Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:48:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 462985.pdf: 127210 bytes, checksum: a1941f59ed0b21aa1e2d97676428f43b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-01 / El presente trabajo, vinculado a la l?nea de investigaci?n Sistemas Jur?dico-Penales Contempor?neos del Programa de P?s Graduaci?n en Ciencias Criminales (PPGCCRIM) de la Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, trata de una investigaci?n cr?tica acerca de las medidas cautelares alternativas al encarcelamiento, tras la creaci?n de la Ley n? 12.403, de 04 de Mayo de 2011. Para esto, fijase en la (innegable) crises por la que pasan todas las cuestiones referentes a las prisiones cautelares y sus efectos, fundamentalmente en lo que dice respecto a la manera como est?n ocurriendo tales juzgamientos si hay la utilizaci?n pr?ctica de la nueva ley por los juzgadores, y caso las haga, si los mismos, tras la nueva ley, mudaran su manera de juzgar - parti?ndose, para esto, de una premisa anterior, cuando las decisiones estaban pautadas solamente en la bipolaridad cautelar (prisi?n/libertad), utilizando e introduciendo en sus juzgamientos las nuevas medidas cautelares alternativas. Es importante subrayar la actualidad del eje en que se centra ese trabajo, dado que, como la nueva Ley empez? a regirse en 2011, a?n necesita desarrollarse en su aplicaci?n por parte de los juzgadores que van a utilizarla. En ese sentido, es fundamental analizar, en un primer momento, la principiologia, adem?s de los fundamentos de la prisi?n colectiva y, en un seg?n momento, presentar propiamente las medidas cautelares alternativas al c?rcel. La disertaci?n de maestr?a se concluye con un estudio cr?tico acerca de la utilizaci?n de tales medidas cautelares en casos concretos, por medio de habeas corpus juzgados por las C?maras Criminales del Tribunal de Justicia de Rio Grande del Sur, siendo que, despu?s, es realizada una cr?tica con relaci?n a la utilizaci?n de las referidas medidas en los juzgamientos ante aquella Corte. / O presente trabalho, vinculado ? linha de pesquisa Sistemas Jur?dico-Penais Contempor?neos do Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncias Criminais (PPGCCRIM) da Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), aborda uma pesquisa cr?tica sobre as medidas cautelares alternativas ao encarceramento, ap?s o advento da Lei n? 12.403, de 04 de maio de 2011. Para tanto, parte-se da (ineg?vel) crise que atravessa todas as quest?es envolvendo as pris?es cautelares e seus efeitos, principalmente no que se refere ? forma como vem ocorrendo tais julgamentos - se h? utiliza??o pr?tica da nova lei pelos julgadores, e se os mesmos, ap?s a nova lei, mudaram sua forma de julgar - partindo-se, para tanto, de uma premissa anterior, quando as decis?es pautavam apenas sobre a bipolaridade cautelar (pris?o/liberdade), passando a utilizar e inserir em seus julgamentos as novas medidas cautelares alternativas. ? importante destacar a atualidade do tema, pois como a nova Lei passou a viger em 2011, ainda necessita de amadurecimento coletivo por parte dos julgadores para sua melhor aplica??o. Nesse sentido, ? fundamental analisar, primeiramente, a principiologia e os fundamentos da pris?o preventiva; e, em um segundo momento, apresentar propriamente as medidas cautelares alternativas ao c?rcere. A disserta??o encerrase com um estudo cr?tico acerca da utiliza??o de tais medidas cautelares em casos concretos, atrav?s de habeas corpus julgados pelas C?maras Criminais do Tribunal de Justi?a do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, seguidos de uma cr?tica sobre a utiliza??o das referidas medidas nos julgamento perante aquela Corte.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:22:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 465805.pdf: 388574 bytes, checksum: 9850bdab8a5139b1add07d2f62d993b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-08 / The main objective of this dissertation is to understand, from the point of view of women, the meaning of having a loving relationship and conceiving a child from an incarcerated man. We carried out semi-structured interviews at the prison called Pres?dio Central de Porto Alegre (PCPA) with women who have children with incarcerated partners in that prison. To analyze the data we used Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). This kind of discursive investigation focuses especially on social problems, explaining them by means of structure and social interaction. The dissertation is composed of two articles, both arising from empirical studies. In the first study, based on interviews with three women whose partners are serving time at PCPA, we sought to