[pt] Platão, Leitor de Aristófanes (Elementos para uma leitura intertextual e proléptica da Apologia de Sócrates) mostra a dívida platônica e suas consequências literário-político-filosóficas com a herança cultural e literária de seu tempo, sobretudo a proveniente da Comédia Antiga, ressaltando, muito especialmente, a contribuição de Aristófanes na configuração dramático-filosófica da obra inicial de Platão. Dá ênfase à dimensão de intertextualidade inerente ao corpus platonicum. Examina criticamente a tese hermenêutica de Charles Kahn, fundada em seu conceito de prolepse, tentando ampliar sua aplicação a um número maior de diálogos platônicos e incorporando a essa noção elementos literário-políticos. Finalmente, dá atenção especial à interpretação de três temas concebidos como cruciais para uma compreensão intertextual e proléptica da obra considerada como inaugural na carreira platônica de escritor e filósofo, a Apologia de Sócrates: o episódio do oráculo de Delfos, o significado do elenco socrático e de sua aplicação e a diferenciação entre a chamada ironia socrática e uma possível ironia platônica. / [en] Plato, Reader of Aristophanes (Elements for an intertextual and proleptic reading of The Apology of Socrates) shows the platonic debt to the cultural and literary heritage of his time, mostly to Ancient Comedy, highlighting Aristophanes contribution to the dramatic and philosophical configuration of Plato s initial work. It stresses the intertextual dimension inherent to the platonicum corpus. Another goal is a critical inquiry into the hermeneutic thesis by Kahn, founded on his concept of prolepsis, with the intention of broadening its appliccation to a larger number of platonic dialogues through incorporating literary and political elements to this notion. Finally, special attention is given to the interpretation of three crucial themes to an intertextual and proleptic comprehension of what is considered the first dialogue of the platonic career as writer and philosopher, the Apology of Socrates: the Delphi oracle episode, the socratic elenchus’ significance and application and the distinction between the so-called socratic irony and a possible platonic irony.

La présente étude se donne pour but d'analyser l’œuvre romanesque de Sylvie Germain par le biais du concept d'attente. Notre intérêt a été suscité par l'articulation interne des premiers livres, tributaire de la subtile mise en place d'un réseau proleptique qui est symptomatique non seulement de l'instauration d'un pacte, à la suite duquel le lecteur esquisse son horizon d'attente, mais également d'un effort que l'auteur déploie –consciemment ou non – afin de garder une bonne emprise sur le récit. Si l'écrivain ne développe pas de théorie autour de l'attente et n'en fait pas le pivot de son écriture, les récits abondent en situations qui sont sous-tendues par elle. Le titre de la thèse rend compte des deux niveaux auxquels nous avons interrogé la production romanesque de Sylvie Germain, à savoir textuel et diégétique. Le tout s'organise à partir d'une structure ternaire dont le point de départ est l'ébauche d'une poétique de l'attente reposant principalement sur des avant-textes, sur un appareil paratextuel très dense et sur l'emploi d'anticipations par infusion de détails qui créent un effet d'échos et de correspondances par rapport au développement diégétique. La deuxième partie de notre analyse interroge les multiples manières dont l'attente est vécue par les personnages, psychiquement aussi bien que physiologiquement. Quelle que soit sa forme, l'attente reste une expérience temporelle. La dernière partie de notre étude esquisse un panorama des perceptions du temps à travers cette expérience vécue. Au terme de notre travail, nous espérons avoir réussi un exercice de synthèse à partir d'un concept qui échappe aux règles, ainsi qu'une incursion dans le champ de la temporalité peu abordé par rapport à cette œuvre. / The present study aims to analyze Sylvie Germain’s works of fiction through the concept of ‘waiting’. Our interest was aroused by the internal articulation of her first novels. Its dependence on a proleptic network is symptomatic not only of the establishment of a pact that constantly confronts the reader with new expectations, but also of the author’s effort – conscious or not – to keep a good grip on the story. Despite the fact that the writer does not develop a theory around the notion of ‘waiting’ or make it the core of her writing, contexts built around it are plentiful in the narrative. The title of the dissertation anticipates our double perspective on Sylvie Germain’s novels, i.e.textual and diegetic. The whole is organized around a ternary structure. The first part focuses on establishing a poetics of waiting based on an abundance of pre-texts, on the highly dense paratextual apparatus, as well as on the use of anticipation by an infusion of details, which creates an echo effect against the diegesis. The second part of our analysis questions the multiple manners in which the characters live in waiting, psychologically as well as physiologically. Whatever its form, waiting remains atemporal experience. The last part offers a panorama of the time perceptions it engenders. Upon reaching the end of our research, we hope to have offered a synthesis around a concept that constantly escapes the rules, as well as to have approached time related aspects rarely discussed so far in relation to Sylvie Germain’s fiction.

