台灣產業的發展一向與國際市場的脈動相連，光電產業也不例外，近幾年來在國際的夾擊之下依然發展得極為出色，與其他部分高科技產業共同支撐起台灣科技產業的命脈。所以本研究藉著資料包絡分析法 (data envelopment analysis, DEA) 的應用，透過計算整體技術效率、純粹技術效率、規模效率與 Malmquist 生產力指數，具體衡量出各廠商的生產效率值與跨期變化情形以供廠商參考。另外將光電產業依產品特性分成幾個次產業，為各次產業提出客觀的經營建議。最後由 Tobit 迴歸分析影響效率的重要因素，提供提升效率的參考，希望能對我國的光電產業有所幫助，而繼續為台灣科技產業的成長努力。 本研究以國內 30 家光電產業廠商於 2000 年至 2003 年之資料為研究範圍，選取的投入變數為：員工人數、固定資產、營業成本與營業費用四項，產出變數為營業收入淨額與稅前淨利。另外迴歸分析中使用的解釋變數為董監員工紅利率、存貨週轉率、負債比率、研發費用率、 TCRI 信用評等與董監持股比率。 研究結果顯示，整個光電產業整體無效率的原因較多是技術無效率導致，小部份是規模無效率造成的；而就每個次產業而言，以其四年平均值來看亦是受技術無效率影響較多。而在 Malmquist 生產力指數分析中發現，整個光電產業只有在 2000 年至 2001 年間，因技術退步的影響大於綜合技術效率進步的影響，而使得生產力衰退，往後的期間皆呈現進步的態勢。而在次產業方面，綜合技術效率的退步導致光通訊產業在 2001 年至 2002 年間的生產力衰退；技術的退步使得 2002 年至 2003 年間的光輸出入產業產生生產力的衰退。 最後，在迴歸分析中的結果為存貨週轉率對於整體技術效率有著顯著的正向影響；研發費用率是顯著的負向影響。而在純粹技術效率部份，存貨週轉率有顯著正向影響；TCRI評等越佳，TCRI 值越低，純粹技術效率越好。 / Taiwan's industries are always connected closely with international market, and optoelectronic industry is no exception. Through keenly competence these years, it is still brilliant and boosts the lifeline of Taiwan's Technology industry with other Hi-tech industries. So this research uses data envelopment analysis as objective references to enhance production efficiency. First we divide the whole optoelectronic industry into several sub-industries according to the characteristics of their products, and calculate every firm and sub-industry’s values of technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency, scale efficiency and Malmquist index definitely. Then we analyze the key factors influencing production efficiency and offer references for helping optoelectronic industry better. This research is based on the data of 30 optoelectronic firms in Taiwan during the 2000-2003 periods. We use the number of employee, fixed assets, operating costs and operating expenses as input variables; net sales revenue and net income before taxes as output variables. Besides, the explanatory variables in regression analysis are the percentage of bonus accounting for operating net amount, inventory turns, debt ratio, the percentage of R&D expenses accounting for operating net amount, TCRI, share holding on directors. The result shows that inefficiency in the whole industry and sub-industries mainly comes from technical inefficiency. MPI demonstrates that productivity of the whole industry is declined only during 2000-2001 period and it is because of declined technology. And declined technical efficiency results in the declined productivity of fiber-communication industry between 2001-2002; declined technology results in the declined productivity of optical input/output devices industry between 2002-2003. Under regression analysis, the result shows that inventory turnovers have a significant positive effect on efficiency; the percentage of R&D expenses accounting for operating net amount has a significant negative effect on efficiency. And about pure technical efficiency, inventory turn has a significant positive effect; TCRI has a significant negative effect.

