O presente trabalho investiga os processos de produção do mobiliário urbano, considerando todas as suas etapas e procedimentos, desde as mais prematuras, que precedem o projecto e desenvolvimento, às de fim de vida, de recolha e reutilização ou reciclagem. Tem como fim aferir quais os princípios e procedimentos que permitirão o maior contributo destes equipamentos e artefactos para a sustentabilidade do espaço público e da cidade de que fazem parte. Cruza os conceitos contemporâneos de sustentabilidade, segundo uma perspectiva abrangente e efectivamente multidimensional, com uma análise da evolução do contexto de inserção do mobiliário urbano, que é a cidade e o seu espaço público, sobretudo segundo a sua vertente de desempenho e uso para com os cidadãos e a sociedade. Para tal sistematiza os principais desafios que estão actualmente lançados a esse contexto de inserção. Efectua também uma análise dos processos e atribuições contemporâneos, para o que apresenta um conjunto de casos de mobiliário urbano implantado recentemente em Lisboa, a par de outros que se julgaram pertinentes e importantes para a devida contextualização e confrontação. Os dados foram recolhidos a partir da observação dos equipamentos no seu local de implantação, assim como das entrevistas àqueles que foram os principais intervenientes do processo em questão e da documentação afim por eles fornecida. É ainda efectuada uma avaliação de teste de alguns dos casos analisados. Este enquadramento, em conjunto com a elencagem do que poderão ser os melhores e maiores contributos do mobiliário urbano para a solução dos referidos desafios, permite também uma consolidação do seu conceito, dos princípios, processos, atribuições e procedimentos, no sentido de corresponder devidamente às necessidades e expectativas dos utilizadores do espaço público. Finalmente, evidencia a importância do mobiliário urbano e a necessidade da sua diversificação para o reforço da natureza do espaço público e do seu papel no contexto da cidade e da sociedade. Meio de partilha e consequente poupança de recursos, assim como de equilíbrio entre a globalização e a localidade, para além de propiciar o encontro, a socialização e o reforço da identidade social, o mobiliário urbano poderá dar um contributo polifacetado e multidimensional. Palavras-chave: Mobiliário urbano, processos de produção, sustentabilidade, espaço público, design urbano / This work investigates the production processes of street furniture, considering all steps and procedures, from the most premature, prior to the design and development, to end-of-life, disposal and recycling or reuse. It aims to assess the principles and procedures that will allow the best contribution of these artifacts to public space and city sustainability. The study crosses contemporary concepts of sustainability, according to a comprehensive multidimensional perspective, with an analysis of street furniture’s evolution within its context, the city and its public space, considering particularly its performance and usage to citizens and society. In this scope, the study determines what main challenges may be considered nowadays to the referring context, the public space and the city. It also carries out an analysis of contemporary processes and features, presenting a number of cases of street furniture recently introduced in Lisbon, along with others considered relevant and important for comparison and better contextualization. Data was collected from the observation of the artifacts in their place, as well as from interviews to those who were key players in those procedures, together with related documentation provided by them. An evaluation test of some of the cases was also made. This framework, together with a systematization of what may be the main street furniture’s contributions to the referred biggest challenges, also allows a consolidation of the concept, principles, processes, tasks and procedures for street furniture, in order to respond appropriately to the needs and expectations of public space users. Finally, this study highlights the importance of street furniture and the need for diversification in order to strengthen the nature of public space, as well as its role, to the city and society. Hence, as a mean to share and (consequently) save resources, as well as to balance globalization and locality, besides socialization and social identity strengthening, street furniture can contribute to answer today’s challenges in a multipurpose and multidimensional way. / El presente trabajo investiga los procesos de producción del mobiliario urbano, considerando todas sus etapas y procedimientos, desde las más tempranas, que preceden al proyecto y su desarrollo, hasta las del final de vida útil, recogida y reutilización o reciclado. Su finalidad es evaluar cuáles son los principios y procedimientos que permitirán una mayor contribución de estos equipamientos y artefactos a la sostenibilidad del espacio público y de la ciudad de los que forman parte. Se combinan en él los conceptos contemporáneos de sostenibilidad, según una perspectiva incluyente y efectivamente multidimensional, con un