A doença de Chagas representa um problema de saúde pública em muitos países e regiões. O tratamento consiste em fármacos tóxicos, com eficácia discutível, principalmente, na fase crônica da doença. Assim, faz-se necessário o planejamento de novos quimioterápicos, mais seguros e eficazes. Os dendrímeros são novas arquiteturas moleculares formadas por um foco central e ramificações partindo desse foco. Apresentam diversas aplicações biológicas como, por exemplo, atuar como transportadores de fármacos. Face ao exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo de condições para ligar o ácido anacárdico (AA) em derivado dendrimérico com potencial ação na doença de Chagas, o qual tem como foco central o ácido succínico (AS) e ramificações compostas por arginina (Arg) e lisina (Lys). Sabe-se que a cruzaína, uma cisteíno-protease do T. cruzi, catalisa a hidrólise de ligação peptídica entre lisina e arginina. A síntese dos compostos em fase sólida forneceu os derivados brutos: (1) pró-fármaco AA-K-R-NH2 e (2) G.05 AA-K(AS)-R-NH2, que foram purificados e caracterizados por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência e espectrometria de massas. Os compostos purificados AA-K-R-NH2 e AA-K(AS)-R-NH2 apresentaram rendimentos de 34% e 47%, com pureza de 88% e 98%, respectivamente. Os resultados dos experimentos enzimáticos utilizando o AA-K-R-NH2 não foram conclusivos. Acredita-se que a baixa solubilidade e/ou baixa concentração podem ter contribuído para tal. Já na estabilidade química em pH 7,4 (que simula pH sanguíneo), pH 1,2 (que simula pH estomacal) e pH 8,5 (que simula pH intestinal), observou-se que o AA-K(AS)-R-NH2 foi estável durante as 24 h de ensaio. Estes últimos resultados são interessantes, pois espera-se que o pró-fármaco dendrimérico alcance o T. cruzi estruturalmente integro, sofrendo hidrólise e liberação do composto ativo no interior do parasita. / Chagas disease is a public health problem in many countries and regions. The treatment consists of toxic drugs, with debatable efficacy, mainly, in the chronic phase of the disease. Thus, it is necessary to plan new chemotherapeutics, safer and more effective than those drugs. Dendrimers are new molecular architectures composed by a central focus and branching from that focus. They present several biological applications, such as acting as drug carriers. Thereby, the goal of this work was the study of conditions to bind anacardic acid (AA) in a dendrimeric derivative with potential action in Chagas disease, which was composed by a central focus of succinic acid (AS) and branches of arginine (Arg) and lysine (Lys). Cruzain, a T. cruzi cysteine protease, is known to catalyze the peptide-binding hydrolysis between lysine and arginine. Synthesis of the solid phase compounds provided the crude derivatives: (1) prodrug AA-KR-NH2 and (2) G.05 AA-K(AS)-R-NH2, which were purified and characterized by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry. The purified AA-K-R-NH2 and AA-K(AS)-R-NH2 compounds showed yields of 34% and 47%, with purity of 88% and 98% respectively. The results of the enzymatic experiments using AA-K-R-NH2 were not conclusive. It is believed that the low solubility and/or low concentration may have contributed for this. On the chemical stability at pH 7.4 (which simulates blood pH), pH 1.2 (which simulates stomach pH) and pH 8.5 (which simulates intestinal pH), it was observed that AA-K(AS)R-NH2 was stable for 24 hours. These latter results are interesting because the dendrimeric prodrug is expected to reach structurally integral T. cruzi, undergoing hydrolysis and release of the active compound within the parasite.