台灣的IC設計產業總產值全球僅次於美國，自從九零年代中期成為我國極受矚目的產業。因此本研究所探討的主題為全球IC設計產業的生產效率分析，以2003年全球營收前卅大IC設計廠商為樣本。透過資料包絡法(Data Envelopment Analysis，DEA)，針對不同地區與個別廠商進行2000年至2002年的效率分析，最後進行Tobit迴歸分析，求得影響廠商生產績效的因子，提供本國廠商改善效率的參考，實證結果為： 1.DEA跨國比較的結果顯示，在2000年至2002年整體技術效率值最高的地區為美國，在2000年與2001年為台灣整體技術效率值僅次於美國，但在2002年卻落居第三。觀察個別廠商績效，Qualcomm、MediaTek、Marvell、ICS、Lattice、Pmc-Sierra與DSP Group等廠商績效最好，其整體技術效率值為1。 2.Malmquist生產力指數(MPI)跨國比較的結果顯示，臺、美、加三國總要素生產力均呈現退步的情形，2001至2002年，臺、加總要素生產力呈現進步，美國呈現退步。就個別廠商而言，在2000年至2001年間有四家廠商總要素生產力進步，在2001至2002年年則有十五家廠商總要素生產力呈現進步的狀況。 3.Tobit迴歸分析的結論為：存貨週轉率inventory turnover對整體技術效率有顯著的正向影響；負債比率與平均收帳期間均對整體技術效率有顯著的負面影響。研發費用率、經營年限與整體技術效率呈現正向關係，至於每人配備率則呈現負相關。 / The total output value of Taiwanese IC design industry is the globally second following United States. It had become the domestic gazed industry since mid 90s. Therefore, this research studies the production efficiency of global IC design industry and chooses the firms which sales globally ranked top 30 as samples. Through DEA, this thesis analyzes the efficiency focused on different regions and individual firms from 2000 to 2002. And finally, the Tobit regression model is proposed to find out the factors that influenced performances of firms and it could be reference for the domestic firms to improve their production efficiency and productivity. The results display: 1. By comparison with regions, the DEA results display that U.S.A. United States has the highest overall technical efficiency(TE) value during 2000 to 2002. Taiwan ranked behind U.S. both in 2000 and 2001 but dropped to the 3rd position in 2003. Observing performances of individual firms, Qualcomm, MediaTek, Marvell, ICS, Lattice, Pmc-Sierra and DSP Group performed as the best and their efficiency value is 1. 2. By comparison with regions, Malmquist Productivity Index(MPI) results display that the U.S.., Taiwan and Canada showed their Total Factors Productivity (TFP) to degenerate from 2000 to 2001. However, Taiwan and Canada showed their progressive TFP, progress in TFP but U.S.A. had a regressive TFP from 2001 to 2002. For one individual firm, there were only 4 firms’ TFP being aggressive from 2000 to 2001 and there are 15 firms’ TFP aggressive from 2001 to 2002. 3. The result from running Tobit regression models display that Inventory Turnover has significant positive effect to TE; Debate Ratio and Average Collection Period have significant negative effect to TE; R&D Ratio and Incorporated Period have direct relation with TFE and Equipment Per Employee has negative relation with TE.

[pt] O sucesso da estimulação por fraturamento é dependente da geração de condutividade. No fraturamento sustentado, a condutividade é governada pelas propriedades dos agentes de sustentação os quais são caracterizados por materiais uniformes, esféricos e de elevada resistência compressiva, capazes de manter a fratura condutiva mesmo em elevado estado de tensões. No fraturamento ácido, a condutividade depende da impressão irregular na superfície da fratura e da capacidade mecânica da rocha em sustentar um fluxo contínuo após o seu fechamento. A previsão de desempenho do reservatório requer, entre outros parâmetros, informações completas do modelo de fluxo e o decréscimo de pressão nas imediações do poço, a geometria e a condutividade resultante após o fraturamento possui grande influência nesta análise. O propósito deste trabalho visa investigar experimentalmente, a partir de testemunhos de carbonatos profundos, o comportamento de fraturas ácidas e sustentadas em diferentes estágios de tensão, desenvolver uma proposta de calibração do modelo empírico desenvolvido por Nierode e Kruk a fim de estimarmos a condutividade resultante utilizando dados de perfis com base em propriedades dinâmicas e composição mineralógica, e avaliar o impacto da condutividade na produtividade de um poço. Baseado na análise dos resultados concluiu que, é possível obter fratura ácida condutiva sob as tensões confinantes esperadas em carbonatos profundos e que fraturas sustentadas apresentam maiores condutividades, determinada pela característica do agente de sustentação utilizado, não sofrendo influência significativa com o incremento de tensão, ao contrário do fraturamento ácido. A partir dos dados indiretos obtidos de perfil a poço aberto, é possível obter uma estimativa da distribuição da condutividade de fraturas ácidas sem necessidade de testemunhos. Ao simularmos os ganhos de produtividade a partir de diversas variáveis disponíveis em cada técnica estudada de estimulação é possível ratificar que, não existe solução única indicada para carbonatos e que, a permeabilidade do meio é o fator preponderante na decisão. / [en] A well-succeeded fracturing stimulation depends on conductivity creation, which is ruled by the propping agent in sustained fracturing. These agents are characterized by uniform spherical materials of high compressive resistance, besides being capable of keeping conductivity, even under high stress state. Acid fracture conductivity depends on uneven etching on the surface of the fracture wall, as well as on the mechanical capacity of the rock to support a continuous flow after the fracture is closed. Reservoir performance predictions require, among other parameters, complete information about the flow model and about the pressure decreased around the well. The resulting geometry and conductivity after fracturing have great influence on these predictions. The aim of the present study is to experimentally investigate the behavior of acid fractures supported by different stress stages according to deep carbonate samples, as well as to develop a calibration proposition to the empirical model developed by Nierode and Kruk, in order to estimate the resulting conductivity by using data logging based on dynamic properties and mineralogical compositions. Moreover, it aims at assessing the impact of conductivity on the productivity of the well. Results of the herein performed analysis allowed concluding that it is possible to get an acid fracture under the confining stress expected for deep carbonates, and that sustained fractures have higher conductivity, which is set by the characteristics of the adopted propping agent. Therefore, different from the acid fracturing, these sustained fractures are not significantly influenced by higher stress. Based on the indirect data collected from the profile of the well, it was possible estimating acid fracture conductivity distribution, without the need of samples. The simulated productivity increase based on the different variables available for each of the assessed stimulation techniques made it possible ratifying that there is no single solution recommended for carbonates, and that the medium permeability is the main factor influencing the decision making process.

