The professionalisation of the humanitarian sector has led to an increasing number of its professional staff worldwide. However, working in humanitarian aid is not a popular career path in mainland China, and some humanitarian organisations have also struggled to recruit Chinese professionals. The thesis explores the challenges that mainland Chinese citizens face when pursuing their careers in the humanitarian sector. It strives to understand what may hinder Chinese from working in international humanitarian aid, dwelling on both the humanitarian recruitment criteria and the expectations of the Chinese society. The thesis is based on the semi-structured qualitative interviews that have been interpreted with the help of thematic analysis under the intersectional and decolonial feminist analytical framework. The study indicates that although there may not be obvious discrimination against people in the humanitarian recruitment process, many affecting factors, such as gender, class, nationality, and culture, create the asymmetrical power dynamics between societal influences in China and the recruitment requirements in the humanitarian sector. I have come to a conclusion that humanitarian organisations have failed to create a diverse and inclusive working environment that would allow people to have equal opportunities and competition. This thesis is meant to help humanitarian organisations adjust their DEI (diversity, equity, and inclusion) strategies by understanding the hidden factors of recruitment inequalities and via decolonising the humanitarian aid.

The thesis deals with contemporary possibilities of psychohygiene of professional nannies working in their clients' families, and all different aspects related to such work. The thesis comprises two parts, the theoretical and practical. The theoretical part covers explanations of terminology and phenomena focused on problematics of the essential requirements for work performance of professional nannies. The practical part consists of qualitative research exploring what nannies think of practisting psychohygiene within their profession as a whole. The research was conducted using semi-structured interviews with seven professional nannies currently working in their clients' families. The research findings show professional nannies are aware of benefits and effectiveness of psychohygiene. However, they perceive these as limited by different circumstances. Despite such limitations professional nannies always find a way to get motivated and overcome challenging situations. The more experienced they are, the easier everything at work becomes. Keywords: Possibilities and Importance of Psychohygiene, Stress, Nanny, Professionalisation, Competencies, Contemporary family.

Introduction: Trainee pharmacists are required to undertake a work-based pre-registration training placement (PRTP) in order to qualify. Literature exploring how this placement influences the development of students’ professionalism is sparse, however it is acknowledged that placements offer learning that can not be replicated in an academic environment. Following recent recommendations for the PRTP to be split into two six-month placements, the “sandwich” Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) programme at the University of Bradford offers a unique opportunity to study the impact of an early PRTP. This project aimed to understand the experiences of “sandwich” students during their early PRTP and generate a theory explaining how professionalism develops during this time. Methods: A constructivist grounded theory approach was taken. Fourteen students who had recently completed their early PRTP were interviewed using semi-structured, face-to-face interviews. A constant comparative approach to analysis was taken. Findings: The process developing a professional identity emerged as the core category. This consisted of four interlinking stages; reflection, selection of attributes, professional socialisation and perception of role. Developing a professional identity occurred under the conditions of realising the reality of the profession, developing practical knowledge and skills and learning from mentors. The consequence of developing a professional identity was that participants felt they were now a trainee professional. Discussion and conclusion: The theory demonstrates that developing a professional identity was the main process that occurred whilst MPharm students were on their early PRTP. Regulatory, funding and educational organisations should consider this when reviewing pharmacists’ training and students’ approach on return to university.

Le contexte socio-économique marqué par la division du travail favorise les fermetures de marché. La professionnalisation représente un type de fermetures par lequel un groupe occupationnel cherche à obtenir et à maintenir le contrôle de l'environnement interne et externe de son activité économique afin d'éviter que ce contrôle s'exerce exclusivement de l'extérieur. En maintenant le contrôle sur un champ de compétence ou sur une fermeture de marché, un groupe assure la maîtrise de sa survie professionnelle et socio-économique. La recherche de fermeture de marché est une explication possible des considérations sousjacentes à l'intérêt d'un groupe occupationnel pour la professionnalisation. Cette considération ne compromet pas nécessairement la mission de protection du public qui doit guider les ordres professionnels dans l'exercice de leurs pouvoirs de contrôle. En effet, le processus de légitimation favorise au contraire le respect de cette mission. Par ce processus, un groupe occupationnel maintient non seulement la reconnaissance sociale de sa compétence et de son utilité mais également l'exercice des pouvoirs de contrôle qui lui sont octroyés. La légitimité ainsi acquise permet de maintenir le degré de crédibilité nécessaire à la survie du groupe. Cette explication de l'intérêt pour la professionnalisation a été élaborée à partir des critères de trois approches sociologiques qui sont le fonctionnalisme, l'interactionnisme et le conflictualisme. Ces approches ont servi à examiner en premier lieu le Code des professions et en second lieu les stratégies et les arguments de deux acteurs sociaux qui ont un point de vue opposé sur ce phénomène social de l'intérêt pour la professionnalisation. / The social economical context characterized by the division of labour favoured the development of c1osed labour markets. The formation of professions is part of this social phenomenon. By controlling internaI and external factors of its economic activity, an occupational group avoids or at least influences in its favour the control exercised by others. It also protects its field of competence from other groups and can even extend it into other spheres. Exercising control over its activity secures professional, social and economical status. This may explain why the formation of professions is so popular. However, such considerations do not necessarily compromise public protection. On the contrary, the legitimatization of an occupational group ensures public protection. A group needs to acquire and maintain not only social recognition of its competence and usefulness but also to legitimise its control. Such legitimacy is required to maintain professional, social and economical status. This explanation to the social phenomenon of formation of professions is based on three sociological views, namely functionalism, interactionism and conflictualism. From these perspectives, the Profèssional Code is first considered. It is followed by the study of the strategies and the arguments of two social groups who hold different views on the formation of professions.