understand their motivations for maintaining this relationship, as well as to know the roles played and the violence they notice in prison. The analyzed data confirm the social expectation that women care for their partners. The sacrifice arising from the non-abandonment is followed by the desire to be rewarded by their partners after the latter's serving time. The submission of these women, who perceive themselves obliged to maintain their relationships, to visit, to provide their partners materially and emotionally and to endure the violence imposed by the prison is resignified from the leadership they assume. This role is expressed through their power of decision to go to the prison, take their children to the visits and provide inputs to their partners. The second article consists of interviews with two women whose lives are marked by great familiarity with prison and who became pregnant at PCPA when visiting their partners. In this study we sought to understand what meanings they attribute to conceiving their children in prison. Therefore, we investigated the participants' conceptions of maternity, paternity and family. In the analyzed data we see the appropriation of hegemonic models of maternity and paternity based on the ideal of a nuclear family. On the other hand, the non-normative character of their life stories marked by familiarity with the prison outlines other possible discourses that question this hegemonic model. Thus, we can see in the discourse of the participants several and contradictory references in their attempts to build places of mothers and fathers. Such a contradiction resulting from simultaneous movements of appropriation and resistance to normative discourses draws our attention to the dialectical process of subjective construction. In other words, these women signify parental roles from family/community and social/cultural references. / A presente disserta??o tem como objetivo geral compreender, do ponto de vista das mulheres, os significados de ter um relacionamento afetivo e de conceber um filho com um homem encarcerado. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas no Pres?dio Central de Porto Alegre (PCPA) com mulheres que t?m filhos com parceiros encarcerados nesta pris?o. Para a an?lise dos dados coletados foi usada a abordagem da An?lise Cr?tica do Discurso (ACD). Este tipo de investiga??o discursiva concentra-se, em especial, nos problemas sociais, explicando-os por meio da estrutura e intera??o social. A disserta??o ? composta por dois artigos, ambos resultantes de estudos emp?ricos. No primeiro estudo, a partir de entrevistas com tr?s mulheres cujos companheiros cumprem pena no PCPA, buscamos compreender as suas motiva??es para manter este relacionamento, bem como conhecer os pap?is desempenhados e as viol?ncias percebidas por elas na pris?o. Os dados analisados atestam a expectativa social de que as mulheres exer?am o cuidado de seus parceiros. O sacrif?cio advindo do n?o-abandono ? acompanhado pelo desejo de serem recompensadas pelos companheiros ap?s o per?odo de cumprimento de suas penas. A submiss?o destas mulheres, que se percebem obrigadas a manter seus relacionamentos, a visitar, a prover seus companheiros material e emocionalmente e a suportar as viol?ncias impostas pela pris?o, ? ressignificada a partir do protagonismo expresso por elas. Tal protagonismo se expressa atrav?s do poder de decis?o das entrevistadas de ir ? pris?o, de levar seus filhos ?s visitas e de fornecer insumos aos seus companheiros. O segundo artigo ? composto por entrevistas com duas mulheres que possuem trajet?rias marcadas pela grande familiaridade com a pris?o e que engravidaram no PCPA em dias de visita a seus parceiros. Neste estudo procuramos compreender quais s?o os significados atribu?dos por elas ? concep??o de um filho dentro do c?rcere. Neste sentido, investigamos as concep??es de maternidade, de paternidade e de fam?lia das participantes. Na an?lise dos dados vemos a apropria??o de modelos hegem?nicos de maternidade e paternidade, fundamentados no ideal da fam?lia nuclear. Por outro lado, a n?o normatividade de suas hist?rias de vida marcadas pela familiaridade com a pris?o delineia outras possibilidades de discurso que colocam em xeque este modelo hegem?nico. Desse modo, convivem no discurso das participantes refer?ncias diversas e contradit?rias em suas tentativas de construir os lugares de pais e m?es. Tal contradi??o, resultante de simult?neos movimentos de apropria??o e resist?ncia a discursos normativos, nos chama a aten??o para o processo dial?tico de constru??o subjetiva. Em outras palavras, ? a partir de referenciais familiares/comunit?rios e sociais/culturais que estas mulheres significam as fun??es paternas e maternas.

