Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T17:05:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 18 / Nenhuma / Frente às freqüentes mudanças no mercado consumidor, as empresas precisam se adequar aos novos cenários. As estratégias de produção e de capacidade podem auxiliar nesse processo, especialmente se for possível formular e testar alternativas em ambientes paralelos antes mesmo de serem aplicados na fábrica real. As dificuldades encontradas nas empresas estão associadas à adequação (ou não) dos modelos existentes na literatura sobre o tema, bem como, a base de informações sobre a qual são tomadas as decisões de capacidade. Os conceitos de gargalo de produção, de eficiência global dos recursos e a lógica de análise capacidade versus demanda e tomada de decisão são discutidos e avaliados no conjunto da análise da capacidade fabril. Um Modelo de Tomada de Decisão é proposto, englobando as estratégias de capacidade nos níveis: operacional – Método de Gestão de Rotinas; tático – Método de Gestão de Melhorias; e estratégico – Método de Gestão Estratégica de Longo Prazo. Através de estudo de caso foram avaliadas as dife / Considering the frequent changes in the consumer market, companies need to adapt to the new sceneries. Production strategies and capacity can assist in this process, especially if it is possible formulating and testing before applying it in the real plant. The difficulties found by the companies in this business are associated with adjusting (or not) the models found in the literature about the subject, and the information base on which capacity decisions are made. The concepts of production bottleneck and the overall efficiency of resources, and the logic CXD analysis and decision-making are discussed and evaluated throughout the analysis of manufacturing capacity. A Model of Decision-making is proposed, including strategies in different levels: operational – Method Management Routines; tactical - Method Management Improvements, and strategic - Method Management of Long-term Strategic. Through the study of case research methodology, the differences in use of the CXD Tool in different perspectives of decision

This thesis develops quantitative methods for evaluation and design of large-scale biofuel production systems with a particular focus on bioreactor-based fuel systems. In Chapter 2, a lifecycle assessment (LCA) method is integrated with chemical process modeling to select from different process designs the one that maximizes the energy efficiency and minimizes the environmental impact of a production system. An algae-based ethanol production technology, which is in the process of commercialization, is used as a case study. Motivated by this case study, Chapter 3 studies the selection of process designs and production capacity of highly distributed bioreactor-based fuel system from an economic perspective. Nonlinear optimization models based on net present value maximization are developed that aim at selecting the optimal capacities of production equipment for both integrated and distributed-centralized process designs on symmetric production layouts. Global sensitivity analysis based on Monte Carlo estimates is performed to show the impact of different parameters on the optimal capacity decision and the corresponding net present value. Conditional Value at Risk optimization is used to compare the optimal capacity for a risk-neutral planner versus a risk-averse decision maker. Chapter 4 studies mobile distributed processing in biofuel industry as vehicle routing problem and production equipment location with an underlying pipeline network as facility location problem with a focus on general production costs. Formulations and algorithms are developed to explore how fixed cost and concavity in the production cost increases the theoretical complexity of these problems.