Le chondrosarcome (CHS), cancer du cartilage est une tumeur chimio- et radiorésistance dont le seul traitement efficace reste la chirurgie. Une prodrogue vectorisée et activable en hypoxie, ICF05016, est actuellement développée par l’UMR 1240, et évaluée en préclinique comme potentielle alternative théra-peutique pour ce cancer. La structure de cette molécule regroupe i) une moutarde cytotoxique, ii) un vecteur ammonium quaternaire chargé positivement possédant un tropisme pour l’aggrécane, protéoglycane majoritaire de la matrice extracellulaire tumorale, iii) une gâchette de type 2-nitroimidazole permettant une activation sélective en situation d’hypoxie, une des caractéristiques principales du CHS.Ces travaux de thèse ont consisté à pharmaco-moduler cette prodrogue bispécifique ICF05016 en modifiant la position du vecteur ainsi que la nature de l’agent cytotoxique. Ainsi sept prodrogues vectorisées ont été synthétisées présentant une chaine vectrice N,N,N-triméthylpropylaminium soit en C-4, soit en N-1 du cycle imidazole. Leur activation par réduction chimique, mimant l’hypoxie, ainsi que leur affinité pour l’aggrécane ont été confirmées in tubo par des analyses de RMN 31P et de SPR, toutefois elles se sont avérées non sélectives en termes de cytotoxicité (CI50 comprises entre 15 et 1 µM, et ce, quelles que soient les conditions d’oxygénation) et faiblement sensibles à une bio-réduction enzymatique. La fonctionnalisation par un vecteur ammonium quaternaire de la gâchette 2-nitroimidazole annihile donc l’activation en hypoxie des prodrogues.Cette stratégie a ensuite été étendue au cancer de la prostate en remplaçant le vecteur ammonium quaternaire par un ligand de type urée affin pour l’antigène membranaire spécifique de la prostate (PSMA). La première molécule synthétisée, qui possède un espaceur triazole, a démontré une affinité pour le récepteur PSMA, par une étude de compétition avec un radioligand, ainsi qu’une activation in tubo par bioréduction enzymatique. Toutefois aucune cytotoxicité n’a été constatée sur les lignées LNCaP-Luc et PC3-Luc. Une seconde molécule combinant un espaceur triazole avec une séquence peptidique identifiée pour la molécule PSMA-617, actuellement en cours d’essai clinique, est actuellement développée mais sa synthèse doit être optimisée, notamment au niveau de l’étape de cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire. / Chondrosarcoma (CHS), the malignant tumor of the cartilage, is a chemo- and radio-resistant cancer. Surgical resection is still considered the mainstay of treatment of this pathology. A dual targeted hypoxia-activated prodrug, ICF05016 was developed by the UMR 1240 and evaluated in preclinical studies as a potential therapeutic alternative for CHS. The latter is a nitroheteroaryl-based compound designed as follows: a phosphorodiamidic mustard functionalized with a quaternary ammonium (QA) used as targeting function, and a 2-nitroimidazole group to trigger fragmentation and then release the bis-alkylating mustard anion by bioreduction under hypoxic conditions, chemical hallmark of CHS.This project deals with the pharmacomodulation of ICF05016, more specifically by modification of the position of the targeting moiety as well as the nature of the cytotoxic agent. Seven QA-targeted prodrugs have been synthesized with N,N,N-trimethylpropylaminium tethered to the imidazole either in the C-4, or the N-1 position. These prodrugs were cleaved in vitro under chemical reductive conditions, which mimic in vivo hypoxia conditions. In addition, the binding of these derivatives to aggrecan was highlighted by surface plasmon resonance. In vitro assays on human CHS cells (H-EMC-SS) demonstrated quite equivalent cytotoxicities, whatever the oxygen conditions used and their evaluation as substrate of an oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase revealed the almost total lack of activation. A QA targeting moiety grafted on the trigger seems to alter hypoxia activation.New prodrugs with prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting ligand were synthesized to extend this HAP strategy to prostate cancer. The first tested compound, having a triazole spacer, presented selective affinity for PSMA in an in vitro binding experiment as well as activation under enzymatic reduction. However, no cytotoxicity was observed on LNCaP-Luc and PC3-Luc cells. The synthesis of a prodrug combining the spacer of PSMA-617, currently in clinical trial, and a propyltriazole moiety, was initiated but the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition still need to be optimized.

