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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

Mutational Analysis and Redesign of Alpha-class Glutathione Transferases for Enhanced Azathioprine Activity

Modén, Olof January 2013 (has links)
Glutathione transferase (GST) A2-2 is the human enzyme most efficient in catalyzing azathioprine activation. Structure-function relationships were sought explaining the higher catalytic efficiency compared to other alpha class GSTs. By screening a DNA shuffling library, five recombined segments were identified that were conserved among the most active mutants. Mutational analysis confirmed the importance of these short segments as their insertion into low-active GSTs introduced higher azathioprine activity. Besides, H-site mutagenesis led to decreased azathioprine activity when the targeted positions belonged to these conserved segments and mainly enhanced activity when other positions were targeted. Hydrophobic residues were preferred in positions 208 and 213. The prodrug azathioprine is today primarily used for maintaining remission in inflammatory bowel disease. Therapy leads to adverse effects for 30 % of the patients and genotyping of the metabolic genes involved can explain some of these incidences. Five genotypes of human A2-2 were characterized and variant A2*E had 3–4-fold higher catalytic efficiency with azathioprine, due to a proline mutated close to the H-site. Faster activation might lead to different metabolite distributions and possibly more adverse effects. Genotyping of GSTs is recommended for further studies. Molecular docking of azathioprine into a modeled structure of A2*E suggested three positions for mutagenesis. The most active mutants had small or polar residues in the mutated positions. Mutant L107G/L108D/F222H displayed a 70-fold improved catalytic efficiency with azathioprine. Determination of its structure by X-ray crystallography showed a widened H-site, suggesting that the transition state could be accommodated in a mode better suited for catalysis. The mutational analysis increased our understanding of the azathioprine activation in alpha class GSTs and highlighted A2*E as one factor possibly behind the adverse drug-effects. A successfully redesigned GST, with 200-fold enhanced catalytic efficiency towards azathioprine compared to the starting point A2*C, might find use in targeted enzyme-prodrug therapies.
92

Le Gossypol et ses nouveaux dérivés:Synthèse et étude d'Activités Biologiques

DAO, VI THUY 11 December 2002 (has links) (PDF)
Plusieurs molécules nouvelles ont été obtenues à partir du Gossypol, extrait des graines de cotonnier. Dans la première partie, de nouvelles bases de Schiff du gossypol et de la gossypolone ont été synthétisées, les énantiomères du gossypol et leurs bases de Schiff sont optiquement stables, tandis que, les énantiomères de la gossypolone ne sont pas stables à température ambiante, mais il est possible de les observer vers 0°C. La cytotoxicité de ces bases de Schiff a été évaluée principalement sur des cellules KB, la méthylimine et l'éthylimine de la gossypolone sont les plus toxiques (IC50= 0.8 et 1.2 µM). La toxicité du gossypol et de la gossypolone augmente quand les tests sont effectués en absence de sérum et elle diminue en présence de catalase ou de mannitol dans le milieu de culture. L'énantiomère (-)-gossypol est plus toxique que le (+)-gossypol, ceci est aussi valable pour les bases de Schiff des énantiomères du gossypol. Dans la deuxième partie, une nouvelle classe de dérivés du gossypol et de la gossypolone, les dithianes et les dithiolanes, a été développée. Les dithianes/dithiolanes du gossypol et de la gossypolone ont été synthétisés par action de dithiols en présence d'éthérate de trifluoroborate. La même réaction effectuée avec les monothiols, conduit à des mélanges complexes. L'action du propanedithiol ou de l'ethanedithiol sur le tetraméthyle ou l'hexaméthyle éthers du gossypol ne conduit pas aux dithianes ou dithiolanes attendus mais à de nouveaux dérivés cycliques. La toxicité de ces nouveaux thio-dérivés sur les cellules KB est assez modeste, mais sous l'action de NO ou d'un sel de nitrosonium, ces dérivés se transforment en dérivés plus toxiques dans le cas du gossypol ou régénèrent la molécule de départ dans le cas de la gossypolone. Nous formulons l'hypothèse que dithianes et dithiolanes du gossypol et de la gossypolone pourraient être des modèles de prodrogues ciblées sur les cellules exprimant de fortes concentrations d'oxyde nitrique.
93

The Combination of Carboxylesterase-Expressing Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus and Irinotecan