Sammanfattning Titel: Billigt eller dyrt, udda eller jämt? - Hur prisprecisionseffekten påverkar Willingness to pay Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi. Författare: Lovisa Axenfalk Pettersson och Wilhelm Ericsson. Handledare: Jonas Kågström. Datum: 2018 - Maj. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur prisprecisionseffekten i samband med Willingness to pay påverkar bostadstransaktioner. Metod: Kvantitativ metod, enkäter med experimentella inslag. Resultat och slutsats: Denna studies resultat visar att när det kommer till priser på bostäder, är det inte enbart priset som påverkar köpet och WTP. Gällande det marknadsförda pris som lockar flest spekulanter, bör det antingen vara avrundat pris eller just below pris. Det mest ärliga marknadsmässiga priset är avrundat pris. Ett precist pris är det utgångspris, som anses vara satt av en seriös fastighetsmäklare och visar att fastighetsmäklaren är kunnig och sätter ett seriöst pris utifrån vad bostaden faktiskt är värd. Gällande vad som leder till det högsta slutpriset, kan det vara avrundat pris, precist pris samt just below pris. Varför resultatet av slutpriset skiljer sig åt är beroende på situationen på marknaden och tillgänglig information för köparen. Examensarbetets bidrag: Denna studie har bidragit med att skapa en ökad förståelse till personer som är delaktiga i en köpprocess utifrån prisprecisionseffektens prissättningar. Vidare är bidraget att människor påverkas av tillgänglig information, vilket påverkar köparens WTP och vad köpare anser om olika priser. Med kunskap från denna studie kan köpare av bostäder få en bättre förståelse för hur det marknadsförda utgångspriset kan påverka köparens WTP av bostaden de är intresserad av att köpa och den bostadens slutpris. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Studien fastställer att det finns flera möjligheter till fortsatt forskning. Det skulle kunna vara att studera prisprecisionseffekten i en verklig miljö. Att studera hur ankareffekten och prisprecisionseffekten påverkar varandra. Väva in andra prispåverkande faktorer än bara själva priset. Samt att vända perspektiv och utgå från säljaren istället. Nyckelord: Prisprecisionseffekten, WTP - Willingness to pay, avrundat pris, precist pris, just below pris, utgångspris och bostadstransaktioner. / Abstract Title: Cheap or expensive, odd or even? - How the price precision effect, affects willingness to pay Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration. Author: Lovisa Axenfalk Pettersson and Wilhelm Ericsson. Supervisor: Jonas Kågström. Date: 2018 - May. Aim: The aim is to further investigate how the price precision effect associated with willingness to pay affects sales of real estate transactions. Method: Quantitative method through a survey with experimental elements. Result and conclusion: The results in the study indicates, regarding prices on the housing market, that it is not only the price that affects pursues and WTP. Regarding the marketed list price, which attracts the most potential buyers, they should either be a rounded or just below price. The most honest market price is a rounded price. A list price set at a precise price, is considered to be listed from a serious real estate broker. It also indicates that the real estate broker is knowledgeable and puts a serious price based on what the residence is actually worth. To get the highest selling price, it can be all of the price precision effect prices, rounded price, precise price or just below price. Why the result of the highest selling price differ, is depending on the situation on the market and available information for the buyer. Contribution of the thesis: The contribution for this study has been to create an increased understanding about the price precision effect and its prices for the persons involved in a buying process. Furthermore, the contribution is that people are influenced by available information, affecting the buyer's WTP and what buyers consider about different prices. With knowledge from this study, buyers can gain a better understanding of how the marketed list price may affect the buyer's WTP for the real estate they are interested in buying and its final selling price. Suggestion for future research: To summarize the possibilities for future research this paper suggests; to analyze the price precision effect from the sellers point of view. To analyze the price precision effect in a real setting instead, where actual transactions are being made. To further investigate the ratio between the anchoring effect with the price precision effect, and how they affect each other. The final suggestions for future research is to involve other aspects into the price precision effect, despite only the price, because it is not only the price that affects the house buying market. Keywords: Price precision effect, WTP - willingness to pay, rounded price, precise price, just below price, list price and real estate transaction.