The crystal structures of two thermostable carboxylesterase Est30 and Est55 from Geobacillus stearothermophilus were determined to help understand their functions and applications in industry or medicine. The crystal structure of Est30 was determined at 1.63 Å resolution by the multiple anomalous dispersion method. The two-domain Est30 structure showed a large domain with a modified alpha/beta hydrolase core including a seven, rather than an eight-stranded beta sheet, and a smaller cap domain comprising three alpha helices. A 100 Da tetrahedral ligand, propyl acetate, was observed to be covalently bound to the side chain of Ser94 in the catalytic triad. This ligand complex represents the first tetrahedral intermediate in the reaction mechanism. Therefore, this Est30 crystal structure will help understand the mode of action of all enzymes in the serine hydrolase superfamily. Est55 is a bacterial homologue of the mammalian carboxylesterases involved in hydrolysis and detoxification of numerous peptides and drugs and in prodrug activation. Est55 crystals were grown at pH 6.2 and pH 6.8 and the structures were determined at resolutions of 2.0 and 1.58 Å respectively. Est55 folds into three domains, a catalytic domain, an α/β domain and a regulatory domain. This structure is in an inactive form; the side chain of His409, one of the catalytic triad residues, is pointing away from the active site. Moreover, the adjacent Cys408 is triply oxidized and lies in the oxyanion hole, which would block the entry of substrate to its binding site. This structure suggested a self-inactivation mechanism, however, Cys408 is not essential for enzyme activity. Mutation of Cys408 showed that hydrophobic side chains at this position were favorable, while polar serine was unfavorable for enzyme activity. Both Est30 and Est55 were shown to hydrolyze the prodrug CPT-11 into the active form SN-38. Therefore, Est30 and Est55 are potential candidates for use with irinotecan in cancer therapy. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of Est30 is about 10-fold lower than that of Est55. The effects of the Cys408 substitutions on Est55 activity differed for the two substrates, p-NP butyrate and CPT-11. Mutant C408V may provide a more stable form of Est55.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a disease characterized by bone loss and increased risk of fracture, and represents a significant burden on the Canadian health care system. Current treatments lack the ability to simultaneously address the therapeutic needs for promoting bone formation and inhibiting resorption. Our approach employs a novel conjugate drug in which an anabolic agent (EP4 receptor agonist) is reversibly joined with an anti-resorptive agent (alendronate) through a linker. This allows the bone-targeting ability of alendronate to deliver the EP4 agonist to bone sites, thereby mitigating the side effects associated with systemic administration of the EP4 agonist. This study investigated the in vivo efficacy of this drug in a curative experiment to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis using an ovariectomized rat model. Results showed that conjugate treatment dose-dependently stimulated bone formation and restored ovariectomy-induced bone loss, and conjugation between alendronate and the EP4 agonist was crucial to the drug’s anabolic effect.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a disease characterized by bone loss and increased risk of fracture, and represents a significant burden on the Canadian health care system. Current treatments lack the ability to simultaneously address the therapeutic needs for promoting bone formation and inhibiting resorption. Our approach employs a novel conjugate drug in which an anabolic agent (EP4 receptor agonist) is reversibly joined with an anti-resorptive agent (alendronate) through a linker. This allows the bone-targeting ability of alendronate to deliver the EP4 agonist to bone sites, thereby mitigating the side effects associated with systemic administration of the EP4 agonist. This study investigated the in vivo efficacy of this drug in a curative experiment to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis using an ovariectomized rat model. Results showed that conjugate treatment dose-dependently stimulated bone formation and restored ovariectomy-induced bone loss, and conjugation between alendronate and the EP4 agonist was crucial to the drug’s anabolic effect.

