The purpose of this study was to investigate recommendations regarding professional standards for training and registration in pastoral work. The aim is to obtain professional recognition for Pastoral Counsellors/Therapists by accreditation and recognition from a relevant professional council. The goal is also to formulate these standards in line with the processes of the South African Qualification Authority (SAQA). The following four forms of pastoral work were distinguished and discussed: Mutual care, Pastoral care, Pastoral counselling, and Pastoral therapy. The Accreditation Committee proposed the following sub-fields: Human and Social Studies (Field 07): Religious and ethical foundation of society (sub-field). Health Sciences and Social Services (Field 09): Promotive health and developmental services, Preventative health, Curative health, Rehabilitative services (sub-fields). Proposals was adopted for the following Pastoral Counselling/Therapy The purpose of this study was to investigate recommendations regarding professional standards for training and registration in pastoral work. The aim is to obtain professional recognition for Pastoral Counsellors/Therapists by accreditation and recognition from a relevant professional council. The goal is also to formulate these standards in line with the processes of the South African Qualification Authority (SAQA). The following four forms of pastoral work were distinguished and discussed: Mutual care, Pastoral care, Pastoral counselling, and Pastoral therapy. The Accreditation Committee proposed the following sub-fields: Human and Social Studies (Field 07): Religious and ethical foundation of society (sub-field). Health Sciences and Social Services (Field 09): Promotive health and developmental services, Preventative health, Curative health, Rehabilitative services (sub-fields). Proposals was adopted for the following Pastoral Counselling!Therapy qualifications: Certificate in Pastoral Counselling (Basic) Certificate in Pastoral Counselling (Post Basic), Certificate in Pastoral Counselling (Intermediate), Diploma and post graduate degrees in Pastoral Counselling (Advanced), Masters and Doctorate Degrees in Pastoral Counselling (Specialist). After narrow consultation the level descriptors were discussed and accepted. As all proposals this will still be open for changes. The following roles were described using the format of a Qualification based on Unit Standards. Unit Standards are linked to the proposed six "roles" which are seen as generic to all Pastoral Counselling practices: Maintain effective relational and communication competence, Apply and maintain professional work ethics, Plan and facilitate pastoral counselling process, Engage in an effective personal development process, Design and conduct course of treatment, Conduct research, The roles and applied competencies for the pastoral counselling/therapy specialised field were defined. These roles may be used to re-shape current qualifications, as well as to research and design new qualifications. They are intended as initial guidelines for providers. The following registered categories for pastoral counsellors/therapists were proposed by the accreditation committee and accepted by SAAP: Category 1: Basic level pastoral counsellor (NQF Level 2) Category 2: Post basic level pastoral counsellor (NQF level 3) Category 3: Intermediate level pastoral counsellor (NQF Level 4) Category 4: Advanced level pastoral therapist (NQF Level 5/6) Category 5: Specialist level pastoral therapist (NQF Level 7 /8) The following outcomes (unit standards) for Pastoral Counsellors/Therapists were identified: UNIT 1: Applying work ethics UNIT 2: Understanding pastoral counselling theory UNIT 3: Facilitating pastoral counselling skills UNIT 4: Conducting research UNIT 5: Developing self-knowledge Some of the recommendations were: It became necessary to have some form of regulation and/or even "control" to prevent the abuse of people who ostensibly suffer from mental illness. To establish professional standards for training in pastoral counselling and to obtain professional recognition for pastoral counsellors/therapists through accreditation and recognition from a relevant professional council. In doing this we should also come to an agreement on a proper set of work ethics. It was recommend that the level descriptors should be further elaborated through a careful analysis of the standards proposed, but that the process of moving from general to specific descriptors should be adopted in the absence of meaningful generic level descriptors. It was recommend that the proposed standards and qualifications should only be adopted once processes is established where an SGB has been established and registered with SAQA, and these standards and qualifications have been accepted by providers, professional Pastoral Counsellors/Therapists, professional associations, etc. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology (Pastoral Therapy))