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本研究欲了解有無集團企業背景對本國產險公司經營效率之影響，並透過本國有無集團企業背景產險公司之效率比較，求證關於代理理論之審慎管理假說及費用偏好假說是否成立。本研究運用資料包絡分析法(Data envelopment Analysis, DEA)及cross-frontier analysis評估民國81至90年，17家本國產險公司具集團背景及無集團背景各年度效率情況。另外，採用多元迴歸分析討論產險公司不同經營特性對經營效率的影響。本文亦利用Malmquist生產力指數分析具集團背景及無集團背景產險公司十年來生產力的變動。 　　本研究之實證研究結果如下： 一、於技術效率，具集團背景及無集團背景產險公司無技術效率差異，表示不論有無集團背景，皆有各自的經營技術優勢，符合審慎管理假說。於成本效率，發現81至85年時具集團背景產險公司之成本結構於生產無集團背景產險公司的產出相對較具成本效率，符合費用偏好假說；但86至90年時，則無集團背景產險公司之成本結構對於自己的產出較具成本效率，不符合費用偏好假說。 二、以多元迴歸分析於81至85年、86至90年，影響無集團背景產險公司效率之因素。本文發現於86至90年，當無集團背景產險公司總資產越小、再保比例越高，其以自己的成本結構進行生產，越顯著較以具集團背景產險公司的成本結構進行生產來得具成本效率。 三、二類產險公司於民國81至90年間生產力皆呈現衰退，且具集團背景產險公司衰退情況較嚴重。二類產險公司生產力衰退主因皆為生產技術的衰退；此外，具集團企業背景產險公司十年來的技術效率有衰退的趨勢，而無集團背景產險公司之技術效率則持續進步。若綜合前面成本效率的結果，則十年來具集團背景產險公司平均效率表現沒有進步跡象；而無集團背景產險公司有改善其效率。 / The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of“group”background on the property-liability insurance industry in Taiwan. We test the managerial discretion hypothesis and the expense preference hypothesis by comparing the efficiency of the group and independent property-liability insurers. Using the property-liability insurance industry in Taiwan from 1992-2001 as our sample, we use DEA and cross-frontier analysis, and adapt multiple regression analysis to examine the variables which affect the efficiency performance in the property insurance company. We also measure the productivity changes of the group firms and independent firms over ten years. The empirical results are summarized as follow. First, we find that the technical efficiency results are consistent with the managerial discretion hypothesis, in that there is no difference in the technical efficiency between the group firms and independent firms. The results of cost efficiency between 1992 and 1996 show that the group frontier dominates the independent frontier for independent outputs, supporting the expense preference hypothesis. However, the results of cost efficiency between 1997 and 2001 no more support the expense preference hypothesis in that the independent frontier dominates the group frontier for independent outputs. Second, we find that the independent firms tend to have a comparative advantage over the group firms in the independent cost frontier when the independent firm’s size is smaller or when its reinsurance proportion is higher. Finally, the results of the Malmquist productivity analysis show that the productivity of group firms declines in 1992-2001, and the decay is due to their technical efficiency decreases. Conversely, the productivity of the independent firm improves.

