos sistemas de irrigaÃÃo localizada do PerÃmetro apresentam Coeficiente de Uniformidade de DistribuiÃÃo (CUD) classificado como excelente e 28% apresentam CUD classificado como ruim. Pelo teste de sensibilidade, efetuado utilizando-se o modelo da AF/ACP, identificou-se que, das 27 variÃveis que compunham a matriz inicial, apenas 12 delas apresentaram alguma significÃncia na explicaÃÃo da variÃncia total dos dados. O emprego do modelo promoveu a reduÃÃo de 12 caracterÃsticas dos fatores que influenciam a sustentabilidade do PerÃmetro para cinco componentes, que explicam 79,14% da variÃncia total. Os pesos atribuÃdos a cada fator indicaram que a sustentabilidade do PerÃmetro Baixo Acaraà estÃ, principalmente, relacionada à falta de conhecimento e do uso de tÃcnicas corretas de produÃÃo agrÃcola. Os Ãndices de sustentabilidade obtidos para cada unidade produtiva variaram no intervalo de 0,283 a 0,916. A mÃdia global de sustentabilidade dos lotes foi de 0,538 representando uma condiÃÃo de sustentabilidade comprometida. Apenas 9,0% das unidades produtivas estudadas encontram-se numa situaÃÃo de sustentabilidade equilibrada. Outros 18,2% dos produtores ainda sÃo considerados sustentÃveis, mas em condiÃÃo de ameaÃa, que pode advir de qualquer um dos fatores contabilizados no Ãndice. Quase metade dos colonos (45,5%) pesquisados registrou uma sustentabilidade que jà se apresenta de alguma forma comprometida e os demais (27,3%) estÃo em condiÃÃes de insustentabilidade. A unidade produtiva em estudo nÃo apresenta solos com problema de salinizaÃÃo, porÃm com exceÃÃo da camada inferior (0,90 a 1,20 m), para as demais camadas estudadas (0 a 0,30, 0,30 a 0,60 e 0,60 a 0,90 m) a adiÃÃo de sais ao solo pelo manejo inadequado da irrigaÃÃo foi altamente significativa. Apesar do solo nÃo apresentar risco de salinizaÃÃo e o sistema de irrigaÃÃo funcionar com uma uniformidade de distribuirÃo classificado como bom, a unidade em estudo apresenta Ãndice de sustentabilidade de 0,371, devido o Ãndice ser formado por um conjunto de variÃveis. / The aimed of this work was an integrated sustainability analysis of the Irrigated Perimeter of Baixo Acaraà (PIBAU) sited in Acaraà basin, CearÃ, Brazil. The analysis was labeled by an agro ecological sustainability index (ASI). The approach was based on 22 cross-over form applied to small producers that live in the PIBAU. In the irrigated areas selected to perform the interviews, it was developed the irrigation system evaluation. Factory Analysis/Principal Components Analysis (FA/PCA) was employed to select the factors sustainability indicators of the irrigated perimeter as well as to define the agro ecological sustainability index. Results showed that 64% of the producers had a power education and 77% of them had no experience with irrigation agriculture before. Also, it was identified that only 18% of irrigation systems presented an excellent CUD, while 28% of them were classified with a bad performance. According to the sensitive test effectuated by FA/PCA, only 12 of 27 variables that composed the initial matrix were significant to explain the total variance of data set. The 12 variables selected by the model were grouped in five factors explaining 79.14% of the total variance. The factors loading indicated that the PIBAU sustainability is, principally, related to the lack of acknowledgment as well as the used of suitable management of agricultural practices. The sustainability index of each productive units ranges from 0.283 to 0.916 and the average was 0.538. Only 9.0% of the pooled productivity were classified as sustainable, while 18.2% of them presented a kind of sustainability. Almost the half of producers (45.5%) showed a threatened sustainability and the others (27.3%) were in unsustainable condition. Also, it was identified that some units with a good irrigation system performance, without of salinization risk presented a low sustainability index (0.371). This is explained by the fact the index express an integration of different variables. Even though, no risk of salinization was identified, this work registered an addition high of significance of salt in the irrigated area when compared to undisturbed one.