Le nouveau paradigme de l’éducation plurilingue et interculturelle lancé au niveau européen redéfinit le rôle de l’enseignant de langues et influence le contenu de sa formation universitaire. Dans cette recherche nous nous sommes interrogées sur les influences possibles de la politique éducative et linguistique européenne au niveau de la formation initiale des enseignants de langues en Grèce. L’analyse des programmes d’étude des huit départements de langues grecs a été réalisée sous l’angle des propositions européennes et de leur applicabilité en Grèce. Notre recherche a révélé une grande diversité de programmes de formation offerte aux futurs enseignants de langues et un suivi des axes proposés au niveau européen. La recherche quantitative et qualitative que nous avons menée nous a permis de dégager les représentations des enseignants d’anglais, de français, d’allemand et d’italien concernant leur formation initiale et le rapport de celle-ci avec leurs pratiques. Un total de 147 enseignants de langues ont répondu aux questionnaires alors que 30 ont participé aux entretiens. Notre intention visait à observer le degré auquel les propositions européennes correspondaient aux besoins des enseignants. Les résultats ont vérifié notre hypothèse à savoir que la formation proposée pouvait couvrir les besoins des enseignants et les aider à faire face aux nouveaux défis éducatifs. Le discours des enseignants a cependant révélé que le contexte éducatif ne permet pas toujours d’appliquer en classe les savoirs acquis pendant la formation initiale. / The new paradigm of plurilingual and intercultural education that is being promoted at European level, as well as the incorporation of communication technology in teaching of languages, re-define the role of the languages’ teacher and in consequence influence the content of his/her education. In this study our initial hypotheses address the possible influence of the European educational and linguistic policy on the initial education of the languages’ teacher in Greece. We advanced to an analysis of the study programs of Greek foreign language departments under the prism of the European proposals and their implementation in Greece. Initially, the research revealed a big differentiation among programs of education of future teachers. We found that the majority follows the axes being proposed at European level and that efforts focus mainly on the relevance between theory and practice. We also carried out a quantitative and qualitative research in order to determine the convictions of languages’ teachers who work in public schools with regard to their initial education and the way they teach. Our aim was to observe in which degree European proposals correspond to the needs of languages’ teachers. The results confirmed our initial hypotheses that the education being proposed could cover the needs of teachers and help them face the new educational challenges. However, their testimonies revealed that the environment they work in does not always allow the application of what they have learned during their education. / Η πολυγλωσσική και διαπολιτισμική εκπαίδευση που προωθείται σε ευρωπαϊκό επίπεδο καθώς και η ενσωμάτωση των τεχνολογιών της επικοινωνίας στην διδασκαλία των γλωσσών επαναπροσδιορίζουν τον ρόλο του εκπαιδευτικού γλωσσών και κατά συνέπεια επηρεάζουν το περιεχόμενο της εκπαίδευσης του. Σε αυτή την έρευνα εξετάζουμε τις πιθανές επιρροές της ευρωπαϊκής εκπαιδευτικής και γλωσσικής πολιτικής στην αρχική εκπαίδευση των εκπαιδευτικών γλωσσών στην Ελλάδα. Προχωρήσαμε σε μία ανάλυση των προγραμμάτων σπουδών των οκτώ ελληνικών τμημάτων γλωσσών υπό το πρίσμα των ευρωπαϊκών προτάσεων και της εφαρμογής τους στην Ελλάδα. Η έρευνα μας αποκάλυψε αρχικά την μεγάλη διαφοροποίηση των προγραμμάτων εκπαίδευσης των μελλοντικών καθηγητών και την εναρμόνιση τους με τους αξονες που προτείνονται σε ευρωπαϊκό επίπεδο. Η ποσοτική και ποιοτική έρευνα που διεξήγαμε μας επέτρεψε να δούμε τις πεποιθήσεις των καθηγητών αγγλικών, γαλλικών, γερμανικών και ιταλικών για την αρχική τους εκπαίδευση και την σχέση και την σχέση αυτής με τον τρόπο που κάνουν μάθημα. Συνολικά 147 καθηγητές γλωσσών απάντησαν στα ερωτηματολόγια και 30 ακόμη συμμετείχαν στις συνεντεύξεις. Ο σκοπός μας ήταν να παρατηρήσουμε τον βαθμό που οι ευρωπαϊκές προτάσεις ανταποκρίνονται στις ανάγκες των καθηγητών γλωσσών. Τα αποτελέσματα επιβεβαίωσαν τις αρχικές μας υποθέσεις ότι η εκπαίδευση που προτείνεται θα μπορούσε να καλύψει τις ανάγκες των καθηγητών και να τους βοηθήσει να αντιμετωπίσουν τις νέες εκπαιδευτικές προκλήσεις. Ωστόσο οι μαρτυρίες των καθηγητών αποκάλυψαν ότι το περιβάλλον μέσα στο οποίο εργάζονται δεν επιτρέπει πάντοτε την εφαρμογή των γνώσεων που απέκτησαν κατά την διάρκεια της εκπαίδευσης τους.

