Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wilson Xavier da Silva.pdf: 989302 bytes, checksum: 69c3e34d75e2ec5c10369956093e7e92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-10 / The financial statements provide the financial position of an entity and, when prepared, current uniform accounting methods and criteria should be followed and equity changes must be recorded according to the accrual schedule of accounting which requires that revenues, costs and expenses must always are simultaneously recorded in accounting when they are correlated. The reconciliation process of accounting standards, which began in Brazil in 2005 with the creation of the Accounting Pronouncements Committee - CPC, depends more on the counter s judging criteria and professional ability to interpret for accounting records. The revenue is recognized when it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the entity and these benefits can be reliably measured, otherwise you should not promote the registration of such revenues. The main objective of this research was to determine how and at what time, qualified general hospitals, the Sorocaba regions recognize the revenue for services rendered but not yet billed, analyzing in this way, the observance of the accrual schedule. The survey consisted of 32 general hospitals in Sorocaba, with a sample accessibility that totaled 10 hospitals. This is a research approach with both qualitative and quantitative, descriptive of the type developed by a field survey using the questionnaire as an instrument of data collection, applied with the accounting profession. The results show that the hospitals surveyed negatively affect the competence regime in relation to revenue recognition, leading to the conclusion that its financial statements are affected by the failure of the accrual schedule and that there is no uniformity in the financial statements. A proposed accounting, accounting practices to meet, presented following the end of this dissertation / As demonstrações contábeis fornecem a situação patrimonial e financeira de uma entidade e, ao serem elaboradas, devem observar métodos e critérios contábeis uniformes no tempo, para registrar as mutações patrimoniais segundo o regime de competência que determina que as receitas, os custos e despesas sejam registrados pela Contabilidade, sempre simultaneamente quando se correlacionarem, observando o fato gerador. Com o processo de harmonização das normas contábeis, iniciado no Brasil em 2005 com a criação do Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis (CPC), os registros contábeis passaram a depender mais do critério de julgamento profissional e da capacidade de interpretação do contador. A receita é reconhecida quando for provável que benefícios econômicos futuros fluam para a entidade e esses benefícios se tornem confiavelmente mensurados, caso contrário não se deve promover o registro de tais receitas. O principal objetivo deste estudo, mais especificamente da pesquisa, foi verificar como, e em qual momento, os hospitais qualificados como gerais, da região de Sorocaba reconhecem as receitas, analisando a observância ou não do Regime de Competência. A pesquisa foi composta por 32 hospitais gerais da região de Sorocaba, com uma amostra por acessibilidade que totalizou 10 hospitais. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagem tanto qualitativa quanto quantitativa, do tipo pesquisa descritiva, desenvolvida por meio de uma pesquisa de campo com utilização do questionário como instrumento de coleta de dados, aplicada junto a profissionais de contabilidade. Os resultados evidenciaram que em 7 hospitais pesquisados não é aplicado o regime de competência, no que concerne ao reconhecimento das receitas, pois basicamente o registro é feito no momento em que o faturamento é enviado (por meio da emissão da nota fiscal) levando à conclusão de que não há uma uniformidade nos registros das receitas. Uma proposta de contabilização, visando atender as práticas contábeis, segue apresentada ao final desta dissertação

This dissertation reports on two supplemental instruction implementations in courses with high failure rates. In study one, 27 ultra-short on-line tutorials were created for Principles of Accounting II students (N = 426). In study two, 21 tutorials with a similar design were created for Elementary Statistics students (N = 1,411). Accounting students were encouraged by their instructor to use the resource, but statistics students only saw a brief demonstration by the researcher. Neither course gave students credit for using the tutorials. In study one, 71.4% of the accounting students used the tutorials. Students who used the tutorials had dramatically lower drop rates and better pass rates. Tutorial use was correlated with exam scores, although the effect was moderate. Tutorial use remained at high levels two years after implementation without instructors promoting use of the resource. Course grades were higher for the two-year period after implementation compared to the two years prior to implementation. In study two, statistics sections were randomly assigned to intervention (tutorials; 695 students) or control (716 students). There were no significant differences in drop rates or average grades between intervention and control sections. On average, 46.0% of the intervention students used the tutorials. Users were less likely to drop and more likely to pass compared to non-users and control students; these differences were especially pronounced among low-achieving students. Tutorial use was correlated with slightly higher exam scores, but only for low achievers. The lack of differences between intervention and control sections may have been due to the drop off of usage after the first exam and the small learning effect only accruing to the relatively small number of low achievers. Participants reported the tutorials as “important to their course achievement” more often than other course resources. The important features of the tutorials were convenience (24/7 Internet access), efficiency of learning, and clear instruction. These studies suggest that the magnitude of the learning effect of the ultra-short tutorials depends on the tutorial topics, instructor promotion of the resource, and whether or not they are implemented in a course in which students feel the need to seek extra instruction.