A doença de Chagas é uma parasitose extremamente negligenciada, cujo agente etiológico é o protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi. Atualmente, 21 países da América Latina são considerados regiões endêmicas, onde 75-90 milhões de pessoas estão expostas à infecção, 15-16 milhões estão infectadas e mais de 41 mil novos casos surgem por ano, entretanto, apenas os fármacos nifurtimox e benznidazol estão disponíveis no mercado. Estes, além da baixa eficácia na fase crônica da parasitose, apresentam diversos efeitos colaterais, sendo que no Brasil apenas o benznidazol é utilizado. Essa carência no arsenal terapêutico contra a doença de Chagas conduz à importância de buscar quimioterápicos mais eficazes para o seu tratamento. Face ao exposto, o objetivo do trabalho foi a síntese de compostos com dupla atividade contra o T. cruzi, utilizando a metodologia da latenciação de fármacos, em que os derivados ativos são bioisósteros de compostos nitro-heterocíclicos, sintetizados em nosso grupo de pesquisa. Os derivados propostos são pró-fármacos recíprocos do nitrofural hidroximetilado (NFOH) e de seus bioisósteros, promissores com respeito à inibição da cruzaína, com o grupamento liberador de óxido nítrico. Podem, deste modo, atuar de forma dupla na inibição da enzima cruzaína e, também, em outras cisteíno-proteases através da ação do óxido nítrico liberado. Além disso, poderiam ser inibidores de tripanotiona redutase, como ocorre com outros nitrocompostos. A síntese dos compostos intermediários foi realizada com êxito, com exceção do composto NFSOH, o qual não foi possível ser isolado. A metodologia solvent-free mostrou-se como alternativa para a síntese do NF e análogos contendo semicarbazona. Utilizaram-se diferentes métodos (direto e indireto) e diversas variações nas condições reacionais para a síntese dos ésteres nitratos correspondentes. No entanto, não se obtiveram os pró-fármacos propostos, provavelmente devido à baixa reatividade dos nitro-heterocíclicos hidroximetilados. Em paralelo, efetuaram-se estudos de Modelagem Molecular para se avaliar a possível interação com o alvo molecular, a cruzaína. A análise dos Mapas de Potencial Eletrostático (MEP) sugeriu maior deficiência eletrônica nos compostos com tiossemicarbazona. Entretanto, estudos de docking mostraram possível preferência de ataque nucleofílico da Cys25 ao grupo éster nitrato em relação à carbonila/tiocarbonila, sugerindo inativação da cruzaína pela formação de S-nitrosotiol. / Chagas\' disease is an extremely neglected disease, whose etiologic agent is the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Nowadays, 21 countries in Latin America have been considered endemic area, in which 75-90 million people are exposed to infection, 15-16 million are infected and more than 41 thousands new cases are registered each year. However, nifurtimox and benznidazol are the only drugs available in the market. Besides, their low efficiency in the chronic phase of disease, they cause several side effects and in Brazil only benznidazol is applied. This scarce therapeutic armamentarium shows the importance of seeking for more effective drugs against Chagas\' disease. For these reasons, this study aims the synthesis of compounds with dual activity against T. cruzi, using the prodrug design with the active bioisosters of nitro-heterocyclic, synthesized in our research group. The derivatives proposed are mutual prodrugs of hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) and its bioisosters, promising with respect to cruzain inhibition, with NO-releasing group. Thus, they could act with a dual mechanism, in cruzain enzyme and also in other cysteine-proteases through the nitric oxide released action. Besides, they could be trypanothione reductase inhibitors, as stated to other nitro compounds. The synthesis of the intermediate compounds was carried out successfully, except for the NFSOH compound, which could not be isolated. The solvent-free methodology proved to be an alternative for synthesis of nitrofurazone and analogues containing semicarbazone. Different methods (direct and indirect) and several variations in reaction conditions were used for the synthesis of nitrate esters proposed. Nevertheless, the prodrugs were not obtained, probably due to the low reactivity of the hydroxymethyl nitro-heterocyclic employed. At the same time, molecular modeling studies to evaluate the possible interaction with the macromolecular target cruzain were performed. The analysis of electrostatic potential maps (MEP) suggests a greater electronic impairment in compounds containing thiosemicarbazone function. Docking studies, however, showed a possible preference to the nucleofilic attack of Cys25 in the nitrate ester relatively to the carbonyl/tiocarbonyl group, suggesting cruzain inactivation by S-nitrosotiol formation.