Becker, Michelle Caitlin 14 January 2013 (has links)
This project combines oncolytic Vaccinia virus (VV) with irinotecan (CPT-11) for the treatment of cancer. VV can infect, replicate in and destroy cancer cells, yet leave healthy cells relatively unaffected. CPT-11 is a chemotherapeutic of which ~5% is converted to the more active chemotherapeutic SN-38 by endogenous carboxylesterase (CE) enzymes. SN-38 is a topoisomerase I inhibitor that induces DNA double strand breaks, leading to growth arrest and apoptosis. Consequently, VV has been engineered to express a more effective isoform of the CE enzyme. The virus’ tumour tropism should restrict enhanced conversion of CPT-11 to the tumour. Neither CPT-11 nor SN-38 interfered with VV replication or spread. Engineered recombinants expressed CE enzyme which, when combined with CPT-11, produced DNA double strand breaks and cancer cell death. In vitro, the combination of CE-virus and CPT-11 killed more K-562 cancer cells than its non-CE counterpart and CPT-11.
94

The Combination of Carboxylesterase-Expressing Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus and Irinotecan

Becker, Michelle Caitlin 14 January 2013 (has links)
This project combines oncolytic Vaccinia virus (VV) with irinotecan (CPT-11) for the treatment of cancer. VV can infect, replicate in and destroy cancer cells, yet leave healthy cells relatively unaffected. CPT-11 is a chemotherapeutic of which ~5% is converted to the more active chemotherapeutic SN-38 by endogenous carboxylesterase (CE) enzymes. SN-38 is a topoisomerase I inhibitor that induces DNA double strand breaks, leading to growth arrest and apoptosis. Consequently, VV has been engineered to express a more effective isoform of the CE enzyme. The virus’ tumour tropism should restrict enhanced conversion of CPT-11 to the tumour. Neither CPT-11 nor SN-38 interfered with VV replication or spread. Engineered recombinants expressed CE enzyme which, when combined with CPT-11, produced DNA double strand breaks and cancer cell death. In vitro, the combination of CE-virus and CPT-11 killed more K-562 cancer cells than its non-CE counterpart and CPT-11.
95

Synthèse stéréosélective de centres tertiaires et quaternaires par voie radicalaire et leur application à la synthèse d’analogues de nucléosides et de polypropionate

Tambutet, Guillaume 04 1900 (has links)
No description available.
96

The Combination of Carboxylesterase-Expressing Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus and Irinotecan

Becker, Michelle Caitlin January 2013 (has links)
This project combines oncolytic Vaccinia virus (VV) with irinotecan (CPT-11) for the treatment of cancer. VV can infect, replicate in and destroy cancer cells, yet leave healthy cells relatively unaffected. CPT-11 is a chemotherapeutic of which ~5% is converted to the more active chemotherapeutic SN-38 by endogenous carboxylesterase (CE) enzymes. SN-38 is a topoisomerase I inhibitor that induces DNA double strand breaks, leading to growth arrest and apoptosis. Consequently, VV has been engineered to express a more effective isoform of the CE enzyme. The virus’ tumour tropism should restrict enhanced conversion of CPT-11 to the tumour. Neither CPT-11 nor SN-38 interfered with VV replication or spread. Engineered recombinants expressed CE enzyme which, when combined with CPT-11, produced DNA double strand breaks and cancer cell death. In vitro, the combination of CE-virus and CPT-11 killed more K-562 cancer cells than its non-CE counterpart and CPT-11.
97