A demanda por combustível nuclear para reatores de pesquisa está aumentando em nível mundial, enquanto várias de suas fábricas têm pequeno volume de produção. Este trabalho estabeleceu um modelo conceitual com duas estratégias para o aumento da capacidade produtiva dessas fábricas. Foram abordadas as fábricas que produzem elementos combustíveis tipo placa carregados com LEU U3Si2-Al, tipicamente usados em reatores nucleares de pesquisa. A primeira estratégia baseia-se na literatura da área de administração da produção e é uma prática frequente nas fábricas em geral. A segunda estratégia aproveita a possibilidade de desmembrar setores produtivos, comum em instalações de produção de combustível nuclear. Ambas as estratégias geraram diferentes cenários de produção, os quais devem ser seguros em relação à criticalidade. Foram coletados dados de uma fábrica real de combustível nuclear para reatores de pesquisa. As duas estratégias foram aplicadas a esses dados com a finalidade de testar o modelo proposto, o que configurou um estudo de caso. A aplicação das estratégias aos dados coletados deu-se por meio de simulação de eventos discretos em computador. Foram criados diversos modelos de simulação para abranger todos os cenários gerados, de forma que o teste indicou um aumento da capacidade produtiva de até 207% sem necessidade de aquisição de novos equipamentos. Os resultados comprovam que o modelo atingiu plenamente o objetivo proposto. Como principal conclusão pode-se apontar a eficácia do modelo proposto, fato que foi validado pelos dados da fábrica. / Although many nuclear fuel factories have small production volumes, the demand for nuclear fuel for research reactors is increasing worldwide. This work established a conceptual model with two strategies to increase the production capacity of these factories. We addressed factories that produce plate-type fuel elements loaded with LEU U3Si2-Al, which are typically used in nuclear research reactors. The first strategy is based on production management literature and is a regular practice in general manufacturing plants. The second strategy takes advantage of the fact that productive sectors can be separated in nuclear fuel production facilities. Both strategies have generated different production scenarios that are assumed to be safe in relation to nuclear criticality. We collected data from a real plant that produces nuclear fuel for research reactors and applied the model to that data, aiming to test the proposed model by setting up a case study. Through the use of computer software, we applied the two strategies to this data by means of discrete events simulation and created several simulation models in order to cover all generated scenarios. Our tests indicated an increase of up to 207% in productive capacity without the need of acquiring new equipment, thus showing that the model has fully achieved its proposed objective. One of the main conclusions that we point out is the models effectiveness, which was validated by the factory data.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T13:32:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Controle do crescimento e desenvolvimento de pereiras pelo uso de prohexadiona cálcio e poda de raiz - Bruno Carra, 2015.pdf: 3206241 bytes, checksum: ccaa782b0aea9ddeab64403218aa5353 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T18:50:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Controle do crescimento e desenvolvimento de pereiras pelo uso de prohexadiona cálcio e poda de raiz - Bruno Carra, 2015.pdf: 3206241 bytes, checksum: ccaa782b0aea9ddeab64403218aa5353 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T18:50:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Controle do crescimento e desenvolvimento de pereiras pelo uso de prohexadiona cálcio e poda de raiz - Bruno Carra, 2015.pdf: 3206241 bytes, checksum: ccaa782b0aea9ddeab64403218aa5353 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O excesso de crescimento vegetativo em pereiras é uma das principais preocupações dos produtores, pois resulta em sérios efeitos negativos no pomar, como a baixa formação de estruturas produtivas e competição com o crescimento dos frutos. A incerteza da mão de obra futura e o alto custo gerado pela poda mobilizam o desenvolvimento de pesquisas para reduzir o tempo de poda através de métodos mecânicos e substâncias químicas. A utilização de fitorreguladores é uma das alternativas mais promissoras para manejar o crescimento vegetativo de pereiras, sendo a prohexadiona cálcio (P-Ca) o principal deles. Outra técnica promissora no controle do crescimento vegetativo é a poda de raiz, que surge como uma alternativa ao uso de fitorreguladores. A P-Ca reduz o crescimento de ramos através do bloqueio da biossíntese de giberelinas, as quais regulam o crescimento longitudinal dos ramos. Já, a poda de raiz atua reduzindo o fluxo de nutrientes, água e hormônios para a parte superior da planta limitando o crescimento dos ramos. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi de avaliar o controle do crescimento vegetativo e a capacidade produtiva de pereiras em função da P-Ca e da poda de raiz. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos: 1) P-Ca foi aplicado em pereiras ‘Le Conte’ e ‘Smith’ em pomar comercial no município de Antônio Prado, RS, Brasil. Ambas cultivares foram tratadas com doses de 100, 200, 300 e 400 mg L-1 de ingrediente ativo (i. a.), aplicadas uma única vez na safra e também quando observado retorno do crescimento dos ramos; 2) Pereiras ‘Shinseiki’ foram submetidas à poda de raiz e à aplicação de P-Ca no campo experimental da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brasil. As plantas foram submetidas à poda de raiz em um e dois lados, P-Ca nas doses de 300 e 600 mg L-1 de i. a. e poda de raiz em um lado da planta + P-Ca a 300 mg L-1 de i. a.. Todos os tratamentos com P-Ca receberam aplicação quando os ramos apresentavam 2,5-5 cm, sendo a poda de raiz realizada no final do mês de agosto, duas a três semanas antes do início da floração. Os resultados mais importantes são apresentados separadamente para cada experimento: 1) P-Ca foi eficiente na redução do crescimento dos ramos de pereiras ‘Le Conte’ e ‘Smith’, não sendo necessária a reaplicação do fitorregulador ao longo da safra em pereiras ‘Le Conte’. O mesmo não afetou a produção de ambas cultivares, mas o retorno da floração na cultivar Smith foi afetado negativamente. 2) A poda de raiz e a P-Ca foram eficientes na redução do crescimento vegetativo de pereiras ‘Shinseiki’, diminuindo a necessidade de poda verde e hibernal. No entanto, a capacidade produtiva de pereiras ‘Shinseiki’ foi afetada negativamente pela P-Ca na dose de 600 mg L-1, enquanto que a poda de raiz em um lado da planta + 300 mg L-1 de P-Ca reduziu a massa média dos frutos. Dessa forma a P-Ca e a poda de raiz são ferramentas de manejo promissoras para reduzir o crescimento de ramos e a necessidade de poda em pereiras, recomendando-se que sejam utilizadas separadamente. / The excessive vegetative growth in pear trees is one of the major concerns of producers, because it results in serious negative effects on the orchard, such as low formation of productive structures and competition with fruit growth. The uncertainty of the future workforce and the high cost generated by pruning mobilize the development of research to reduce the time of pruning by mechanical resources and chemicals. The use of plant growth regulators is one of the most promising alternatives for handling the vegetative growth of pear and prohexadione calcium (PCa) is the main one. Another promising technique in the vegetative growth control is the root pruning, which is an alternative to the use of plant growth regulators. The PCa reduces shoot growth by blocking the biosynthesis of gibberellins, which regulate the longitudinal growth of the shoots. The root pruning works by reducing the flow of nutrients, hormones and water to the top of the plant, limiting the shoot growth. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the control of vegetative growth and the productive capacity of pears depending on the P-Ca and root pruning. Two experiments were conducted: 1) P-Ca was applied in pear 'Le Conte' and 'Smith' in a commercial orchard in Antônio Prado, RS, Brazil. Both cultivars were treated with doses of 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg L-1 active ingredient (a. i.), the doses were applied once in the growth cycle and also when observed return of shoot growth; 2) Pear 'Shinseiki' was submitted to root pruning and application of P-Ca in the experimental field of Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil. The plants were treated with root pruning in one and two sides, P-Ca at doses of 300 and 600 mg L-1 a. i. and root pruning in one side of the plant + P-Ca 300 mg L-1 a. i.. All treatments with P-Ca application were done when the branches had 2.5-5 cm, and the root pruning occurred at the end of August, two to three weeks before the beginning of flowering. The most important results are presented separately for each experiment: 1) P-Ca was effective in reducing the shoot growth of pear 'Le Conte' and 'Smith', not requiring reapplication of the plant growth regulator during the crop in pear 'Le Conte '. The same did not affect the production of both cultivars, but the return bloom in cultivar Smith was negatively affected, decreasing the return of production. 2) The root pruning and P-Ca were effective in reducing the vegetative growth of pear 'Shinseiki', reducing both summer and winter pruning. However, the production capacity of pear 'Shinseiki' was negatively affected by the P-Ca 600 mg L-1, while the root pruning at a side of the plant + P-Ca 300 mg L-1 reduced the average fruit weight. Thus, the P-Ca and the root pruning are promising management tools to reduce shoot growth and the need for pruning in pear trees. It is recommended to use them separately.