L'occupation infirmière française montre dans son histoire des périodes évolutives marquantes. L'occupation passe par des étapes transitoires qui la conduisent lentement, sous l'impulsion d'initiatives personnelles et collectives, vers la professionnalisation. L'universitarisation de la formation représente une ultime transition vers l'affirmation d'un savoir autonome. / The french occupation nurse showes in his history of significant evlutionary periods. The occupation goes through transitional stages that lead slowly, driven by personal and collective efforts towards the profesionaliation. The universitarization of trainning represents a final transition to the assertion of self-knowledge.

The Media High Council (MHC) was put in place by the 2003 constitution of the Republic of Rwanda as amended to today. As article 34 clarifies, the MHC is an independent institution which aims to address issues of media and press freedom. In the same spirit, the law number 30 /2009 of 16/9/2009 determines its mission, organisation and functioning. According to article 2 of this law, the Media High Council is responsible for protection, control and promotion of media and media professionals. Based on normative theories, qualitative methods and thematic analysis, this study has explored the policy formation of the Media High Council and how it has been balancing the seeming contradictory responsibilities of protecting and controlling media from 2007 to 2010. / Communication Science / M.A. (Communication)

Denna flermetodiska studie har som syfte att undersöka hur ”barn i social utsatthet” tas upp i utbildningen. I studien har intervjuer med representanter från tio olika lärosäten, en webbenkätundersökning med yrkesverksamma på fritidshem och en innehållsanalys av lärosätens kurslitteratur använts. Intervjuerna har analyserats och tolkats utifrån ett barnrättsperspektiv med hjälp av diskurspsykologi och teorier om professionalisering, de-professionalisering och gränsarbete. Resultaten har utgått från tre teman: området ”barn i social utsatthet”, utbildningen idag och framtida behov inom utbildningen. Uttrycket ”barn i social utsatthet” innefattar många områden samt att anmälningar och utbildningens längd kan bidra till problematiska dilemman utifrån ett barnrättsperspektiv. I studiens slutsats kommer vi fram till att en diskussion rörande kunskaper om området ”barn i social utsatthet” behövs. En ny omarbetad, uppgraderad och mer omfattande Grundlärarutbildning med inriktning mot fritidshem skulle kunna leda till ett tydligare uppdrag och en gränsarbetande barnrättsprofession för allmänhetens bästa.

<p>This thesis investigates how gynaecology was established as a medical speciality in Sweden in the 1860s and onwards. Gender, power, professionalisation and the production of scientific knowledge are central themes. While previous research has shown that gynaecology as a discipline depends upon notions of Woman as radically different from Man, I show how this was manifested within Swedish gynaecology, an initially all male environment. Of special interest is institutionalisation, early career-paths and the development of therapy methods and theory. I argue that gynaecology reproduced and contributed to notions of sex-difference and a gender complementary way of thinking. </p><p>While gynaecology was formed as a surgically interventionist speciality with strong manly connotations, an education reform aiming at opening higher education to women was simultaneously discussed and eventually carried out during the 1860s and 70s. The advocates of this reform portrayed women as especially fit for becoming teachers and physicians, particularly treating women and children. Thus, two opposing gendered professional ideals operated. By focusing an elite group of early women physicians, I outline how the gynaecological construction of womanliness related to women physicians and how women physicians engaged with this notion: what strategies they used to enter a profession as manly as gynaecology had become; and how women gynaecologists engaged with their men colleagues’ therapeutic methods and views on patients and women.</p>

This thesis investigates how gynaecology was established as a medical speciality in Sweden in the 1860s and onwards. Gender, power, professionalisation and the production of scientific knowledge are central themes. While previous research has shown that gynaecology as a discipline depends upon notions of Woman as radically different from Man, I show how this was manifested within Swedish gynaecology, an initially all male environment. Of special interest is institutionalisation, early career-paths and the development of therapy methods and theory. I argue that gynaecology reproduced and contributed to notions of sex-difference and a gender complementary way of thinking. While gynaecology was formed as a surgically interventionist speciality with strong manly connotations, an education reform aiming at opening higher education to women was simultaneously discussed and eventually carried out during the 1860s and 70s. The advocates of this reform portrayed women as especially fit for becoming teachers and physicians, particularly treating women and children. Thus, two opposing gendered professional ideals operated. By focusing an elite group of early women physicians, I outline how the gynaecological construction of womanliness related to women physicians and how women physicians engaged with this notion: what strategies they used to enter a profession as manly as gynaecology had become; and how women gynaecologists engaged with their men colleagues’ therapeutic methods and views on patients and women.