Design of New Up-conversion Systems for Anticancer Therapies

Anaya González, Cristina 19 July 2021 (has links)
[ES] El cáncer es una de las principales causas de muerte a nivel mundial. Los tratamientos anticancerígenos generalmente usados tienen diversos efectos secundarios producidos por su baja especificidad. Esta es una de las razones por las que se sigue en continua búsqueda de nuevos tratamientos. Dentro de estas nuevas investigaciones se encuentra el extenso campo de la nanomedicina, es decir, el estudio de nuevos materiales a escala nanométrica. Esta permite reducir dichos efectos secundarios aumentando la selectividad y especificidad de los tratamientos. Dentro de los nanomateriales se encuentran las nanopartículas de upconversion que son capaces de absorber luz en el infrarrojo cercano y emitirla en la región ultravioleta-visible. Por otro lado, desde el principio de la historia de la medicina la luz se ha empleado como forma de tratamiento teniendo un rol muy importante. Un inconveniente para dichos tratamientos suele ser la necesidad de emplear luz de la región ultravioleta-visible, pues las biomoléculas son capaces de absorber y produce daño celular. En este contexto, la presente Tesis Doctoral se centra en el estudio de nuevas formas de tratamiento anticancerígeno combinando nanomedicina y luz. Para ello se han desarrollado nuevos fármacos fototóxicos y nuevos materiales capaces de ser activados mediante luz infrarroja cercana. En primer lugar, se sintetizaron nuevas fluoroquinolonas para explorar sus propiedades fototóxicas para su uso en fotoquimioterapia (Capítulo 3 de la Tesis). Se estudiaron las características fotofísicas y fotoquímicas de los nuevos compuestos, además de su capacidad para producir mayor fototoxicidad en las células en comparación con las fluoroquinolonas como la lomefloxacina mediante la aplicación de luz ultravioleta. En base a los resultados obtenidos se realizó un estudio para determinar las diferencias entre las interacciones de algunas fluoroquinolonas dihalogenadas, incluidas las comentadas anteriormente, y biomoléculas como ADN y proteínas. La reactividad de sus intermedios fotogenerados también se estudió en el Capítulo 4. Tras conocer en profundidad la capacidad fototóxica de los nuevos fármacos, en el Capítulo 5 se llevó a cabo el diseño de un nanosistema compuesto por fluoroquinolonas y nanopartículas de conversión ascendente. Se demostró la alta capacidad fototóxica de este nuevo nanosistema. De esta manera, se generó actividad fototóxica a partir de una fluoroquinolona sin el uso de luz ultravioleta Por otro lado, la formación de profármacos abre la puerta a la administración selectiva de fármacos contra el cáncer. Los profármacos consisten en la unión fotolábil de una molécula capaz de ser activada por la luz y el fármaco de interés. Sin embargo, un conocimiento profundo de las propiedades fotofísicas y fotoquímicas del fotodisparador y de los potenciales redox de ambos miembros de la diada puede ser crucial para obtener la fotoliberación deseada. Así, en el Capítulo 6, se destacó la relevancia de estos datos utilizando un profármaco formado por un derivado de cumarina como molécula fotoactivable y colchicina como fármaco. Finalmente, en el Capítulo 7 se exploró la síntesis de un nuevo nanosistema que contiene un profármaco formado por un derivado de cumarina unido al fármaco contra el cáncer clorambucilo y nanopartículas biocomatibles de conversión ascendente. La adición de albúmina de suero humano como recubrimiento de las nanopartículas cumple la doble función de obtener nanopartículas biocompatibles y ser el lugar de carga del profármaco. / [CA] El càncer és una de les principals causes de mort a nivell mundial. Els tractaments anticancerígens generalment usats tenen diversos efectes secundaris produïts per la seva baixa especificitat. Aquesta és una de les raons per les que se segueix en contínua recerca de nous tractaments. Dins d'aquestes noves investigacions es troba l'extens camp de la nanomedicina, és a dir, l'estudi de nous materials a escala nanomètrica. Aquesta permet reduir aquests efectes secundaris augmentant la selectivitat i especificitat dels tractaments. Dins dels nanomaterials es troben les nanopartícules de upconversion que són capaços d'absorbir llum en l'infraroig proper i emetre-la en la regió ultraviolada-visible. D'altra banda, des del principi de la història de la medicina la llum s'ha emprat com a forma de tractament tenint un paper molt important. Un inconvenient per aquests tractaments sol ser la necessitat d'emprar llum de la regió ultraviolada-visible, ja que les biomolècules són capaços d'absorbir-la i produïr dany cel·lular. En aquest context, la present Tesi Doctoral es centra en l'estudi de noves formes de tractament anticancerigen combinant nanomedicina i llum. Per això s'han desenvolupat nous fàrmacs fototòxics i nous materials capaços de ser activats mitjançant llum infraroja propera. En primer lloc, es van sintetitzar noves fluoroquinolones per explorar les seves propietats fototòxiques per al seu ús en fotoquimioteràpia (Capítol 3 de la Tesi). Es van estudiar les característiques fotofísiques i fotoquímiques dels nous compostos, a més de la seva capacitat per produir major fototoxicitat en les