Cette thèse de sociologie porte sur les salles de musique dite « vivante », en s’appuyant sur une comparaison entre Paris et Berlin. L’étude des salles de musique rend compte de la production des définitions et des hiérarchies sociales des territoires musicaux, urbains et professionnels. À la diversité des genres musicaux qui y sont programmés répond la variété des manières de les entendre : publics assis ou debout, configurations intimistes ou stades, etc. L’articulation entre approche ethnographique et analyse statistique témoigne du lien entre esthétiques et usages sociaux de la musique. Ces territoires musicaux, constitués par les cadres d’écoute et les esthétiques, sont inégalement reconnus par les politiques culturelles et ne recoupent pas strictement les frontières des genres. Par ailleurs, les sous-champs musicaux dans les deux villes sont structurés par des logiques spatiales, ce qu’éclaire la cartographie des lieux de musique. Et, si la localisation des salles influe sur leur qualification musicale, à l’inverse, le fait musical participe aux transformations des représentations des territoires urbains. Outre l’ancrage géographique, cette thèse s’intéresse de près à la construction d’une offre musicale à travers la sélection des artistes par les programmateurs et programmatrices des salles berlinoises et parisiennes. Ainsi, elle donne à voir la délimitation de la fonction de programmation comme territoire professionnel, en interrogeant sa variabilité selon l’histoire du sous-champ musical et les contraintes liées à la concentration économique du secteur de la musique live. Une série d’entretiens avec les programmateurs et programmatrices a permis la comparaison des pratiques et des trajectoires de ces intermédiaires. Celle-ci atteste d’un développement professionnel inégal à Paris et Berlin et d’usages distincts du désintéressement dans une activité de programmation internationalisée. Les intermédiaires, comme les politiques culturelles, participent aux oppositions au sein du sous-champ des salles de musique, qui reflètent les centres et les périphéries du champ musical transnational. En effet, selon leur position dans le sous-champ et leurs ressources, les salles ne programment pas les mêmes catégories d’artistes. Ainsi, la retraduction locale de la valeur musicale contribue ainsi au positionnement de Paris et de Berlin comme capitales culturelles. / This thesis in sociology offers a comparison of music venues in Paris and Berlin. Studying music venues sheds light on the definitions and hierarchisation of musical, urban and professional territories. Diverse music genres are listened to in these venues, and ethnographic observation shows that events happen in many different configurations – audiences are sometimes seated or standing, in large arenas or intimate atmospheres, etc. Statistical methods enable the study of the connection between music styles and the way they are socially appropriated. These musical territories, unequally supported by cultural policies, distinguish themselves from the strict definition of musical genres. The musical subfield is also structured by spatial forces, revealed by the cartography of the music venues in both cities. Their localisation affects the way venues are perceived and defined but, conversely, the music scene also participates in the transformation of representations about the urban territories. Beyond the urban analysis of music, this thesis examines music production through the role of bookers, who select the artists in the venues. In Paris and Berlin, the definition of booking as a territory of competence depends on the musical subfield’s history and is influenced by pressure linked to the increasing economic concentration within the live music market. Interviews with bookers offer material for comparing the cultural intermediaries’ work practices and social trajectories. They illustrate different forms of professional development and uses of disinterestedness in the internationalised activity of booking. Cultural intermediaries and policies participate in the dual structure of the subfields, which reflects the centres and peripheries of the transnational musical field. Indeed, depending on their resources and position in these subfields, venues do not book the same type of artists. Thus, they tend to the local translation of musical value, all the while taking part in Paris’ and Berlin’s positioning as cultural capitals. / Die Dissertation behandelt in vergleichender Perspektive „lebendige” Musik in Berlin und Paris. Musik wird hierbei als kulturelle Praxis in Form von Konzerten definiert, stellt die Orte an denen Musik stattfindet ins Zentrum und schließt daher das bloße Musikhören aus. Die Studie bezieht in diesem Rahmen beruflich-professionelle Aspekte, das Konzert als eine sinnliche Wahrnehmung und einen sozialen Tatbestand („fait social“) sowie das anwesende Publikum mit ein. Musik wird somit nicht musikwissenschaftlich sondern soziologisch analysiert. Das Konzert wird als künstlerische Ausdrucksform in seinem sozialen Rahmen betrachtet: das soziale Treiben während des Konzerts, die Besonderheiten des Veranstaltungsorts und ähnliche Aspekte sind in diesem Sinne integrale Bestandteile dieser auf Städteebene angesiedelten Forschungsarbeit.