The topic of the thesis is Proposal of Business Expansion - Building-up of Packaging Unit. The proposal is based on the analysis of the current production capacity and production equipment, and on the analysis of money management and ascertained shortcomings. On the basis of the carried out analysis a proposal for building-up of a new production unit and a recommendation on purchase of new machine equipment has been made. A calculation of investment costs is a part of the proposal.

The competition between manufacturing companies is constantlyincreasing. There is therefore a need for continuously improvingproduction control and production planning. The requirements arepartly founded on higher customer expectations on quality anddelivery precision. These requirements make manufacturing operationsmore demanding. To become more competitive, companies often turn tovirtual engineering tools with the intention of finding improvementsproposals that are not always completely obvious. The aim of this thesis work was to identify bottlenecks that limitsystem line production with the help of discrete event simulationand to identify improvement proposals that were able to reduce theproduction lead time. The work has been carried out at ABB inLudvika at the department for manufacturing the outer casing forpower transformers. The reliability of the study was ensured byusing a mixture of qualitative and quantitative data collectionmethods that complemented each other appropriately. Process mappingand collected data were the bases a simulation model, which is thebasis for the achieved work result. Analysis of the simulation results gave strong indications that aspecific operation in the production line needed to be improved andthe need to better balance operator capacity within the line. Theprocess mapping and data analysis highligthted the need for thecompany to work more with process standardisation. The finalimprovement proposals submitted to the company are intended toincrease the delivery precision and production capacity / Konkurrensen mellan tillverkande företag ökar ständigt, behovet avkontinuerlig effektivisering av produktionsstyrning och planering ärsåledes ett faktum. Tillverkning försvåras samtidigt då kunderförväntar sig allt mer kvalitativa och unika produkter med högleveransprecision. För att bli mer konkurrenskraftig vänder sig oftaföretag till virtuella hjälpmedel med avseendet att finnaförbättringsförslag som inte alltid är helt självklara. Syftet med arbetet var att identifiera eventuella flaskhalsar sombegränsar produktionen med hjälp av händelsestyrd simulering och attidentifiera förbättringsförslag som påverkar produktionskapaciteten.Arbetet har utförts på ABB i Ludvika vid avdelningen förtillverkning av ytterhöljet till transformatorer. Studienstillförlitlighet säkerställdes genom användandet av en blandningmellan kvalitativa och kvantitativa datainsamlingsmetoder somkompletterade varandra. Processkartläggning och datainsamling vargrunden för att ta fram en valid simuleringsmodell som var grund fördet uppnådda arbetsresultatet. Analys av simuleringsresultatet gav starka indikationer på att enspecifik operation i produktionen behövde justeras samt attföretaget behöver jobba med balansering av operatörs resurser föratt bättre möta kapacitetsbehovet. Utöver detta finns det ettfortsatt behov att arbeta med process standardisering. Deslutgiltiga förbättringsförslagen som lämnats till företaget ärvägledande för att öka leveransprecisionen ochproduktionskapaciteten.