cèl·lules en comparació amb les fluoroquinolones com la lomefloxacina mitjançant l'aplicació de llum ultraviolada. En base als resultats obtinguts es va realitzar un estudi per determinar les diferències entre les interaccions d'algunes fluoroquinolones dihalogenades, incloses les comentades anteriorment, i biomolècules com ADN i proteïnes. La reactivitat de les seves intermedis fotogenerats també es va estudiar en el Capítol 4. Després de conèixer en profunditat la capacitat fototòxica dels nous fàrmacs, en el Capítol 5 es va dur a terme el disseny d'un nanosistema compost per fluoroquinolones i nanopartícules de upconversion. Es va demostrar l'alta capacitat fototòxica d'aquest nou nanosistema. D'aquesta manera, es va generar activitat fototòxica a partir d'una fluoroquinolona sense l'ús de llum ultraviolada D'altra banda, la formació de profàrmacs obre la porta a l'administració selectiva de fàrmacs contra el càncer. Els profàrmacs consisteixen en la unió fotolábil d'una molècula capaç de ser activada per la llum i el fàrmac d'interès. No obstant això, un coneixement profund de les propietats fotofísiques i fotoquímiques del fotodisparador i dels potencials redox de tots dos membres de la diada pot ser crucial per obtenir el fotoalliberament desitjada. Així, en el Capítol 6, es va destacar la rellevància d'aquestes dades utilitzant un profàrmac format per un derivat de cumarina com a molècula fotoactivable i colquicina com a fàrmac. Finalment, en el Capítol 7 es va explorar la síntesi d'un nou nanosistema que conté un profàrmac format per un derivat de cumarina unit a l'fàrmac contra el càncer clorambucilo i nanopartícules biocomatibles de upconversion. L'addició d'albúmina de sèrum humà com a recobriment de les nanopartícules compleix la doble funció d'obtenir nanopartícules biocompatibles i ser el lloc de càrrega del profàrmac. / [EN] Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Generally used anticancer treatments have various side effects produced by their low specificity. This is one of the reasons why the search for new treatments continues. Within these new investigations is the extensive field of nanomedicine, which can be explained as the study of new materials on a nanometric scale. It can be translated in the reduction of these side effects by increasing the selectivity and specificity of the treatments. Among the nanomaterials are upconversion nanoparticles that are capable of absorbing light in the near infrared and emit it in the ultraviolet-visible region. On the other hand, since the beginning of the history of medicine, light has been used as a form of treatment, having a very important role. A drawback for such treatments is sometimes the need to use light from the ultraviolet-visible region since biomolecules are capable of absorbing and causing cell damage. In this context, this Doctoral Thesis focuses on the study of new forms of anticancer treatment combining nanomedicine and light. For this, new phototoxic drugs and new materials capable of being activated by near infrared light have been developed. First, new fluoroquinolones were synthesized to explore their phototoxic properties for using in photochemotherapy (Chapter 3 of the Thesis). The photophysical and photochemical characteristics of the new compounds were studied, in addition to their ability to produce greater phototoxicity in cells than fluoroquinolones such as lomefloxacin by applying ultraviolet light. Based on the results obtained, a study was carried out to determine the differences between the interactions of some dihalogenated fluoroquinolones including the above commented, and biomolecules such as DNA and proteins. The reactivity of their photo-generated intermediates was also studied in Chapter 4. After a deep knowledge of the phototoxic capacity of the new drugs, design of a nanosystem composed of fluoroquinolones and upconversion nanoparticles was carried out in Chapter 5. The high phototoxic capacity of this new nanosystem was demonstrated. In this way phototoxic activity was generated from a fluoroquinolone without the use of ultraviolet light. On the other hand, the formation of prodrugs opens a door to the selective administration of anticancer drugs. Prodrugs consist of the photolabile binding of a molecule capable of being activated by light and the drug of interest. However, a knowledge of the photophysical and photochemical properties of the phototrigger as well as the redox potentials of both members of the dyad can be crucial to obtain the desired photorelease. Thus, in Chapter 6, the relevance of these data was highlighted using a prodrug formed by a coumarin derivative as a photoactivatable molecule and colchicine as a drug. Finally, in Chapter 7 the synthesis of a new nanosystem containing a prodrug formed by a derivative of coumarin linked to the anticancer drug chlorambucil, and upconversion biocompatible nanoparticles was explored. The addition of human serum albumin as a coating for the nanoparticles fulfills the dual function of obtaining biocompatible nanoparticles and being the loading site for the prodrug. / Anaya González, C. (2021). Design of New Up-conversion Systems for Anticancer Therapies [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172665 / TESIS
98