This qualitative dissertation in Counseling Psychology considers the open secret, an under-researched phrase describing an interesting phenomenon that is experienced by some, but not all, LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) people when their sexual orientation is known or suspected by family members, friends, and/or coworkers, but not discussed. A review of the literature notes how the essence of the open secret appears to be about knowledge that is not acknowledged, while it may also create a space of grace, allowing people to coexist, where they might not otherwise be able to do so easily. Participants (N = 11) were either current or past members of the U.S. military who served before or during the Don’t Ask Don’t Tell policy. Interviews were analyzed using James Paul Gee’s linguistic approach to narrative, from which three major findings emerged: (a) sexual and homophobic harassment, whereby historically homophobic attitudes within the military drive the need for secrecy surrounding LGBT sexuality; (b) acceptance and support, whereby the open secret seems to create a space of grace; and (c) empowerment and honesty, whereby LGBT people seem to have a new sense of honesty that empowers them toward a new sense of agency. Discussion includes examination of how the three findings may relate to the open versus secret parts of the open secret, as well as how the open secret and the Don’t Ask Don’t Tell policy may represent a gestalt attempt at balance that may now be moving toward a gestalt dynamic of completion, suggesting the possibility of a new Discourse of openness and honesty for LGBT people that appears to be on a proleptic edge of possibility.

Paradoxe de la prolepse : en dévoilant par avance un événement de l’histoire, elle risque de ruiner le suspens ; en n’évoquant qu’allusivement ce qui va suivre, elle peut au contraire y contribuer. Le traitement des anticipations a toujours été au cœur des débats sur la tension narrative. L’examen de poétiques et de rhétoriques antiques et classiques, leur confrontation avec les théories contemporaines permettent de retracer la longue histoire d’un procédé à travers les discours contradictoires qui l’ont défini.Lisons les romans de l’Ancien Régime, nous verrons ce paradoxe en action. Au seuil du XVIIe siècle, la prolepse appartient, comme le début in medias res, à la panoplie des artifices visant à maintenir suspendu l’esprit du lecteur et à structurer de grandes machines romanesques ; au siècle suivant, les pseudo-mémorialistes, tout en puisant dans ce fonds, la posent comme le symptôme d’une écriture naturelle, désordonnée, parfois défaite, peu soucieuse de suspens et d’architecture, bref, la marque par excellence d’une écriture du cœur.Tout se joue dans l’appréhension progressive du texte par le lecteur et l’interprétation de la voix narratoriale supposée le guider. Les outils de la narratologie sont réexaminés et affinés pour que puisse être pris en considération le cheminement pas à pas du lecteur ; afin d’étudier des unités plus petites ou des manœuvres narratives particulièrement subtiles, il faut combiner ces outils avec les instruments de la linguistique énonciative (reprises anaphoriques et annonces cataphoriques, usages des temps verbaux, phénomènes polyphoniques liés à la régie narrative). On évalue ainsi la manière dont, au long d’un siècle et demi d’une production romanesque très diversifiée, sont suscitées des attentes, souvent comblées, parfois frustrées : si l’anticipation est d’ordinaire un moment où une voix de régie organise le texte, il arrive en effet que ce procédé provoque des dérèglements dont nous pouvons, critiques embarrassés ou lecteurs amusés, suivre les aléas. / There is a paradox of prolepsis : because it tells in advance an event of the story, it runs the risk of ruining suspense ; because it only evokes this event allusively, it may, on the contrary, help to create suspense. The use of anticipation has always been at the core of the debate on narrative tension. Through the study of ancient and classical poetics and rhetorics, brought in comparison with contemporary theories, this work seeks to retrace the long history of a highly controversial narrative device.Reading the novels of the Ancien Régime, one may see this paradox at work. At the dawn of the seventeenth-century, prolepses belong, along with in medias res openings, to the repertoire of artificial contrivances used in the building of huge novelistic machines, as they keep the reader’s mind suspended ; in the first half of the following century, the Memoir-Novel uses the very same device to establish a new manner of writing : prolepses become the sign of an unsophisticated prose, attuned to the effusions of the heart.At stake here is the reader’s progressive apprehension of the text and the way he interprets the narratorial voice. Narratological tools are re-examined and refined so as to take into consideration the act of reading and its dynamics ; elements of enunciative linguistics are used for the study of small textual units and subtle narrative manipulations. Through this overview of one hundred and fifty years of prose fiction, we trace the different manners in which expectations are aroused, usually fulfilled, and exceptionally frustrated.