兩岸在2001年底加入世界貿易組織（WTO），使得兩岸壽險市場受到經濟自由化及國際化的衝擊。因此，要如何提高自身的經營績效及競爭能力，便成為兩岸壽險公司最重要的目標。本研究以資料包絡分析法為基礎，並結合共同邊界（metafrontier）分析法，針對兩岸地區在2004年至2007年共59家壽險公司，進行經營效率與Malmquist生產力指數的實證研究。在生產力變動來源的拆解上，本文延伸Pastor and Lovell（2005）的固定規模報酬模型，利用變動規模報酬的生產邊界來衡量各公司的技術變動及技術差距比率變動，使生產力變動的來源上獲得更明確的意涵。最後本文利用Tobit迴歸模型，探討影響兩岸壽險公司經營效率的因素。 / After joining the WTO in December 2001, there is the advent of economic liberalization and internationalization on the life insurance market of Taiwan and Mainland China. Therefore, how to improve the operating performance and the industrial competitiveness in the present economic circumstance is the critical and important goal of the life insurance industry in Taiwan and Mainland China. This study applies data envelopment analysis with metafrontier model to measure the managerial efficiency and Malmquist productivity index of 59 firms of life insurance industry in Taiwan and Mainland China from 2004 to 2007. On decomposing the sources of productivity change, we extend Pastor and Lovell’ s CRS model (2005) to a VRS frontier benchmark to measure technical change and technical gap ratio change, which apparently provides us a more meaningful decomposition of productivity change. Finally, this study uses Tobit regression model to examine the factors which influence the managerial efficiency of the life insurance industry in Taiwan and Mainland China.

本文採用一階段隨機邊界分析法（Battese and Coelli, 1995）衡量2004 年第一季至2008 年第三季台灣上市櫃證券商的技術效率，並將Orea（2002）提出的產出導向一般化Malmquist生產力指數改寫成投入導向模式，用來分析台灣上市櫃證券商的生產力變動情形。實證結果顯示，小型券商之經營效率平均而言比大型券商之經營效率高，而大部分的證券商都呈現規模報酬遞增的技術狀態，可見台灣上市櫃證券商整體而言規模不夠大，必須設法再擴大至適當的規模方可發揮規模經濟效果。另外，較多的股本雖然理論上具備較強的競爭優勢，但可能沒有適當的決策支持，造成資源浪費反而降低經營效率；股價指數愈高，在相同的投入之下有較多的產出表現且較有能力調整規模至規模報酬較佳的狀況，因而提高經營效率。 / This paper adopts one-stage stochastic frontier analysis (Battese and Coelli, 1995) to measure technical efficiency of listed securities firms in Taiwan from the first quarter of 2004 to the third quarter of 2008. In addition, inspired by the Orea (2002) output orientated productivity model, this paper derives an input orientated generalized Malmquist productivity index to analyze the productivity change of the firms. The empirical results reveal that smaller securities firms are more efficient than larger securities firms in average. The majority of securities firms are operating with increasing returns to scale, indicating that the scale of listed securities firms in Taiwan are generally not large enough, so firms need to enlarge their scale in order to get the effect of economies of scale. Although more capital stocks possess stronger competitive advantage theoretically, without proper strategy to support the firms may waste resources and result in operational inefficiency. Operational efficiency is positively correlated with stock index.

臺灣於1990年放寬銀行設立的限制後，本國銀行和外商銀行的數目快速增加，使得金融市場更加競爭，因此銀行的經營績效是個重要的議題，銀行可透過績效的評估結果找出可能的改善方向。本國銀行與外商銀行的進入條件、經營形態、銀行制度等因素可能使得兩種類型的銀行生產技術有所不同，因此本研究採用全域共同邊界法研究37家本國銀行與20家外商銀行在2005-2015年間效率與生產力的分析，並採用變動規模的方式拆解Malmquist生產力指數，使得生產力變動來源能更精準地衡量。最後使用Tobit迴歸分析找出影響銀行技術效率、最佳實務差距和技術差距比率之因素。 / Since Taiwan relaxed the restriction of setting up a bank in early 1990s, the number of both domestic and foreign banks in Taiwan had increased rapidly. This leads to the result that the financial market become more competitive. Consequently, the performance of bank is an important issue. It can be used to find some way for improvement. Due to the different entry conditions, types of operating system and bank systems between domestic and foreign banks, this paper uses global metafrontier approach to research the efficiency and productivity change of 37 domestic banks and 20 foreign banks during 2005-2015 in Taiwan. Furthermore, this research adopts VRS to decompose Malmquist productivity indexes, which makes the sources of the productivity change can be measured more accurately. Finally, Tobit regression analysis is used to investigate the factors accounting for the differences in technical efficiency, best practice gap and technology gap.