Titel: K2 eller K3 : Motiv till att redovisa enligt K3  Författare: Adrian Zhubi och Albert Zhubi  Färdigställt: Våren 2016  Handledare: Eva Berggren Bakgrund: BFN har sedan 2004 gett ut allmänna råd, vilket har medfört att K-projektet skapats där företag delas in i fyra olika kategorier beroende på företagsstorlek. K-projektets vanligaste regelverk är huvudregelverket principbaserade K3 och alternativregelverket regelbaserade K2. Sedan 2015 är det obligatoriskt för samtliga aktiebolag och ekonomiska föreningar att tillämpa ett av dessa två regelverk. Företag bör därmed reflektera över dess verksamhet och intressenter vid val av regelverk. Valet kan ställa krav på att årsredovisningen ska vara relevant för intressenter. Vi vill därför med studien undersöka vilka väsentliga skillnader som förklarar att företag väljer K3 framför K2. Detta utifrån redovisningsrådgivares perspektiv.  Syfte: Syftet med studien är att förklara vilka skillnader som ligger bakom att företag föredrar K3 istället för K2 utifrån redovisningsrådgivares perspektiv.  Problemformulering: Vad anser redovisningsrådgivare förklarar företags val av K3 framför K2?  Metod: Studien består av en kvalitativ ansats. Den empiriska datan består av totalt fem intervjuer, varav en är pilotintervju. Studiens respondenter består av tre revisorer, en redovisningsexpert samt en redovisningsspecialist. Respondenterna har olika erfarenheter och är från olika revisionsbyråer. Resultat: Studien visar att redovisningsrådgivare anser skillnader i materiella, immateriella och finanisella anläggningstillgångar i K2 och K3 gör att företag föredrar K3. Avsättningar, uppskjuten skatt och intressenter är även påverkande faktorer. Samtliga respondenter var eniga om att K2 är enklare att tillämpa då regelverket innehåller handfasta regler för redovisning. K3 ställer större krav på kunskap vid professionell bedömning då regelverket tar hänsyn till en komplex verksamhet med fler företagsintressenter. / Title: K2 or K3 : Reasons to account according to K3  Authors: Adrian Zhubi and Albert Zhubi  Published: Spring 2016  Tutor: Eva Berggren  Background: Since 2004 BFN has given accounting standards, which started the K-project that divides companies into four different categories based on company size. The K-project's most common regulations are the main regulation principles-based K3 and the alternative regulation rules-based K2. Since 2015 it became mandatory for all joint-stock companies and economic associations to apply one of these two regulations. Companies should therefore reflect on its business and stakeholders when making a choice of regulation. This requires that the annual report should be relevant to the stakeholders. With the study we therefore want to examine the main differences that explains why companies choose K3 instead of K2 from accounting advisors’ perspective.  Aim: The aim of the study is to describe why companies prefer K3 instead of K2 according to accounting advisors.  Formulation of the problem: What do accounting advisors consider explains the companies’ choice of K3 instead of K2?  Methodology: The study is based on a qualitative approach. The empirical data contains a total of five interviews, one of those is a pilot interview. The study's respondents are three auditors, an accounting expert and an accounting specialist. The respondents have different experiences and are from different accounting firms. Results: The study shows that accounting advisors consider differences in tangible, intangible and financial assets between K2 and K3 makes companies prefer K3. Factors as depositions, deferred taxes and stakeholders also affects the choice. According to the study’s respondents, K2 is easier to apply because the regulation contains robust rules for accounting. K3 require greater knowledge at professional judgement, because the regulation includes companies with a complex business with many stakeholders.