Les glioblastomes (GBMs) sont des tumeurs cérébrales au pronostic défavorable. La résistance aux thérapies actuelles et la rechute des GBMs pourraient être due à l'existence de cellules aux propriétés souches. L'objectif de ma thèse a été la caractérisation des cellules souches de GBMs (CSGs) isolées à partir de tumeurs. L'analyse du profil souche et de pluripotence des CSGs a montré qu'elles sont maintenues dans un état souche par SOX2 et que COL1A1 et IFITM1 peuvent être des cibles thérapeutiques potentielles. L'étude de la radiosensibilité des CSGs à travers l'analyse des courbes de clonogénicité a mis en évidence deux groupes dont un «atypique» pouvant être composé de sous-populations de cellules aux radiosensibilités différentes qu'il conviendra de caractériser. L'étude de la réparation a mis en évidence deux autres groupes dont un ayant un fort potentiel de réparation qui exprime plus fortement le gène RAD51 après irradiations. Le traitement par un inhibiteur spécifique de RAD51 ralentirait la capacité de réparation de ces cellules. Malgré cette hétérogénéité, l'inhibition de la voie Hedgehog (HH) par un vecteur glucuronylé de la cyclopamine, activé par le microenvironnement tumoral, inhibe la prolifération et l'auto-renouvellement des CSGs in vitro et ralentit la croissance tumorale in vivo. La voie HH semble être une cible thérapeutique intéressante commune à toutes les CSGs. Néanmoins, il est nécessaire de prendre en compte l'hétérogénéité dans les populations tumorales pour le développement de la médecine personnalisée. / Glioblastomas (GBMs) are brain tumors with a poor prognosis. Their resistance to current therapies and the occurrence of tumor relapse may be related to the existence of cells bearing stem cell characteristics. The aim of this PhD research was to characterize glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) having been isolated from tumors. Analysis of the stemness and pluripotency profiles of GSCs indicated that their stemness states are maintained by SOX2 and that COL1A1 and IFITM1 may be potential therapeutic targets. Clonogenic studies of GSC radiosensitivity underscored the presence of two groups, one of them composed of sub-populations of cells with different degrees of radiosensitivity that have yet to be fully characterized. Study of DNA repair capacity highlighted two additional groups including one with high repair potential overexpressing the RAD51 gene after 4Gy. However, treatment with RAD51 inhibitor is likely to slow down repair of GSC lesions. Notwithstanding GSC heterogeneity, in our study inhibition of the Hedgehog pathway (HH) by a cyclopamine glucuronid prodrug, activated by the tumor microenvironment, inhibited in vitro proliferation and self-renewal in all the GSCs tested and slowed down tumor growth in vivo. Hence, HH pathway appears to be conserved among GSCs and constitutes an interesting potential therapeutic target. With regard to the development of personalized medicine, it is nevertheless highly advisable to take into account the pronounded heterogeneity of tumor populations.