Au tournant des années 70, Paul Chamberland, cofondateur de la revue Parti pris, délaisse le nationalisme québécois pour épouser les idéaux de la contre-culture. Ce mémoire étudie la continuité discursive et poétique de cette conversion en surmontant la tentation de voir là un strict reniement des idéaux politiques de Chamberland. En utilisant la pragmatique littéraire, plus précisément les notions de discours constituant, d’ethos et de scénographie tels que développés par Dominique Maingueneau nous étudierons deux recueils emblématiques des positions politiques que prônait Chamberland au moment de leur rédaction, soit L’afficheur hurle et Éclats de la pierre noire d’où rejaillit ma vie. Nous les mettrons en étroit rapport avec les communautés discursives les ayant façonnés, soit celles constituées par Parti pris et la contre-culture. Nous verrons ainsi que les discours constituants éclairant les positionnements de Chamberland conditionnent son travail poétique en fonction de l’idéal humaniste du progrès humain et du dépassement de toute aliénation. Ainsi, le néonationalisme et la contre-culture, selon ce qu’ils définissent comme étant la cause de cette aliénation, conditionnent étroitement la scénographie présentée par chacun des recueils. Il sera alors possible de voir comment la démystification coloniale sur laquelle repose la rédaction de L’afficheur hurle se prolonge en se radicalisant dans le désir d’échapper à la dictature de la raison instrumentale, comme l’explore Chamberland dans Éclats de la pierre noire d’où rejaillit ma vie. / In the early 70's, Paul Chamberland, co-founder of the journal Parti pris, abandons nationalism to embrace the counterculture’s ideals. This master thesis examines the continuity of this discursive and poetic conversion by overcoming the temptation to see this as an absolute denial of the poet’s own political views. Using the literary pragmatic, more particulary the notions of constitutive discourse, of ethos and of scenography as developped by Dominique Maingueneau, we will consider two collections of poetry which captures the iconic political positions advocated by Chamberland at the time he wrote each one, namely L’afficheur hurle and Éclats de la pierre noire d’où rejaillit ma vie. We will see how the discursive positioning of Chamberland configurate his poetic work according to an humanist ideal of human progress which lies in the liberation of man from his alienation. Thus, the neonationalism and the counterculture, according to what they define each as the cause of this alienation, closely define the scenography adopted by the two books. It will then be possible to see how the colonial demystification displayed by L’afficheur hurle is continued and radicalized by the desire to escape the technocratic intrumentalization of reason, as explored by Chamberland in his Éclats de la pierre noire d’où rejaillit ma vie.

Au tournant des années 70, Paul Chamberland, cofondateur de la revue Parti pris, délaisse le nationalisme québécois pour épouser les idéaux de la contre-culture. Ce mémoire étudie la continuité discursive et poétique de cette conversion en surmontant la tentation de voir là un strict reniement des idéaux politiques de Chamberland. En utilisant la pragmatique littéraire, plus précisément les notions de discours constituant, d’ethos et de scénographie tels que développés par Dominique Maingueneau nous étudierons deux recueils emblématiques des positions politiques que prônait Chamberland au moment de leur rédaction, soit L’afficheur hurle et Éclats de la pierre noire d’où rejaillit ma vie. Nous les mettrons en étroit rapport avec les communautés discursives les ayant façonnés, soit celles constituées par Parti pris et la contre-culture. Nous verrons ainsi que les discours constituants éclairant les positionnements de Chamberland conditionnent son travail poétique en fonction de l’idéal humaniste du progrès humain et du dépassement de toute aliénation. Ainsi, le néonationalisme et la contre-culture, selon ce qu’ils définissent comme étant la cause de cette aliénation, conditionnent étroitement la scénographie présentée par chacun des recueils. Il sera alors possible de voir comment la démystification coloniale sur laquelle repose la rédaction de L’afficheur hurle se prolonge en se radicalisant dans le désir d’échapper à la dictature de la raison instrumentale, comme l’explore Chamberland dans Éclats de la pierre noire d’où rejaillit ma vie. / In the early 70's, Paul Chamberland, co-founder of the journal Parti pris, abandons nationalism to embrace the counterculture’s ideals. This master thesis examines the continuity of this discursive and poetic conversion by overcoming the temptation to see this as an absolute denial of the poet’s own political views. Using the literary pragmatic, more particulary the notions of constitutive discourse, of ethos and of scenography as developped by Dominique Maingueneau, we will consider two collections of poetry which captures the iconic political positions advocated by Chamberland at the time he wrote each one, namely L’afficheur hurle and Éclats de la pierre noire d’où rejaillit ma vie. We will see how the discursive positioning of Chamberland configurate his poetic work according to an humanist ideal of human progress which lies in the liberation of man from his alienation. Thus, the neonationalism and the counterculture, according to what they define each as the cause of this alienation, closely define the scenography adopted by the two books. It will then be possible to see how the colonial demystification displayed by L’afficheur hurle is continued and radicalized by the desire to escape the technocratic intrumentalization of reason, as explored by Chamberland in his Éclats de la pierre noire d’où rejaillit ma vie.