En viktig aspekt för att få ett företag att bli så framgångsrikt som möjligt är att ha en träffsäker kapacitetsprognostisering av produktionen. En kapacitetsprognostisering hjälper ett företag att förutse och planera sin produktion för att kunna uppfylla den framtida efterfrågan. Därför är det av stor betydelse att prognostiseringen av kapaciteten är träffsäker. Detta är huvudområdet i denna examensrapport. Rapportens författare kom under vårterminen 2016 i kontakt med produktionsenheten PET-Turbuhaler på AstraZeneca i Södertälje. De efterfrågade en träffsäker modell för deras kapacitetsprognostisering på lång sikt, 12-24 månader. Examensarbetets syfte har därför sammanställts i en huvudfrågeställning som lyder; Vilket arbetssätt är det bästa för att PET-Turbuhaler ska uppnå en träffsäker produktionskapacitetsprognostisering på 12-24 månader? För att besvara frågeställningen genomfördes en förstudie, en litteraturstudie samt en intern och en extern benchmarking som alla analyserades och sammanställdes. Förstudien gav en övergripande bild av hur arbetet med den Microsoft Excel-modell som PET-Turbuhaler använder idag fungerar. Dessutom framkom vilka problem som de anställda ser att det finns med den nuvarande modellen. Författarna har även gjort egna analyser av PET-Turbuhalers kapacitetsmodell. Litteraturstudien som gjordes visar bland annat varför det är en skillnad mellan teoretisk och verklig kapacitet. För att beräkna den verkliga produktionskapaciteten behöver anläggningens schemalagda kapacitetsförluster (t.ex. lunch, möten), kapacitetsbortfall (t.ex. maskinhaveri, ställtid) och ej planerad verksamhet (t.ex. defekter) subtraheras från anläggningens teoretiska kapacitetstillgång, d.v.s. när anläggningen är igång dygnet runt, året om. Analysen visade att den modell som PET-Turbuhaler använder idag omfattar i stort sett samma parametrar som den modell litteraturen hänvisar till. Examensarbetarna insåg därför att PET-Turbuhalers problem med en bristande kapacitetsprognos på lång sikt inte nödvändigtvis ligger i den modell som används idag utan snarare i hur modellen används. Det har kommit upp till ytan att parametrar inom den nuvarande modellen inte uppdateras kontinuerligt med aktuell indata. Detta gör att gammal produktionsdata som är inaktuell ligger till grund för den kapacitetsprognos som görs på lång sikt. Frågeställningen kunde besvaras utifrån det underlag som tagits fram i analysen. Det mest intressanta resultatet blev att PET-Turbuhalers kapacitetsprognos på kort sikt inte är lika träffsäker som man tidigare trott. Följden av detta är att ett bra fungerande standardiserat arbete för den korta prognosen behöver utformas för att i framtiden få en träffsäkrare prognos på lång sikt. Efter diskussioner av resultatet kunde examensarbetarna slutligen komma fram till rekommendationer för hur PET-Turbuhaler bör fortsätta arbeta. Några av rekommendationerna är att utvärdera insamlad data kontinuerligt, ha regelbundna möten mellan produktionstekniker och gruppchefer samt att montera en sensor, som kan registrera output-takten, längst ner i flödet på produktionslinorna. / A company needs an accurate capacity plan to become successful. The capacity plan is an important tool for planning and anticipating production which is essential to be able to meet future demands. It is therefore of great importance to get an accurate forecasting of the production capacity, which is the main topic of this report. During the spring semester 2016, the authors of this report were contacted by the production unit PET-Turbuhaler at AstraZeneca in Södertälje. PET-Turbuhaler requested an accurate model for the long term, 12-24 months, forecasting of their production capacity. From this problem, a research question has been formulated into; Which is the best way for PET-Turbuhaler to work to reach an accurate long term, 12-24 months, production capacity prognosis? A pre-study, a literature study and an internal and an external benchmarking were conducted in order to answer the research question. The result from these were afterwards compiled and analyzed. The pre-study at PET-Turbuhaler gave an overview of the work with the current Microsoft Excel-model and its associated problems. The pre-study did also consist of the authors’ own analysis of PET-Turbuhalers capacity model. The literature study was made to investigate how theory advocates the work with capacity forecasting. It showed a difference between theoretical and real capacity. The real capacity is calculated by subtracting the plant’s scheduled and nonscheduled capacity losses (such as time losses for lunch, meetings, set-ups, machine breakdowns and defects from production) from the theoretical capacity. The theoretical capacity of the plant is the capacity when the plant runs 24 hours a day every day of the year. The analysis showed that the current model PET-Turbuhaler use today consist of more or less the same parameters as the literature suggests. The authors could therefore realize that the current model is not necessarily the main problem at this stage. The biggest problem is rather how the current model is being used by the employees. Parameters within the current model are not continuously updated with right data as PET-Turbuhaler thought. The consequence of this is that the long term forecasting is based on out-of-date data even though new and more accurate data is available. The research question can be answered based on the analysis. The most interesting result was the insight that the short term forecasting is not as accurate as PET-Turbuhaler believed. This gives, in order to achieve a good long term forecasting, that PET-Turbuhaler must first improve their short term forecasting by establishing a standardized way of working with the model. Only then can the long term forecasting be accurate. Through discussions regarding the result the authors were able to suggest improvements on how PET-Turbuhaler could work to reach an accurate long term forecast of their production capacity prognosis. The recommendations include continuous evaluation of collected data, regular meetings between production support and production line managers and the benefit of using a sensor, in the end of the production line, to registrate the output rate.