Desde o final do século XX aspectos do paradigma econômico neoliberal estão presentes nas diversas áreas da vida social humana. Conceitos como meritocracia, análise de custo-benefício, flexibilidade e competências são utilizados para analisar e regulamentar a área educacional, inclusive no que se refere à formação docente. Este trabalho tem o propósito de investigar as relações entre a política atual de formação docente e o processo de profissionalização da docência baseada no desenvolvimento de competências específicas. Para tanto, analisamos documentos nacionais e internacionais basilares da esfera da educação a partir da compreensão de que eles constituem uma materialização de discursos oficiais, construídos em processos de disputas e negociações políticas. Buscamos identificar esses discursos atentando para as aproximações e distanciamentos entre os modelos ideais de professor gestor e professor reflexivo e a formação baseada no desenvolvimento de competências. Inicialmente realizamos uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica que enfoca o desenvolvimento do conceito de competências, suas raízes históricas e sua transposição para a área da educação. Posteriormente, apresentamos um levantamento da legislação brasileira que aborda este conceito e também a legislação que regulamenta as atividades de formação docente nas instituições de ensino. A partir desses dados, discutimos a questão da profissionalização da docência e da popularização das certificações profissionais, representadas pela profusão de cursos e programas de desenvolvimento de competências docentes ofertados atualmente no Brasil. Dessa forma, buscamos identificar e analisar o processo pelo qual a formação por competências se constitui como modelo atual oficial para a formação docente no país. Utilizamos a teoria da atividade, perspectiva teórica desenvolvida por Leontiev a partir dos trabalhos de Vigotski como ferramenta de análise do tema e como proposta para uma nova abordagem de formação docente, focada no desenvolvimento do homem-genérico e na efetiva valorização e profissionalização da docência. / Since the latter part of the 20th century, aspects of the neoliberal economic paradigm have been present in various areas of social human life. Concepts such as meritocracy, cost-benefit analysis, flexibility, and competences are used to analyze and regulate the educational area, including teacher education. The present work has the purpose of investigating the relations between the current teacher education policy and the process of professionalisation of teaching based on the development of specific competences. For that, we have analyzed fundamental national and international documents in the field of education based on the understanding that they constitute the embodiment of official discourses constructed in processes of political disputes and negotiation. We have tried to identify these discourses paying close attention to the approximations and distancing between the ideal models of manager teacher and reflexive teacher and a formation based on the development of competences. Initially, we conducted a documental and bibliographical survey focusing on the development of the concept of competence, its historical roots and its transplantation to the area of education. Next, we presented an assessment of the Brazilian legislation dealing with this concept and also of the legislation that regulates the activities of teacher formation in educational institutions. Based on these data, we discuss the issue of the professionalisation of teaching and of the increasing popularity of professional certifications, represented by the plethora of courses and programs for the development of teaching competences currently on offer in Brazil. Thus, we have tried to identify and analyze the process through which competence-based formation is constituted as the current official model for teacher education in this country. We have used activity theory, a theoretical perspective developed by Leontiev based on the work of Vigotski, focused on the development of the generic-man and on the effective valuation and professionalisation of teaching.