<p>Obesity and overweight are today classified as one of the largest epidemics in the Western world and is threaten a large part of the population. As a reaction to this a major health trend has emerged in recent decades. Every day consumers are exposed to information from the media about what is healthy or unhealthy to eat and the recommendations change frequently.</p><p>There is great interest in healthy food on the Swedish food market, but still healthy foods only represents a small proportion of the total food sales. The essay examines the gap between the current and potential demand for healthy food and if it can be explained by any of the following factors: lack of information, price, taste or cognitive behavioral.</p><p>To study these questions a quantitative method have been used and 213 questionnaires were collected. The intention is to draw general conclusions about the entire population. We discussed and analyzed the quantitative data together with the frame of reference based on the four factors and the discussion led us to the following conclusions:</p><p>Price and parts of the cognitive behavior inhibits the consumption of healthy foods on the Swedish food market. The other factors studied can not explain the inhibited consumption.</p><p>Based on the conclusions we recommend “svenska Livsmedelsverket” to communicate its policies through traditional marketing channels to better reach out to all consumers. We also believe the Swedish food market is ready for a new store concept with only healthy food.</p>

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-06-30T18:15:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_GABRIELA_BAPTISTA_SILVA_PARCIAL.pdf: 270177 bytes, checksum: f675dae013b0ff3d7d65dcfe8e63cbc9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-30T18:15:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_GABRIELA_BAPTISTA_SILVA_PARCIAL.pdf: 270177 bytes, checksum: f675dae013b0ff3d7d65dcfe8e63cbc9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The purpose of this study is to understand the identity and conjugal policies in an exclusive wing for transvestites, transgender, gays and bisexuals in the Central Prison of Porto Alegre. The data collection of this research was done through individual interviews and records of collective interventions in field diaries. The assumptions of the Grounded Theory and, as an analytical proposal, the conceptions derived from the American black feminism from the intersectional perspective are used as methodological dimension. Through this theoretical contribution is proposed an understanding of the strategic forms of agency in the prison territory engendered by persons in detention in this gallery. In addition to addressing the policies of conjugality, it is sought to reflect on the ways of experiencing sexuality and gender in the prison context from a dialogical identity perspective. / O presente estudo tem como objetivo a compreens?o sobre os agenciamentos de pol?ticas identit?rias e de conjugalidades em uma ala exclusiva para pessoas travestis, companheiros de travestis, gays, bissexuais e seus companheiros, no Pres?dio Central de Porto Alegre. A coleta de dados dessa pesquisa se deu por meio de entrevistas individuais e de registros em di?rio de campo das interven??es coletivas. Utilizam-se como dimens?o metodol?gica os pressupostos da Teoria Fundamentada e, como proposta anal?tica, as concep??es dial?gicas e as derivadas das cr?ticas do feminismo negro estadunidense sob uma perspectiva interseccional. Atrav?s destes aportes te?ricos prop?e-se uma compreens?o das formas estrat?gicas de agenciamento de si no territ?rio carcer?rio engendradas por pessoas em deten??o nesta galeria, abordando pol?ticas de conjugalidade, refletindo sobre as formas de experienciar sexualidade e g?nero no contexto prisional em uma perspectiva dial?gica.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:46:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 444370.pdf: 179990 bytes, checksum: be6c6116aa12952408538398ffb73c39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 / Brazil, the last twelve years, has been making the consolidation of data that illustrate a new logic within the context of the nation's prison reality. Such an avid statistics elucidate growth of women involved in crime and, consequently, with the jail. According to the National Penitentiary Department of the Ministry of Justice, Depen / MJ, the growth rate of the Brazilian women's prison in the first ten years of the past decade was 252%, whereas the increase in men's prison system was estimated at 115%. Thus, we can see that while the male population has doubled, the female more than