Sammanfattning Dagens industriföretag strävar ständigt efter en ökad effektivitet samtidigt som de vill hållanere kostnaderna för att öka sin konkurrenskraft (Sörqvist, 2013). För att minska kostnaderoch förbättra produktionssystem är det därför viktigt att ha en väl planeradproduktionslayout (Chittratanawat och Noble, 1999). Två olika produktionslayouter ärfunktionsorienterad produktionslayout och flödesorienterad produktionslayout. För att mätaoch analysera en process i en produktionslayout kan genomloppstid användas (Lin, 2008).De variabler som utgör genomloppstid i denna studie är ställtid, bearbetningstid, PIA-lageroch transporttid. Syftet med denna studie är att analysera hur egenskaper för enproduktionsprocess påverkar vilken produktionslayout som är att föredra. Ett specifikt syfteär att analysera hur genomloppstid påverkas vid förändring av produktionslayout. I denna studie har en fallstudie genomförts för att studera en befintlig produktionslayout somkan ställas mot en annan tänkbar produktionslayout genom simulering för att analyseraeffekten av layoutförändringen. BoKlok valdes som fallföretag eftersom de uppfyllde dennastudies två kriterier; ha en viss grad av flödesorienterad produktionslayout och funktionsorienterad produktionslayout samt minst en identifierad flaskhals i produktionen.För att simulera resultatet av layoutförändringen användes Monte Carlo-simulering eftersom det är ett användbart verktyg för simulering av komplexa system. Resultatet av mätningarna i nulägesanalysen visar att PIA-lager står för 99,14 % av dentotala genomloppstiden för den utvalda processen och att layoutförändringen resulterar i attden totala genomloppstiden minskar med 99,51 %. Om man bortser från PIA-lager minskargenomloppstiden för den utvalda processen med 45,25 %. En annan positiv effekt somdenna studie visar är att 380 fler ytterväggar kan tillverkas per år, givet att tillverkningensker i ett konstant flöde. Detta innebär en procentuell ökning med 82,61 % avproduktionseffekten. Denna studie visar att layoutförändringen har negativ inverkan påbearbetande maskiners utnyttjandegrad. Studien visar att utnyttjandegraden för den maskinsom bearbetar gipsskivor minskar med 96,54 %. En begränsning är att denna studie enbart har studerat en delprocess i produktionen.Layoutförändringen kan ge effekter på andra delar i produktionen som inte har studerats idenna studie. Det är möjligt att det uppstår ledtider i andra delprocesser i produktionen sominte syns genom att analysera den utvalda processen i produktionen. Slutsatsen som kan dras efter att resultatet analyserats är att genomloppstiden för denutvalda delprocessen minskade vid en ökning av flödesorienterad produktionslayouteftersom samtliga fyra variabler som utgör genomloppstid i denna studie minskade. / The industrial companies of today are constantly striving for increased efficiency meanwhiletrying to keep down costs to increase their competitiveness (Sörqvist, 2013). In order todecrease costs and improve manufacturing layouts it is important to have a well-plannedmanufacturing layout (Chittratanawat and Noble, 1999). Two different types ofmanufacturing layouts are the functional manufacturing layout and the cell manufacturinglayout. Throughput time can be used to measure and analyse a process in a manufacturinglayout (Lin, 2008). The variables that make out the throughput time in this study are set-uptime, operating time, WIP inventory and time of transportation. The aim of this study is toanalyze how the characteristics of a production process affect which production layout ispreferable. A specific aim of this study is to analyze how throughput time is affected by achange in the manufacturing layout. In this study a case study has been made to study an existing manufacturing layout that canbe compared to a possible manufacturing layout by simulation, to analyse the effect of achange in the manufacturing layout. BoKlok was chosen as suitable company for the casestudy as the company fulfilled the two criteria of this study; a certain level of functionalmanufacturing layout and cell manufacturing layout and at least one identified bottle neck