análisis de la evolución del contexto de inserción del mobiliario urbano, que es la ciudad y su espacio público, sobre todo según su vertiente de funcionalidad y uso para con los ciudadanos y la sociedad. Para ello, sistematiza los principales retos que se plantean actualmente en ese contexto de inserción. Se efectúa también un análisis de los procesos y atribuciones contemporáneos, y se presenta para ello un conjunto de casos de mobiliario urbano implantado recientemente en Lisboa, así como otros que se consideran pertinentes e importantes para la debida contextualización y cotejo. Los datos fueron recogidos a partir de la observación de los equipamientos en su lugar de implantación, así como de las entrevistas a los principales intervinientes del proceso en cuestión y de la documentación correspondiente facilitada por estos. Se realiza además una evaluación de prueba de algunos de los casos analizados. Este marco, junto con el listado de lo que cabe considerar las mejores y principales contribuciones del mobiliario urbano a la solución de los mencionados retos, permite también consolidar su concepto, los principios, procesos, atribuciones y procedimientos, en el sentido de corresponder adecuadamente a las necesidades y expectativas de los usuarios del espacio público. Finalmente, se demuestra la importancia del mobiliario urbano y la necesidad de su diversificación para reforzar la naturaleza del espacio público y su papel en el contexto de la ciudad y la sociedad. Como medio para compartir y en consecuencia preservar recursos, y también para lograr el equilibrio entre globalización y localidad, además de propiciar el encuentro, la socialización y consolidar la identidad social, el mobiliario urbano podrá brindar una aportación polifacética y multidimensional

This thesis focuses in production business and its management. Theses propose and describe a manufacturing process for particular product. Production process is based on an analysis of final product. Production is scheduled in process form, so it includes process maps of production stages. Simultaneously with the planning, it also determines human needs for production, and calculation of its economics. Thesis also deals with the issue of product quality and suggests way to ensure quality in production.

En este estudio, se examinó el proceso de pilado de arroz, para aumentar la productividad. Este análisis implicó evaluar la situación actual de la empresa, donde se identificaron los indicadores relacionados con la productividad, producción y la eficiencia en el uso de la materia prima. La productividad global se estimó en 0,207 sacos de arroz pilado/soles. Se determinó las distintas etapas, utilizando un diagrama de análisis del proceso. Se identificó el cuello de botella, que era la etapa de secado, que se realiza de forma artesanal y requería un tiempo de 2,49 minutos/ sacos de arroz pilado; con una eficiencia física del 57,23%. Además, la falta de mantenimiento preventivo ocasionó un total de 127 interrupciones en la producción en 2022. Para ello, se propuso un nuevo método de secado, que implicaba la adquisición de tecnología moderna, que funciona mediante un flujo de aire inverso. Esta medida permitiría aumentar la eficiencia del proceso y reducir el cuello de botella. Además, se diseñó un plan de mantenimiento preventivo para anticiparse a posibles fallos durante la operación de la maquinaria, logrando la finalidad de este estudio. Con estas acciones, se puede logar un incremento significativo en la productividad global del 20,29%, un aumento de 20,57% en la eficiencia de la materia prima y una reducción del 12,26% en el tiempo de ciclo. En términos de costo-beneficio, se determinó que, por cada sol invertido, la empresa obtendrá una ganancia de S/. 0,99. / In this study, the rice piling process was examined to increase productivity. This analysis involved evaluating the current situation of the company, where indicators related to productivity, production and efficiency in the use of raw materials were identified. Global productivity was estimated at 0,207 bags of piled rice/soles. The different stages were determined, using a process analysis diagram. The bottleneck was identified, which was the drying stage, which is carried out by hand and required a time of 2,49 minutes/bags of piled rice; with a physical efficiency of 57,23%. In addition, the lack of preventive maintenance caused a total of 127 production interruptions in 2022. To this end, a new drying method was proposed, which involved the acquisition of modern technology, which works through reverse air flow. This measure would increase the efficiency of the process and reduce the bottleneck. In addition, a preventive maintenance plan was designed to anticipate possible failures during the operation of the machinery, achieving the purpose of this study. With these actions, a significant increase in global productivity of 20,29%, a 20,57% increase in raw material efficiency and a 12,26% reduction in cycle time can be achieved. In terms of cost-benefit, it was determined that, for each sole invested, the company will obtain a profit of S/. 0,99.