Submitted by Sandro Camargo (sandro.camargo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2015-05-09T19:30:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 117110019.pdf: 3622835 bytes, checksum: bf885e1754a3be10513d615ebdb016c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-09T19:30:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 117110019.pdf: 3622835 bytes, checksum: bf885e1754a3be10513d615ebdb016c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-23 / Este trabalho investiga o processo de evolução dos índices de eficiência técnica e de produtividade de Malmquist para as 30 maiores empresas distribuidoras de energia elétrica no Brasil, confrontando a metodologia do órgão regulador (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica – ANEEL) de avaliação dos Custos Operacionais Regulatórios do Ciclo de Revisão Tarifária Periódica, com as relações existentes entre a tecnologia de produção utilizada por estas empresas e a qualidade dos serviços prestados à sociedade, entre 2003 e 2009, aplicando-se a Análise por Envoltória de Dados (Data Envelopment Analysis – DEA). Para tanto, utilizam-se os seguintes modelos DEA, orientados para insumo: o CRS (CCR), o VRS (BCC) e o NDRS (usado pela ANEEL), que presumem tecnologias com os seguintes retornos à escala de produção: constantes, variáveis e não decrescentes, respectivamente. Sendo estes modelos DEA aplicados aos dois cenários modelados: no primeiro (chamado de C1), observam-se as variáveis quantitativas adotadas pela ANEEL, tendo como insumo o Custo Operacional – OPEX (R$) e como produtos a Extensão de Redes de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica – Rede (km), o Consumo de Energia Elétrica – Mercado (TWh) e o Número de Unidades Consumidoras de Energia Elétrica – UC (No de Clientes); no segundo (chamado de C2) são inseridas variáveis de qualidade ao cenário C1, definindo-as como produtos na modelagem DEA, citando-se o Índice ANEEL de Satisfação do Cliente – IASC (No Índice) e o Indicador de Desempenho Global de Continuidade – DGC (No Índice). Desta forma, com base nos resultados de desempenho relativo para o período analisado, identificam-se como resultados principais a tendência de evolução positiva das medidas de eficiência técnica e a tendência de estabilização das medidas de produtividade, para o conjunto das 30 maiores empresas distribuidoras de energia elétrica do país. Além disso, comparando-se os resultados de eficiência técnica e produtividade, nos diferentes cenários e nas diferentes modelagens DEA (benchmarking), verificou-se que a implementação de um cenário e de uma modelagem deve refletir a realidade econômica (aproximação com a função de produção verdadeira) das empresas distribuidoras de energia elétrica no Brasil, de modo a possibilitar a identificação das distribuidoras de energia elétrica que estão operando na escala ótima (ou não) e se os retornos à escala de produção são constantes, crescentes ou decrescentes. Assim, percebeu-se que boa parte das empresas (C1 igual a 40% e C2 igual a 50%) apresentaram retornos de escala de produção decrescentes (DRS) em todo o período de tempo analisado. Portanto, a modelagem DEA VRS apresenta-se mais adequada para a avaliação de desempenho, em detrimento da modelagem DEA NDRS usada pela ANEEL, pois admite que as empresas atuem na região decrescente da fronteira de produção e ainda assim possam ser consideradas eficientes. Já o cenário C2, ao agregar variáveis de qualidade ao Cenário C1 (ANEEL), aproxima-se também desta realidade econômica, buscada pelo órgão regulador através da mensuração dos custos operacionais regulatórios associados aos indicadores de qualidade na prestação dos serviços à comunidade. Por fim, são realizadas considerações sobre a necessidade de aprimoramento de alguns pontos na metodologia utilizada pelo regulador, representando desafios para a garantia de equidade entre a modicidade tarifária e a sustentabilidade das empresas do setor elétrico brasileiro, de modo a garantir-se, efetivamente, o equilíbrio econômico-financeiro nos próximos Ciclos de Revisão Tarifária Periódica. / This work investigates the evolution process of technical efficiency indices and Malmquist productivity for the 30 largest power utilities in Brazil, comparing the methodology of the regulator (ANEEL – National Agency of Electric Energy) of evaluation of Regulatory Operational Costs of the Periodic Tariff Review Cycle, with the relationship etween the production technology used by these companies and the quality of services provided to the society between 2003 and 2009, applying the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). For this, it is used the following models DEA – input oriented: CRS (CCR), the VRS (BCC) and the NDRS (used by ANEEL), assume that the following technologies returns to scale production: constants, variables, and nondecreasing, respectively. It was adopted two scenarios: the first (called C1), it was observed quantitative variables adopted by ANEEL, taking as input the Operating Cost – OPEX (R$), and as products the Extension of Distribution Networks Electricity - Network (km), the