inthe production. To simulate the result of the manufacturing layout Monte Carlo-simulationwas used, as it is a useful tool for simulation of complex systems. The result of the measures in the current situation analysis shows that the WIP inventorystands for 99,14 % of the total throughput time for the chosen process and that the change inthe layout results in that the total throughput time is decreased by 99,51 %. If the WIPinventory is disregarded the throughput time of the chosen process is decreased by 45,25 %.Another positive effect shown in this study is that 380 more outer walls can be produced peryear given that the manufacturing is in a constant flow. This means an increased percentilein the production effect by 82,61 %. This study shows that the change in the layout has anegative effect on the utilization of the processing machines. The study also shows that theutilization of the machine that processes plasterboards is reduced by 96,54 %. A limitation of this study is that only one sub process in production was studied. The layoutchange can have an effect on other parts of the production that has not been studied in thisstudy. It is possible that lead times emerge in other sub processes of the production, whichwill show by analyzing the chosen process in the production. The conclusion that can be drawn from the analyzed result is that the throughput time for thechosen sub process was decreased by an increased level of cell manufacturing layoutbecause all four variables that make up the throughput time in this study were decreased.

This research focuses on understanding the defense industry of Sweden and the Republic of Korea (ROK), two middle powers renowned for advanced technology and weapon self-sufficiency. Previous studies have not explained why Sweden and Korea are competitive in the defense industry. This research aims to answer the question: What determinant factors have made ROK and Sweden to develop competitive defense industries on their own with sophisticated technology? The study seeks to enrich our understanding of the defense industry in Sweden and the ROK. Utilizing a case study approach, this research closely examines the specific contexts influencing the defense industries of these countries. The key findings are that Sweden needs to strike a balance by expanding government-led arms production facilities. In contrast, ROK needs to cooperate more actively with its allies, including the U.S. This thesis contributes by presenting future development directions based on the results.

The textile and fashion industry is known for its globalized value chain and the numerous negative environmental impacts it entails. Textile production in Sweden was common until the 1970 ´s, when the production moved to other countries to achieve cost benefits. Today, over 80% of the clothing and home textiles that are consumed in Sweden, is produced in countries not belonging to the European Union. Aside from long transport distances, these countries often have a lack of environmental legislation. This study examines experts in the textile and fashion industry, fashion companies and a manufacturing company with the help of qualitative semi-structured interviews to identify fashion companies' attitude to establishing part of their production in Sweden. In addition to this, the study aims to investigate the conditions required for production in Sweden to be economically and environmentally sustainable, in order to shed light on, and contribute to, knowledge about the conditions required to enable Swedish production in the fashion industry. The results of the study identify economic- and production capacity as two of the biggest challenges in relation to Swedish-produced fashion. Concurrently, several economic- and environmental aspects, technical development and automation are highlighted as opportunities by both experts, fashion companies and the manufacturing company. The study's respondents consistently show a positive attitude towards Swedish production, yet attention is drawn to a wait-and-see attitude among the fashion companies towards establishing part of their production in Sweden.