Les thérapies anticancéreuses ont connu ces dernières années un développement important ayant pour conséquence une amélioration dans la qualité de vie des patients. Cependant la survenue de résistances et la part significative de cancer sans traitement efficace nous oblige à envisager le développement de nouvelles stratégies anticancéreuses. Nous avons développé une nouvelle technique basée sur le principe du gène suicide en utilisant le gène du cytochrome P450 2B6 associé au cyclophosphamide (CPA). Cette technique qui consiste au transfert d’un gène métabolisant une prodrogue anticancéreuse dans la tumeur permet une sensibilisation des tumeurs à cette prodrogue. Le premier objectif de ce travail a consisté à améliorer le métabolisme de la prodrogue en construisant un gène muté du CYP2B6 en fusion avec la réductase, partenaire indispensable du CYP. Dans un deuxième temps nous avons transféré le gène CYP2B6TM-RED dans des cellules tumorales qui sont devenues sensibles au CPA entrainant une éradication des tumeurs. Ces résultats ont été confirmés in vivo sur des modèles de souris immunocompétentes. Nous avons, en plus de l’effet cytotoxique, mis en évidence un important effet bystander et le développement d’une immunité antitumorale spécifique. Ceci nous laisse penser que cette méthode peut permettre de protéger contre les récidives et les métastases. Les bons résultats obtenus dans le développement de cette nouvelle stratégie anticancéreuse, nous laissent espérer d’un futur passage en clinique. Pour cela de nouveaux modèles animaux devront être mis au point pour optimiser le transfert du transgène dans les tumeurs. / Anticancer therapies had, in recent years, an important development that results in an improvement in the quality of life of patients. However, the occurrence of resistance and the significant proportion of untreated cancer force us to consider the development of new anticancer strategies. We have developed a new technique based on the principle of suicide gene using the gene of cytochrome P450 2B6 associated with cyclophosphamide (CPA). This technique involves the transfer of a gene metabolizing an anticancer prodrug within the tumor allowing tumors sensitization to this prodrug. The first objective of this work was to improve the metabolism of the prodrug in building a mutated CYP2B6 fused with the reductase gene essential partner of CYP. In a second step we transferred the CYP2B6TM-RED gene in tumor cells that have been significantly sensitized. These results were confirmed on in vivo models of immunocompetent mice. In addition to the cytotoxic effect, mice were able to develop a specific anti-tumor immunity. This suggests to us that this method can protect against recurrence and metastasis. The good results obtained in the development of this new anticancer strategy, let us hope for a future transition into clinic. For this, new animal models will be developed to definitively validate the method.

Gemcitabine is a highly potent chemotherapeutic nucleoside agent used in the treatment of several cancers and solid tumors. However, it is therapeutically limitated because of toxicity to normal cells and its rapid intracellular deamination by cytidine deaminase into the inactive uracil derivative. Modification at the 4-(N) position of gemcitabine's exocyclic amine to an -amide functionality is a well reported prodrug strategy which has been that confers a resistance to intracellular deamination while also altering pharmacokinetics of the parent drug. Coupling of gemcitabine to carboxylic acids with varying terminal moieties afforded the 4-N-alkanoylgemcitabines whereas reaction of 4-N-tosylgemcitabine with the corresponding alkyl amines gave the 4-N-alkylgemcitabines. The 4-N-alkanoyl and 4-N-alkyl gemcitabine analogues with a terminal hydroxyl group on the 4-N-alkanoyl or 4-N-alkyl chain were efficiently fluorinated either with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride or under conditions that are compatible with the synthetic protocols for 18F labeling, such as displacement of the corresponding mesylate with KF/Kryptofix 2.2.2. The 4-N-alkanoylgemcitabine analogues displayed potent cytostatic activities against murine and human tumor cell lines with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the range of low nM, whereas cytotoxicity of the 4-N-alkylgemcitabine derivatives were in the low to modest µM range. The cytostatic activity of the 4-N-alkanoylgemcitabines was reduced by several orders of magnitude in the 2'-deoxycytidine kinase (dCK)-deficient CEM/dCK- cell line while the 4-N-alkylgemcitabines were only lowered by 2-5 times. None of the 4-N-modified gemcitabines were found to be substrates for cytosolic dCK, however all were found to inhibit DNA synthesis. As such, the 4-N-alkanoyl gemcitabine derivatives likely need to be converted to gemcitabine prior to achieving their significant cytostatic potential, whereas the 4-N-alkylgemcitabines reach their modest activity without "measurable" conversion to gemcitabine. Thus, the 4-N-alkylgemcitabines provide valuable insight on the metabolism of 4-N-modified gemcitabine prodrugs.