Consumption of Electricity – Market (TWh) and the Unit Number of Electric Consumers – UC (No of Customers), the second (called C2), and quality variables to the scenario C1 are inserted by defining them as products in modeling DEA, the ANEEL’s index of Customer Satisfaction - IASC (NoIndex) and Performance Indicator of Global Continuity – DGC (No Index). Thus, based on performance results relative to the analysis period, it is identified measures of technical efficiency with positive trend and productivity measures with stabilizing trend for the whole of the 30 largest power utilities in Brazil. Furthermore, comparing the results of technical efficiency and productivity in the different scenarios and different DEA modeling (benchmarking), it was found that the implementation of a scenario and a model should reflect the economic reality (closer to the function of real production) of power utilities in Brazil, in order to facilitate the identification of power utilities that are operating at optimal scale (or not) and returns to scale of production are constant , increasing or decreasing. Thus, it was noticed that most companies (C1 equal to 40% and C2 equal to 50%) showed decreasing returns to scale of production (DRS) throughout the time period analyzed. Therefore, the VRS DEA model appears more suitable for the evaluation of performance, rather than modeling the DEA NDRS used by ANEEL, since it allows companies to act in the decreasing region of production frontier and still can be considered efficient. Finally, we discuss the need to improve some points in the methodology used by the regulator, representing challenges to ensuring equity between low tariffs and sustainability of the Brazilian electricity sector, in order to guarantee effectively the economic-financial balance over the next Periodic Tariff Review Cycle.

La exposición de las contribuciones al análisis estocástico de la eficiencia técnica de este trabajo de investigación, requiere que: en el primer capítulo se definan los conceptos básicos para la comprensión de los capítulos dos y tres. Además y para la formulación de los problemas que han dado origen a este trabajo, se presenta también en este capítulo una breve revisión de las técnicas de estimación de la eficiencia técnica y de la productividad.Dentro de estas técnicas y debido a la gran flexibilidad funcional que proporciona, nos hemos centrado en la estimación no paramétrica y más en concreto en mejorar la inferencia estadística de sus estimaciones. Es por ello que el segundo de los aspectos que se trata es la inferencia estadística que se debería de efectuar en el análisis de la envolvente de datos, habitualmente denominado con el acrónimo DEA. El análisis estadístico es sistemáticamente "olvidado" en casi todos los trabajos que aplican esta técnica, y tal y como mostramos en este apartado, según se incorpore o no inferencia estadística al DEA la interpretación de los resultados es diferente. En el tercer apartado y continuando en la línea de mejorar las herramientas de inferencia estadística en el ámbito no paramétrico, presentamos un nuevo contraste basado en simetría condicional para evaluar consistentemente la ineficiencia técnica de cada uno de los productores. Este contraste relaja algunos de los supuestos funcionales de otros contrastes anteriores y a diferencia de los contrastes basados en los momentos, es consistente con todo tipo de distribuciones de la ineficiencia. / This thesis provides in the first chapter a brief review of efficiency and productivity methods. Secondly we examine how to analyze efficiency and productivity by DEA and we apply the method for the Spanish airports in the period 1992-94. Although the time period analyzed is fairly short, we study the impact of the crisis in the productivity of Spanish airports. We apply the Malmquist index since among its other advantages this ratio allows for the decomposition of total productivity changes into different sources of variation. We also use resampling methods to gain statistical precision and the bootstrap analysis yields further evidence given that for many airports efficiency and productivity is not statistically significant.In standard deterministic frontier analysis, either DEA or FDH techniques allowed to determinate inefficient units just but taking some measure between the estimated frontier and the related output. Unfortunately, when we assume that some symmetric noise is present in the data, then the previous task becomes much harder. The problem is that in this setting noise and efficiency are not identified and therefore, without an statistical tool it is impossible to decide whether a firm is efficient or not. In the third chapter we propose a test for efficiency in a stochastic nonparametric frontier analysis. Under weak conditions on the specification of the production frontier, and the null hypothesis of efficiency, we provide the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic. Furthermore we show the test is consistent against a broad set of alternatives of inefficiency. Evidence of the good properties of the test is given by a simulation study.