The title of this thesis is: Explanatory Power of Financial Statements Prepared in conditions of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and Generally Ac-cepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP). This thesis compares the differences between Czech accounting legislation, International Financial Reporting Standards, and Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP), regarding financial state-ments. The work is divided into a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part of the work mainly describes the requirements for individual financial statements com-piled according to Czech accounting standards as well as IFRS and US GAAP. Then it defines the main differences in the statements compiled by various accounting sys-tems. The aim of the practical part is to apply theoretical knowledgeon practical examples in a company called Moravské kovárny, a. s. (=Moravian smithy, joint-stock company). First, the procedure for preparation of financial statements in accordance with CAS in society is described in detail, and subsequently, problematic parts are selected, where there is a fundamental difference in reporting compared to IFRS and US GAAP, and a transition to statements corresponding to the requirements of these accounting systems is implemented on them. Using a practical application, it is possible to track specific examples, how individual accounting operations affect profits and the structure of balance sheet items.

Die vorliegende kumulative Doktorarbeit umfasst drei Arbeiten aus dem Bereich der empirischen Rechnungslegungsforschung. Die erste Arbeit untersucht die Rolle persönlicher Eigenschaften von Rechnungslegungsstandardsetzern bei der Entwicklung der Internationalen Rechnungslegungsstandards IFRS. Sie dokumentiert, dass in den IFRS insgesamt ein Rückgang der Bedeutung von Prinzipien gegenüber Regeln sowie ein Anstieg der Bedeutung des beizulegenden Zeitwerts im Zeitablauf zu verzeichnen sind. Zwischen Änderungen von IFRS-Eigenschaften sowie beruflichen und kulturellen Eigenschaften von Mitgliedern des International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) wird ein Zusammenhang festgestellt. Die zweite Arbeit widmet sich Ursachen und Folgen fehlerhafter Finanzberichterstattung im Rahmen des deutschen Systems der Durchsetzung von Rechnungslegungsregeln. Sie findet systematische Unterschiede in der Unternehmensführung von Unternehmen, bei denen fehlerhafte Finanzberichte festgestellt werden, gegenüber einer Kontrollgruppe. Weitere Ergebnisse lassen die Vermutung zu, dass die Aufdeckung fehlerhafter Finanzberichte Verbesserungen in der unternehmensspezifischen Aufsicht über den Rechnungslegungsprozess auslösen könnte. Die dritte Arbeit nutzt umfangreiche Befragungsergebnisse deutscher Privatanleger zur Untersuchung der Ursachen ihres Unternehmensüberwachungsverhaltens. Demnach üben Anleger, die ein geringeres Vertrauen in andere Anspruchsgruppen eines Unternehmens haben, zugleich eine geringere Unternehmensüberwachung aus. Darüber hinaus dokumentiert die Arbeit, dass Vertrauen und Unternehmensüberwachung in einem Zusammenhang mit dem Ausmaß der Teilnahme am Aktienmarkt und dem Bildungshintergrund der Anleger stehen. / This cumulative doctoral thesis consists of three papers within the field of empirical financial accounting research. The first paper examines the role of personal characteristics of accounting standard setters in the development of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). It documents that the full set of IFRS exhibited a decrease in the importance of principles relative to rules and an increase in its fair value orientation over time. Changes in IFRS properties are found to be associated with the professional and cultural background of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) members. The second paper investigates determinants and consequences of erroneous financial reporting under the German financial reporting enforcement regime. The corporate governance of firms detected with erroneous financial reporting is found to differ systematically from that of control firms. Further results suggest that error detection might trigger improvements in firm-level accounting oversight. The third paper uses large-scale survey evidence from German individual investors to explore the determinants of their monitoring behavior. Investors who are less trusting in their fellow stakeholders are found to engage in less monitoring. Furthermore, trust and monitoring are documented to be associated with the stock market exposure and the educational background of investors.