Neste trabalho, estudamos as Singularidades das folheações mutuamente ortogonais, numa variedade orientada M^3 de dimensão 3, cujas folhas são as curvas integrais dos campos de direções de curvatura principal associadas a uma imersão : M^3 R^4. Damos aqui continuidade às contribuições de R. Garcia referente ao estudo das singularidades genéricas das folheações principais. Apresentamos as configurações principais numa vizinhança dos pontos parcialmente umbílicos de codimensão 1, ou seja, as singularidades das folheações principais que aparecem genericamente em famílias a 1 parâmetro de hipersuperfícies imersas em R^4, e os diagramas de bifurcação pertinentes. Enfraquecendo a condição de genericidade, da maneira mais simples possível, encontramos oito tipos genéricos: D_1^ 1, D^1_ 2, D^1_ 3, D^1_, D^1_{1h,p}, D^1_{1h,n}, D^1_p e D^1_c , definidos ao longo do trabalho. Nesta tese consubstanciamos matematicamente a seguinte conclusão: As singularidades das folheações principais, que aparecem genericamente em famílias a 1 parâmetro de hipersuperfícies imersas em R^4, são os pontos parcialmente umbílicos D_1^ 1, D^1_ 2, D^1_ 3, D^1_, D^1_{1h,p}, D^1_{1h,n}, D^1_ e D^1_ , cujas definições e propriedades serão apresentados aqui. A parte central desta tese é estabelecer, analítica e geometricamente, a configuração principal destes pontos incluindo seus diagramas de bifurcação. / In this work we study the mutually ortogonal foliations, in oriented three dimensional manifolds M^3, whose leaves are the integral curves of the principal curvature direction fields associated to immersions : M^3 R^4. We focus on behavior of these foliation around singularities. Here we extend the contributions of R. Garcia concerning the study of generic singularities. To this end we establish the principal configurations in a neighborhood of partially umbilic points of codimension one. These are the singularities which appear generically in one parameter families of hypersurfaces and give their bifurcation diagrams. We express the condition of genericity by minimally weakening those given by R. Garcia and by adding instead new higher order ones. This procedure leads to the novel generic types: D^1_1, D^1_2, D^1_3, D^1_, D^1_{1h,p}, D^1_{1h,n}, D^1_p and D^1_c , studied in this work. The central part of this thesis is to establish, analitically and geometrically, the local principal configurations at these points, including their bifurcations diagrams.

Cette thèse porte sur les conséquences de l’aversion à l’ambiguïté dans des contextes dynamiques en économie. En particulier, elle s’intéresse aux conséquences de l’aversion à l’ambiguïté dans les décisions d’investissement irréversibles, ainsi que dans un problème d’aléa moral dynamique, modélisé en temps continu. Le premier chapitre propose une revue de la littérature traitant de l’aversion à l’ambiguïté en contexte dynamique. Nous y passons en revue les modèles existants ainsi que leurs applications en économie et en finance. Le second chapitre s’intéresse aux décisions d’investissement irréversible d’un monopole et de firmes en compétition parfaite, en présence d’ambiguïté à propos de la volatilité du processus stochastique gouvernant la demande. Cette notion particulière d’ambiguïté nécessite de mobiliser les outils récents de la théorie des espérances non linéaires. On y montre qu’en présence d’aversion à l’ambiguïté, la stratégie optimale d’un monopole implique d’investir plus rapidement que dans un marché en concurrence parfaite. Le troisième chapitre s’appuie sur les résultats du second chapitre pour traiter le cas d’une concurrence imparfaite entre deux firmes. Le quatrième chapitre traite d’un problème d’aléa moral dynamique en temps continu et on y introduit la notion plus classique d’ambiguïté à propos de la dérive du processus gouvernant l’incertitude. On y montre que sous certaines restrictions semblables au cas standard, le contrat optimal est linéaire par rapport à la production finale. Ce résultat nous permet ensuite de discuter l’effet de l’aversion à l’ambiguïté sur les incitations et l’utilisation de l’information. / This thesis focuses on the consequences of ambiguity aversion in dynamic contexts in economics. In particular, we focus on the consequences of ambiguity aversion in irreversible investment problems, and in dynamic moral hazard problems in continuous-time. The first chapter reviews the literature on ambiguity in dynamic contexts, and reviews existing models as well as their applications in economics and finance. The second chapter deals with irreversible investment in the monopoly case and under perfect competition, under ambiguous volatility. The notion of ambiguous volatility requires the use of recent tools in non linear expectation theory. We show that the optimal entry strategy of a monopoly under ambiguous volatility implies investing sooner than the perfectly competitive equilibrium under volatility ambiguity. The third chapter builds on the results of the second chapter and treats a special case of imperfect competition. The last chapter deals with a dynamic principal-agent problem under moral in continuous-time, in which agents perceive ambiguity about the drift of the relevant process. We show that under certain conditions, the optimal contract is linear in final output. We then use this result to discuss the effect of ambiguity aversion on the incentive power of the optimal contract and the informativeness principle.

We study the extraction of nonlinear data models in high dimensional spaces with modified self-organizing maps. Our algorithm maps lower dimensional lattice into a high dimensional space without topology violations by tuning the neighborhood widths locally. The approach is based on a new principle exploiting the specific dynamical properties of the first order phase transition induced by the noise of the data. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated for one- and two-dimensional principal manifolds and for sparse data sets.