La tesi si prepone di analizzare il significato di design nel contesto dell’industria agro-alimentare in Italia, con particolare riferimento alle teorie dell’innovazione tramite servizi (Miles et al., 1995; Tether et al., 2001). Precedenti studi sulla professionalizzazione di una disciplina hanno supportato una prima fase di ricerca, durante la quale si è cercato di valutare se si sta sviluppando una disciplina del design agro-alimentare (Hodgson, 2002). Successivamente, la ricerca ha analizzato come le imprese del settore abbiano sviluppato ed integrato specifiche competenze mirate a fare del design uno strumento di crescita innovativa (Jennings e Wood, 1994, Meroni, 2000, Miele e Murdoch, 2002). La metodologia si basa su casi studio tratti da dati di fonte primaria e secondaria. Un primo risultato ha evidenziato l’importanza dell’innovazione di tipo organizzativo, in particolare il lavoro di progetto ed un rapporto frequente con il cliente. Lo studio enfatizza inoltre che le aziende agro-alimentari debbano considerare aspetti legati all’innovazione in concomitanza a quelli legati all’estetica. Nei casi in cui il prodotto non rappresenti l'unica interfaccia col cliente (es. settore vinicolo), la ricerca suggerisce che la funzione di servizio del design emerge come preminente. / This thesis unveils the meaning of design in the context of the agro-food industry in Italy from a service innovation perspective (Miles et al., 1995; Tether et al., 2001). Different theoretical underpinnings have been called: previous studies on the professionalisation of a discipline have helped to assess the extent to which a discipline of agro-food design is emerging (Hodgson, 2002). Additional insight is provided by the analysis of firms and sectors that have integrated design-related expertise into their activities and, consequently, contributed to further our understanding on this matter (Jennings and Wood, 1994, Meroni, 2000, Miele and Murdoch, 2002). A qualitative approach has combined both primary- and secondary-source data. The study indicates that organisational innovations are crucial for the competitiveness of Italian design firms, project-based activity and close relationship with client firms in particular. Case studies on medium and large agro-food firms point to a blurring line between design and marketing. The study emphasises that both the innovation and aesthetic components must be considered. In cases where the product is not the only interface with the client (e.g. winemaking sector), the research suggests that the service trait of the design activity is becoming increasingly relevant.

Community art is a multidisciplinary practice that was engendered by two main perspectives on art; a functionalist approach and an ‘art as essential to humanity’ approach. These differing ideological positions led to the construction of polarizing dichotomies that divided the field of practice and stagnated the community art discourse. This thesis re-visions community art as transformative community art (T.C.A.) to integrate a diverse range of practice into a distinct, recognizable field, transcend the binaries inherited from its founding fields, and identify the field as an innovative artistic movement and radical practice for social change. In this thesis T.C.A. is employed as a framework for theorizing practice. Threats to T.C.A. from funding structures, cooptation, and institutionalisation are explored and strategies of resistance identified. The concept of T.C.A. is mobilized to identify areas for future work; raising questions and ideas that can contribute to advancing a more complex, nuanced, and productive discourse.

Community art is a multidisciplinary practice that was engendered by two main perspectives on art; a functionalist approach and an ‘art as essential to humanity’ approach. These differing ideological positions led to the construction of polarizing dichotomies that divided the field of practice and stagnated the community art discourse. This thesis re-visions community art as transformative community art (T.C.A.) to integrate a diverse range of practice into a distinct, recognizable field, transcend the binaries inherited from its founding fields, and identify the field as an innovative artistic movement and radical practice for social change. In this thesis T.C.A. is employed as a framework for theorizing practice. Threats to T.C.A. from funding structures, cooptation, and institutionalisation are explored and strategies of resistance identified. The concept of T.C.A. is mobilized to identify areas for future work; raising questions and ideas that can contribute to advancing a more complex, nuanced, and productive discourse.