Une méthodologie générale et efficace pour la synthèse de nanoparticules de prodrogues polymères hétérotéléchéliques à hauts taux de charge a été mise au point en combinant d’une part la méthode dite du “principe actif amorceur” pour obtenir des prodrogues polymères α-fonctionnelles par polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée par les nitroxydes (NMP), et d’autre part la réaction d'échange de nitroxyde à partir d’un nitroxyde fonctionnel pour coupler une seconde molécule d'intérêt en bout de chaîne. Une petite bibliothèque de prodrogues polymères hétérotéléchéliques avec différentes combinaisons pour diverses applications (e.g., libération de principes actifs, imagerie/théranostic, thérapie combinée, ciblage actif) a été synthétisée en utilisant le polyisoprène (PI) comme polymère.En particulier, une alcoxyamine basée sur le nitroxyde SG1 a été fonctionnalisée avec la première molécule d’intérêt et utilisée pour polymériser l'isoprène par NMP et donner la prodrogue polymère désirée. En appliquant ensuite la réaction d'échange de nitroxyde à partir du nitroxyde TEMPO fonctionnalisé avec la seconde molécule d’intérêt, le nitroxyde SG1 en bout de chaîne a été quantitativement remplacé par le TEMPO fonctionnel pour donner la prodrogues hétérobifonctionnelle. Cette approche générale a été appliquée aux combinaisons suivantes : (i) gemcitabine (Gem)/rhodamine (Rho) et Gem/cyanine pour la libération de principes actifs et l’imagerie; (ii) aminoglutethimide (Agm)/doxorubicine (Dox), Gem/Dox and Gem/Lapatinib (Lap) pour la thérapie combinée et (iii) Gem/biotine pour la libération de principes actifs et le ciblage actif in vitro et in vivo. Les propriétés d’imagerie des nanoparticules de prodrogues polymères comportant une molecule fluorescente ont été étudiées in vitro et in vivo, respectivement en termes d’internalisation intracellulaire et de biodistribution. Pour les thérapies combinées, la cytotoxicité in vitro des différentes nanoparticules a été étudiée et comparée à celle émanant d’autres strategies de délivrance de deux principes actifs (e.g., conanoprécipitation, mélange physique de nanoparticules).Enfin, des prodrogues polymères hétérobifonctionnelles comprenant l’adénosine en début de chaîne et un motif maléimide en fin de chaine ont été préparées et fonctionnalisées en surface par des protéines capables de promouvoir le passage des nanoparticules à travers la barrière hémato-encéphalique pour libérer l’adénosine au niveau du cerveau. / A facile and versatile synthetic platform to prepare high drug loading, heterobifunctional polymer prodrug nanoparticles was developed by combining the “drug-initiated” method to obtain α-functional polymer prodrugs by nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), and the nitroxide exchange reaction from a functional nitroxide to attach a second molecule of interest at the ω chain-end. A library of heterotelechelic polymers prodrugs with different combinations for various purposes (e.g., drug delivery, imaging/theranostic, combination therapy, active targeting) was prepared using polyisoprene (PI) as polymer scaffold. More specifically, an alkoxyamine based on the SG1 nitroxide was functionalized with the first drug of interest and used to perform the NMP of isoprene to yield the desired polymer prodrug. Subsequently, by applying the nitroxide exchange reaction using a TEMPO nitroxide functionalized with the second molecule of interest, the SG1 nitroxide at the chain-end was quantitatively replaced by the functional TEMPO and the desired heterobifunctional polymer prodrug was formed. This general methodology was applied to the following combinations: (i) gemcitabine (Gem)/rhodamine (Rho) and Gem/cyanine for drug delivery and imaging; (ii) aminoglutethimide (Agm)/doxorubicin (Dox), Gem/Dox and Gem/Lapatinib (Lap) for combination therapy and (iii) Gem/biotin for drug delivery and active targeting in vitro and in vivo. For polymer prodrug nanoparticles bearing fluorescent dyes, in vitro and in vivo imaging studies were performed to investigate their cellular internalization and their biodistribution, respectively. As for the different combination therapies, the in vitro cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles was determined and compared to that of other strategies to deliver two different drugs (e.g., conanoprecipitation, physical mixture of nanoparticles).Finally, heterobifunctional polymer prodrugs bearing adenosine in alfa position and a maleimide moiety in omega position were synthesized to give nanoparticles that were further surface-functionalized with different proteins able to promote crossing through the blood brain barrier for drug delivery to the brain.