The desire to make the study reported in this paper came from four recent developments in the area of human relations as they apply to educational leadership. First, the writer was asked to participate in the Annual Supervisors Conference held in Gainesville in January 1953, in which he was a member of the group working cooperatively with the Florida Committee of Southern States Work Conference studying supervision. Originally, the statement of purpose was "How Principals and Supervisors can work together for more effective instructional leadership." Second, at the 1953 study conference of the Association for Childhood Education International held in Denver there were fourteen separate groups devoted to the study of "Human Relations in the Education of the Child." Third, a survey of the educational periodicals for the nine years just past shows a pronounced increase in the recognition that human relations is a major concern of schools today. Fourth, there has been an increasing awareness on the part of the writer that herein lies the solution to many of the misunderstandings and conflicting philosophies that are barriers to the progress in education. The limitations of this paper are: first, that it will emphasize human relations in principal-staff relationships and mention other phases of the school program only as they relate directly to the major emphasis; second, that it is a study of the literature only, together with an analysis of the writer's personal experience as a teacher and principal. However, it is hoped that the principles presented will be applicable to all relations with individuals in similar situations. / Typescript. / "August, 1953." / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." / Advisor: Mildred E. Swearingen, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-54).

A phenomenological research study was conducted to examine teacher perceptions of elementary principals’ behaviors affecting school culture and climate. The researcher gathered data from participant interviews. Participants were selected using purposeful sampling of teachers identified by their principals as meeting study criteria. The schools in which teachers were selected were also chosen using purposeful sampling based on superintendents’ perceptions of positive principal influence on school culture and climate. Data analysis provided insight to the researcher into the phenomenon being explored in this study. Teachers were asked to participate in an individual interview with the researcher and provide answers to open ended questions regarding their perceptions of their principals’ influence on culture and climate in the school. The findings of the study were aligned with the literature regarding principal influence on school culture and climate. There was a clear relationship between principal behaviors and positive school culture and climate based on teacher perceptions. Three themes emerged as common in the data including relationships, communication, and shared leadership.

Situationen i dagens omvärld har tillsammans med hög inflation och efterdyningar av en pandemi påverkat fastighetsbranschen på många sätt. Ökade elpriser har gjort att drift- och underhållskostnader för fastigheter har ökat markant. För att minska energikostnaderna kan kommersiella fastighetsbolag implementera energieffektiviserande åtgärder. Det kan dock uppstå problematik mellan hyresgästen och fastighetsägaren när det kommer till delade incitament.   Syftet med studien är att undersöka kommersiella fastighetsägares incitament att energieffektivisera befintliga fastigheter med befintliga hyresgäster. Syftet är även att undersöka hur fastighetsägaren arbetar tillsammans med hyresgästen vid energieffektiviserande åtgärder. Energieffektiviserande åtgärder avser i studiens fall investeringar som sänker energikostnaderna. För att uppnå studiens syfte har en kvalitativ metod tillsammans med semistrukturerade intervjuer tillämpats. Intervjustudien genomfördes med sju väl etablerade kommersiella fastighetsbolag. Studiens resultat visar att i de fall där fastighetsägaren upplåter lokaler med kallhyra finns det inga incitament att energieffektivisera. Däremot finns det incitament för fastighetsägare som upplåter lokaler med varmhyra att göra energieffektiviserande åtgärder i befintliga byggnader. Detta incitament stärks med tanke på dagens höga elpriser där fastighetsägare gjort en vinst på investeringen tidigare än vad de skulle ha gjort om elpriserna legat kvar på tidigare nivåer.  Studien visar även att fastighetsägare förhandlar och tillsammans med hyresgästerna kommer fram till lösningar kring energieffektiviserande åtgärder. Ett alternativ kan vara att parterna delar på investeringen. / The situation in today's world, together with high inflation and the aftermath of a pandemic, has affected the property industry in many ways. Increased electricity prices have meant that operating and maintenance costs for properties have increased significantly. In order to overcome energy costs, commercial real estate companies can implement energy efficiency measures. However, problems can arise between the tenant and the property owner when it comes to shared incentives.  The purpose of the study is to investigate the commercial property owner's incentives to make existing properties with existing tenants more energy efficient. The purpose is also to investigate how the property owner works together with the tenant in energy efficiency measures. In the case of the study, energy efficiency measures refer to investments that lower energy costs. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, a qualitative method together with semi-structured interviews has been applied. The interview study was conducted with seven well-established commercial real estate companies. The results of the study show that in cases where the property owner leases premises with cold rent, there is no incentive to improve energy efficiency. On the other hand, there are incentives for property owners, who leases premises with varm rents to make energy efficiency measures in existing buildings. This incentive is also strengthened in view of today's high electricity prices, where property owners have made a profit on the investment earlier than they could have if electricity prices had remained at previous levels. The study also shows that property owners negotiate and together with the tenants reaches solutions regarding energy efficiency measures. An alternative could be for the parties to share the investment.