tripled. Within this context, the scope of the search that follows results from field work conducted from April 2010 to August 2012, the female prison Madre Pelletier and the Foundation of the Egress of Prisons, the FAESP - both located in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul this period, there were semi-structured interviews with six women, three of preys Madre Pelletier and three discharged inmates met by Faesp. The objective of the study is to know how the work experiences are integrated into life trajectories of trapped and discharged the prison system, according to the narratives of the interviewees themselves. Finally, we emphasize that the purpose of this research is also looking to expand, complement and enhance the knowledge of the female prison of cyclical framework established in Brazil, as well as provide new elements to help support future formulations of public policy on the issue. / O Brasil, nos ?ltimos doze anos, vem fazendo a consolida??o de dados que ilustram uma nova l?gica dentro do contexto da realidade carcer?ria do pa?s. Tais estat?sticas elucidam um ?vido crescimento de mulheres envolvidas com o crime e, por conseq??ncia, com o c?rcere. De acordo com o Departamento Penitenci?rio Nacional do Minist?rio da Justi?a, Depen/MJ, o ?ndice de crescimento do c?rcere feminino brasileiro nos primeiros dez anos da d?cada passada, foi de 252%, ao passo que o aumento dos homens em regime de reclus?o foi estimado em 115%. Dessa forma, podemos perceber que, enquanto a popula??o masculina dobrou, a feminina mais que triplicou. Dentro deste contexto, o escopo da pesquisa que segue resulta de um trabalho de campo realizado no per?odo de abril de 2010 a agosto de 2012, no pres?dio feminino Madre Pelletier e na Funda??o de Amparo ao Egresso do Sistema Penitenci?rio, a FAESP ambas localizadas em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Neste per?odo, foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com seis mulheres, tr?s apenadas do Madre Pelletier e tr?s egressas atendidas pelas Faesp. O objetivo do estudo ? saber de que forma as experi?ncias de trabalho s?o integradas nas trajet?rias de vida de presas e egressas do sistema prisional, de acordo com narrativas das pr?prias entrevistadas. Por fim, podemos ressaltar que o des?gnio da presente pesquisa ? tamb?m procurar ampliar, complementar e aperfei?oar o conhecimento do quadro conjuntural do c?rcere feminino estabelecido no Brasil, bem como fornecer novos elementos para ajudar a fundamentar futuras formula??es de pol?ticas p?blicas sobre o assunto.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:47:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 409055.pdf: 583211 bytes, checksum: 3e951dd04f588d7cb42241668617ef17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-15 / A pris?o preventiva, freq?entemente, ? aplicada com a inten??o de dar uma r?pida e imediata resposta ao crime. No entanto, observa-se, nesse momento, a viola??o de garantias constitucionalmente estabelecidas, tal como a presun??o do estado de inoc?ncia. Sob outro aspecto, a concep??o e o estudo do tempo, em suas mais diversas manifesta??es, s?o fatores determinantes para o estabelecimento da razoabilidade da dura??o do prazo processual da pris?o preventiva. Mais do que a priva??o do espa?o, atrav?s da perda da liberdade, o tempo torna-se o verdadeiro significante da pena. Por quanto tempo? ? a pergunta t?pica do preso preventivo, que n?o apresenta ao menos a possibilidade de realizar a contagem regressiva dos dias ou dos meses faltantes para retomar a sua liberdade, causando-lhe graves conseq??ncias. O n?o-estabelecimento de um prazo processual ? pris?o preventiva viola o princ?pio constitucional da dignidade da pessoa humana e a expressa veda??o constitucional ? tortura, ao tratamento desumano ou degradante, al?m de antecipar o ju?zo condenat?rio ao acusado. A Emenda Constitucional n. 45, introduzida em 2004, trouxe uma nova perspectiva ? tem?tica, qual seja, o julgamento do r?u em um prazo razo?vel e os meios que garantam a celeridade de sua tramita??o. O intuito legal foi o de garantir ao indiv?duo, que responde a um processo penal, a oportunidade de que saiba exatamente quanto tempo ou o tempo m?ximo que poder? ficar encarcerado preventivamente. Parte-se da premissa de que deve haver um crit?rio capaz de definir o limite m?ximo que o acusado poder? ficar preso preventivamente e, seguindo o mandamento constitucional, o encarceramento preventivo deve ocorrer em um prazo razo?vel. Para tanto, analisa-se quem deve estabelecer esse prazo se deve passar pelo crivo do Poder Legislativo ou se atrav?s de ato discricion?rio do julgador &#8722; e os requisitos que o definam.