Orientador: Flavia Medeiros Sarti / Resumo: A pesquisa focaliza os modelos de formação docente presentes em sete cursos de Primeira Licenciatura em Pedagogia do Plano Nacional de Formação de Professores (Parfor) de diferentes regiões brasileiras. Essas propostas híbridas de formação, criadas no âmbito da Política Nacional de Formação de Profissionais do Magistério da Educação Básica (BRASIL, 2009), apresentam ao mesmo tempo elementos da formação inicial e continuada, impondo o desafio de se propor uma formação que atenda às necessidades de professores que já atuam nos anos iniciais educação básica, mas que ainda não possuem a formação em nível superior preconizada pela Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (BRASIL, 1996). Buscouse, mais especificamente, identificar e caracterizar as condições institucionais, os dispositivos de formação e as concepções de prática, saberes e experiência docente que oferecem sustentação a esses cursos voltados a professores que já atuam no magistério. Tais propostas emergem em um contexto em que a profissionalização do ensino tem sido indicada como caminho para o desenvolvimento de professores mais bem preparados para lidar com os diversos desafios da atividade docente. Os discursos que assumem destaque nesse cenário ressaltam a necessidade de um modelo profissional de formação fundamentado em uma nova epistemologia da prática docente, cujos pressupostos tem suas bases em um paradigma que se impõe a partir da necessidade de superação da racionalidade técnica historicamente domina... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research focuses on the models of teacher training present in seven courses of Teaching Degree in Pedagogy of the National Plan of Teacher Training (Parfor) of different Brazilian regions. These hybrid training proposals, created within the framework of the National Policy of Basic Education Teachers Training (BRAZIL, 2009), presents at the same time the specificities of initial and continuous training and imposing the challenge of proposing training that meet the needs of teachers who already work in the initial years of basic education but do not have higher education training as recommended by the National Educational Bases and Guidelines Law (BRAZIL, 1996). It is more specifically intended to identify and characterize the institutional conditions, training devices and conceptions of practice, knowledge and teaching experience that offer support to these courses aimed at teachers who already working in teaching profession. Such proposals emerge in a context in which the professionalization of the teaching has been indicated as a way for the development of teachers better prepared to deal with the various challenges of teaching activity. The discourses that beings to stand out in this scenario highlights the need for a professional model of training based on a new epistemology of teaching practice, whose assumptions are based on a paradigm that is imposed from the need to overcome the historically dominant technical rationality in the training processes aimed at teache... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Résumé: La recherche se concentre sur les modèles de formation des enseignants présents dans sept cours de Premier Diplôme en Pédagogie du Plan National de Formation des Enseignants (Parfor) de différentes régions du Brésil. Ces propositions hybrides de formation, élaborées dans le cadre de la Politique Nationale de Formation Professionnelle du Magistère de l’Éducation de Base (BRASIL, 2009), présentent à la fois des éléments de la formation initiale et continue et imposant le défi de proposer une formation qui réponde aux besoins des enseignants qui travaillent déjà dans les premières années de l'éducation de base mais qui ne possèdent pas encore la formation de niveau supérieur recommandée par la Loi de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (Directives et Bases de l'Éducation Nationale - BRASIL, 1996). Il s'agit plus présisément d'identifier et caractériser les conditions institutionnelles, les dispositifs de formation et les conceptions sur la pratique, les connaissances et l’expérience en enseignement qui offrent un soutien à ces cours destinés aux enseignants travaillant déjà dans la profession enseignante. Ces propositions émergent dans un contexte où la professionnalisation du enseignement a été indiquée comme un moyen au développement des enseignants mieux préparés à faire face aux différents défis de l’activité d’enseignement. Les discours qui commencent à se dégager dans cette scène mettent en évidence la nécessité d’un modèle professionnel de formation basé sur une nouve... (Résumé complet accès életronique ci-dessous) / Doutor