For many woodworking enterprises, the introduction of information systems integration techniques to optimize business processes is an extremely important step in digital development. Low labor productivity, outdated technologies, and lack of adequate tools lead to significant financial losses and reduced competitiveness of enterprises. Integrating information systems will improve the efficiency of production processes, enhance resource management, expedite decision-making, and reduce operating costs. Modern integration techniques allow for the automation of many processes, reducing manual labor and increasing data accuracy. Developing a specialized integration methodology, adapted specifically for woodworking enterprises, will consider the industry's characteristics and ensure the effective functioning of information systems. This will result in improved production performance, enhanced product quality, and greater competitiveness of enterprises in the market. Thus, the introduction of information systems integration techniques will become a key success factor for woodworking enterprises in the modern market. / Разработана специализированная методика интеграции, адаптированная для деревообрабатывающих предприятий, позволяющая учесть особенности этой отрасли и обеспечивающая эффективное функционирование информационных систем. Для многих деревообрабатывающих предприятий внедрение методики интеграции информационных систем для оптимизации бизнес-процессов является крайне важным шагом в цифровом развитии. Низкая производительность труда, устаревшие технологии и отсутствие адекватных инструментов приводят к значительным финансовым потерям и снижению конкурентоспособности предприятий. Интеграция информационных систем позволит повысить эффективность производственных процессов, улучшить управление ресурсами, ускорить принятие решений и снизить операционные издержки. Современные методики интеграции позволяют автоматизировать многие процессы, сократить ручной труд и повысить точность данных. Внедрение разработанной методики интеграции информационных систем станет ключевым фактором успеха для деревообрабатывающих предприятий в условиях современного рынка.

Background: The Swedish Royal School of Technology (KTH) was hired to conduct a pilot study project on stress prevention, "Stress Prevention Project" in a Swedish high-tech global manufacturing company with headquarters in Sweden. The aim was to identify the root causes of stress among employees at the organizational level and to offer a way to prevent the root causes. The initiative to implement the project came from the HR department in the company. The occupational health department had not been able to lower the costs of sickness and rehabilitation. One of nine divisions was included in this evaluation study. The project was carried out during the years of 2012-2014, and three quantitative stress measurements were carried out using the modern working environment form “Modern Work Life” based of knowledge from KTH and designed by Metodicum. The present study has evaluated the root causes of the division's stress. In the division, it was stated that the risk areas that the division had to work with were: resources, demands, control, support but also leadership and reorganization with implementing the Agile methods (autonomous work) in the form of. The aim was to improve the psychosocial occupational health and to make the production work more efficient. Aim: The aim was to evaluate the effect of stress preventive measures in one of the nine divisions (that were included in the overall project) and the effect of implementing the Agile methods (autonomous work) in the organization. Limitations: The evaluation is restricted to one of the nine divisions. Method: The method is a quantitative and qualitative case study, with a narrative approach. The study includes a division with 200 employees of which data was collected from 18 of these employees in two focus groups interviews. Materials have also been collected from interviews with the division's HR director, section leader, head of unit and head of the organization's business health. The evaluation is based on qualitative data, which were obtained through 3 single interviews and 4 focus group interviews and participant observation. Quantitative data were obtained through three different measurements (between 2012-14). The quantitative data were compared and analyzed with the qualitative data in order to understand the results up to the final measurement 3 (2014). Results: The evaluation of the stress prevention – where the focus was to prevent risk areas including demands, develop resources, control, support and also leadership – showed that introducing and using the Agile working principles had had a significant positive effect on all the risk areas. Additionally, this change in the organization contributed to positive results regarding the efficiency of the production process; a reduction of working hours from 12 months to 2 weeks of action at the same result. The absence due to illness and rehabilitation has been decreasing from 4 % to 0,5-1% right after introducing the Agile methods in the division. However, the results also showed no improvement regarding some other working environment; as conflicts and bullying persisted. This may be due to how the reorganization of the groups was done. It should be clarified that the outcomes may be influenced by the extensive reorganization that took place in connection with the stress prevention project and the introduction of the agile approach. Conclusions - The stress prevention could not have been done efficiently due to other on-going reorganizations in the company and the staff has not been able to follow the recommendation for efficient stress-prevention due to lack of support from the headquarter. That created a crisis in the stress prevention-project group. The agile methods seem to have had a significant good result in all risk areas as resources, demands, control, support and also leadership and the absence has decreased from 4 to 0,5 %. Due to the agile methods have the productions process been shorter from 12 months to 2 weeks.