No description available.

Both Plato and the Cambridge Platonists hold the view that moral knowledge depends primarily on cognitive resources which are innate to the mind. There is, nevertheless, a need for our minds to be prompted through experience in order for knowledge to occur. The following study is an attempt to reconstruct and compare the accounts in Plato and the Cambridge Platonists of the empirical conditions that are required for knowledge. For Plato, these conditions are a result of a decline in political and psychological constitutions, through which the intellect is increasingly developed. Dialectical analysis of received customs, laws, opinions, and language may then reveal the moral ideas upon which the polity was initially based and which remain implicit in common sense throughout the historical decline. Philosophical knowledge consists of a recollection of the ancient wisdom which was revealed to the original lawgiver by the gods. In the Cambridge Platonists, philosophical knowledge likewise consists of a recollection of revealed knowledge that stood at the foundation of a form of life, namely, Judaism. The revival of ancient Greek and Jewish philosophical theories in modern times heralds the end of history, in which the complete system of knowledge is both attainable and necessary for salvation. From the perspective of humanity as a whole, knowledge is initially granted through revelation, then generally forgotten, and finally recollected in a highly intellectual age of deteriorating morality and stability. The esoteric traditions of knowledge, coupled with recent developments in science and philosophy, act as the prompts for knowledge, given an intuitive basis that has been formed through the spread of Christianity. This intuitive basis serves as the concrete way in which the natural anticipations of the mind are gradually shaped in order to recognize the truth when it appears in a shrouded manner in modern philosophy. Both Plato and the Cambridge Platonists are critics of the similar intellectual trends in their times and they respond with similar arguments; however, unlike Plato, the Cambridge Platonists are unable to connect their rational critique with their genetic critique of modern ideas, rendering the latter ineffective. / Thesis (Ph.D, Philosophy) -- Queen's University, 2009-09-24 16:19:49.145

In the Apartheid South Africa, repression and the heightening of the Blacks' struggle for political emancipation, prompted artists to challenge the system through their music, oral poetry and writing. Most produced works of protest in English to reach a wider audience. This led to the general misconception that literatures in the indigenous languages of South Africa were insensitive to the issues of those times. This study seeks firstly to put to rest such misconception by proving that there is Commitment in these literatures as exemplified in the poetry of S.F. Motlhake. Motlhake not only expresses protest against the political system of the time, but also questions some religious and socio-cultural practices and institutions among his people. The study also examines his selected works as genuine poetry, which does not sacrifice art on the altar of propaganda. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

In the Apartheid South Africa, repression and the heightening of the Blacks' struggle for political emancipation, prompted artists to challenge the system through their music, oral poetry and writing. Most produced works of protest in English to reach a wider audience. This led to the general misconception that literatures in the indigenous languages of South Africa were insensitive to the issues of those times. This study seeks firstly to put to rest such misconception by proving that there is Commitment in these literatures as exemplified in the poetry of S.F. Motlhake. Motlhake not only expresses protest against the political system of the time, but also questions some religious and socio-cultural practices and institutions among his people. The study also examines his selected works as genuine poetry, which does not sacrifice art on the altar of propaganda. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)