Augmentation de l’absorption intestinale à l’aide de promédicaments se liant aux gangliosides GM1

St-Jean, Isabelle 08 1900 (has links)
No description available.
99

Prodrogues Polymères Dégradables par Polymérisation Radicalaire par Ouverture de Cycle Contrôlée par les Nitroxydes / Degradable Polymer Prodrugs by Nitroxide-Mediated Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization

Guegain, Elise 28 November 2017 (has links)
La copolymérisation radicalaire par ouverture de cycle contrôlée par les nitroxydes entre les esters méthacryliques et les acétals de cétène cycliques a permis de synthétiser des copolymères vinyliques bien contrôlés et dégradables contenant des fonctions esters le long de la chaine polymère. Plus précisément, des copolymérisations entre le 2-méthylène-4-phenyl-1,3-dioxolane (MPDL) et l’oligo(éthylène glycol) méthyl éther méthacrylate (OEGMA) ou le méthacrylate de méthyle (MMA) ont été amorcées par une alkoxyamine basée sur le nitroxyde SG1. Des copolymères de type P(OEGMA-co-MPDL) et P(MMA-co-MPDL) ont été obtenus et dégradés hydrolytiquement en conditions accélérées ou physiologiques. Leurs cinétiques de dégradation furent également comparées à celles de polyesters traditionnels (e.g., PLGA, PLA and PCL) où il a été montré que la dégradation des copolymères de P(OEGMA-co-MPDL) pouvait être ajustée par la stœchiométrie initiale en monomères et qu’elle se situait entre celles du PLA et du PCL. En revanche, les copolymères de P(MMA-co-MPDL), plus hydrophobes, ont présenté une hydrolyse très lente, bien inférieure à celle du PCL. Dans un deuxième temps, une nouvelle famille de prodrogues polymères dégradable a été synthétisé par copolymérisation radicalaire par ouverture de cycle contrôlée par les nitroxydes entre le MPDL et l’OEGMA ou le MMA, à partir d’un amorceur couplé à un principe actif (méthode du principe actif amorceur). Pour ce faire, la Gemcitabine, un principe actif anticancéreux, a été couplé à une alcoxyamine à base SG1 qui fut ensuite utilisée pour amorcer la réaction de copolymérisation. Les copolymères ainsi obtenus ont montré des propriétés de libération de la Gem et des activités cytotoxiques sur différentes lignées cellulaires en relation avec la nature de l’ester méthacrylique utilisé, la nature de la liaison entre la Gem et le copolymère ainsi que le taux de MPDL dans le copolymère. Cette étude nous a permis d’extraire des relations de type structure-activité importantes pour des développements futurs. / Nitroxide-mediated radical ring-opening copolymerization of methacrylic esters and cyclic ketene acetals was investigated and enabled the synthesis of well-defined degradable vinyl copolymers containing ester groups along the main chain, whose amount was readily adjusted by changing the initial comonomer feed. More specifically, the copolymerizations of 2-methylene-4-phenyl-1,3-dioxolane (MPDL) and either oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA) or methyl methacrylate (MMA) were initiated by an alkoxyamine initiator based on the SG1 nitroxide. It led to a library of P(OEGMA-co-MPDL) and P(MMA-co-MPDL) materials that were hydrolytically degraded under both accelerated and physiological conditions. Their hydrolytic degradation kinetics were also benchmarked against traditional polyesters (e.g., PLGA, PLA and PCL) where P(OEGMA-co-MPDL) copolymers showed tunable degradation rates as function of the MPDL content, being in between those of PLA and PCL. Conversely, the more hydrophobic P(MMA-co-MPDL) copolymers exhibited much slower hydrolysis than that of PCL. In a second step, a new class of degradable polymer prodrugs was developed by nitroxide-mediated radical ring-opening copolymerization of MPDL with OEGMA or MMA, from a drug-bearing initiator (‘drug-initiated’ method). To do so, Gemcitabine, an anticancer drug, was derivatized with a SG1-based alkoxyamine to initiate the copolymerization reaction. The resulting degradable polymer prodrugs exhibited interesting characteristics in terms of drug release and in vitro cytotoxicity, depending on the nature of the methacrylic ester used, the nature of the linker between the drug and the polymer and the MPDL content. This study enabled us to extract important structure-activity relationships of great importance for further development.
100

Evaluierung des Antibody Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy-Konzepts im Mammakarzinom- und Lymphom-Mausmodell / Evaluation of Antibody Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy-concept in mammary carcinoma- and lymphoma-mouse model

Zientkowska, Marta 04 July 2007 (has links)
No description available.

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