Desde o final do século XX aspectos do paradigma econômico neoliberal estão presentes nas diversas áreas da vida social humana. Conceitos como meritocracia, análise de custo-benefício, flexibilidade e competências são utilizados para analisar e regulamentar a área educacional, inclusive no que se refere à formação docente. Este trabalho tem o propósito de investigar as relações entre a política atual de formação docente e o processo de profissionalização da docência baseada no desenvolvimento de competências específicas. Para tanto, analisamos documentos nacionais e internacionais basilares da esfera da educação a partir da compreensão de que eles constituem uma materialização de discursos oficiais, construídos em processos de disputas e negociações políticas. Buscamos identificar esses discursos atentando para as aproximações e distanciamentos entre os modelos ideais de professor gestor e professor reflexivo e a formação baseada no desenvolvimento de competências. Inicialmente realizamos uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica que enfoca o desenvolvimento do conceito de competências, suas raízes históricas e sua transposição para a área da educação. Posteriormente, apresentamos um levantamento da legislação brasileira que aborda este conceito e também a legislação que regulamenta as atividades de formação docente nas instituições de ensino. A partir desses dados, discutimos a questão da profissionalização da docência e da popularização das certificações profissionais, representadas pela profusão de cursos e programas de desenvolvimento de competências docentes ofertados atualmente no Brasil. Dessa forma, buscamos identificar e analisar o processo pelo qual a formação por competências se constitui como modelo atual oficial para a formação docente no país. Utilizamos a teoria da atividade, perspectiva teórica desenvolvida por Leontiev a partir dos trabalhos de Vigotski como ferramenta de análise do tema e como proposta para uma nova abordagem de formação docente, focada no desenvolvimento do homem-genérico e na efetiva valorização e profissionalização da docência. / Since the latter part of the 20th century, aspects of the neoliberal economic paradigm have been present in various areas of social human life. Concepts such as meritocracy, cost-benefit analysis, flexibility, and competences are used to analyze and regulate the educational area, including teacher education. The present work has the purpose of investigating the relations between the current teacher education policy and the process of professionalisation of teaching based on the development of specific competences. For that, we have analyzed fundamental national and international documents in the field of education based on the understanding that they constitute the embodiment of official discourses constructed in processes of political disputes and negotiation. We have tried to identify these discourses paying close attention to the approximations and distancing between the ideal models of manager teacher and reflexive teacher and a formation based on the development of competences. Initially, we conducted a documental and bibliographical survey focusing on the development of the concept of competence, its historical roots and its transplantation to the area of education. Next, we presented an assessment of the Brazilian legislation dealing with this concept and also of the legislation that regulates the activities of teacher formation in educational institutions. Based on these data, we discuss the issue of the professionalisation of teaching and of the increasing popularity of professional certifications, represented by the plethora of courses and programs for the development of teaching competences currently on offer in Brazil. Thus, we have tried to identify and analyze the process through which competence-based formation is constituted as the current official model for teacher education in this country. We have used activity theory, a theoretical perspective developed by Leontiev based on the work of Vigotski, focused on the development of the generic-man and on the effective valuation and professionalisation of teaching.

Ce travail de thèse interroge l’application différenciée des politiques publiques et ses dynamiques.À travers l’étude de huit services publics d’assainissement non collectif, situés dans des espaces périurbains provençaux, hauts-alpins, vauclusiens et rhônalpins, la réflexion met en valeur les tensions entre des normes réglementaires et techniques d’une part et, d’autre part, des territoires disposant de ressources variables pour les appliquer. S’appuyant sur une démarche quantitative et qualitative auprès d’institutions et d’usagers, cette recherche met en évidence la grande différenciation des Spanc. Celle-ci s’explique par la difficulté, pour les Spanc, de s’imposer dans un jeu d’acteurs complexe et face à des usagers souvent récalcitrants. Notre recherche montre, au final, que la professionnalisation des agents de ces services, qui suppose le développement d’une identité, d’une culture et de pratiques communes, permet de réduire les différences d’application de la politique publique. / This research addresses the variations and dynamics of public policy implementation. Through the analysis of eight local authorities and their monitoring of individual waste water treatments, located in suburban and rural areas in southern France (Bouches-du-Rhône, Hautes-Alpes, Vaucluse, Rhône-Alpes and Var), our work highlights the conflict between regulations and technical standardson the one hand, and the unequal resources available for local authorities responsible for their implementation on the other. Adopting a qualitative and quantitative approach to institutions, employees and users, this research highlights the significant differences between local authorities in the service they provide for individual waste water treatments. These differences result from the difficulties experienced by local authorities in interacting with a complex network stakeholders and in dealing with often unwilling users. Our research shows that, the professionalisation process, which is built upon the development of a common identity, culture and practices, reduces differences in the implementation of public policy.

<p>Much is assumed about the professionalisation of managers, but the subject has been little studied within the social sciences. Did it take place and if so, how did it happen? Previous studies suggest that the managers in Swedish industries were professionalised after the Second World War, without, however, thoroughly investigating this claim. To be able to study the professionalisation process of managers, this thesis argues that it is necessary to look at both the ideals and the practice of management. This thesis constructs two different management ideals: the patriarchal ideal and the professional ideal, which are then joined together in a model. The model is then used to interpret the management behaviour of Swedish managers in 1910-1945.</p><p>The results of this thesis show that the professionalisation process of managers was not a strict process forward. The ideals were relatively easy to change from a patriarchal ideal to a professional ideal. But the practice of management could be patriarchal as well as professional, depending on the situation and the context. One explanation for this is that the managers could not always live up to the professional ideal. Instead they reverted to the system of personal trust and its loyalties in line with the patriarchal ideal. Therefore the professionalisation process of managers was not as successful as it might have been.</p>