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La recherche dans les réseaux de communication cherche à améliorer la capacité et les performances des technologies de réseaux tout en satisfaisant à la fois la demande croissante d’instantanéité des accès et des échanges d’information. Par exemple, les travaux sur les systèmes sans-fil de cinquième génération (5G) visent à augmenter le débit de données et l’efficacité spectrale mais aussi à réduire la latence et la consommation d’énergie. Dans ce contexte, la mise en réseau basée sur la proximité est envisagée afin d’améliorer l’échange d’information entre périphériques proches, même dans le cas où aucune infrastructure n’est disponible. Une composante essentielle de ces solutions est la capacité de rapidement détecter (ou découvrir) les autres systèmes à proximité. Bien que l’utilisation de la découverte des systèmes et de services ne soit pas à proprement parler une nouveauté dans les réseaux, son adoption dans les réseaux sans-fil a augmenté l’importance et la pertinence de ce type de mécanismes. Par conséquence, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’optimiser les performances du processus de découverte en utilisant des mécanismes contextuels. Dans un premier temps, nous commençons par une description préliminaire des défis auxquels sont confrontés les utilisateurs du réseau et comment les solutions actuelles (c’est-à-dire Long Term Evolution (LTE)) ne peuvent pas couvrir leurs besoins. Dans un deuxième temps, nous présentons l’architecture utilisée pour évaluer nos propositions: l’architecture appareil-à-appareil (D2D) qui est définie par le programme de partenariat de troisième génération (3GPP) pour être utilisée dans les réseaux LTE. Nous mettrons tout particulièrement l’accent sur la description du processus de découverte tel qu’il est défini dans les spécifications. Finalement, nous présentons une étude analytique, avec un modèle de mise en oeuvre pour tester et valider les performances de la découverte directe. En utilisant cette analyse, nous proposons un algorithme de transmission adaptatif qui optimise le processus de découverte pour les topologies statiques. Cette contribution sert de base à des algorithmes étendus et améliorés ciblant premièrement des scénarios où la disponibilité de données historiques permet de prédire les fluctuations de la densité des utilisateurs, et deuxièmement des situations entièrement dynamiques sans infrastructure ou support externe, montrant comment les mécanismes contextuels peuvent fournir des performances presque optimales. Toutes ces contributions et ces analyses sont supportées et validées par des modèles de simulation et des expériences qui montrent l’importance et l’exactitude de nos propositions dans l’optimisation de la performance et de la fiabilité dans le cadre de la découverte directe / Research in communication networks aims to improve the capabilities and performance of network technologies, and to satisfy the ever increasing demand for instant information access and exchange. For example, work on Fifth Generation (5G) Wireless Systems aims to increase data rates and spectral efficiency while lowering latency and energy consumption. Within this context, proximity-based networking is being considered in order to improve the data sharing between nearby devices, regardless of the availability of additional infrastructure. An integral component of these solutions is the ability to quickly detect (or discover) other systems in the vicinity. While system and service discovery has been a concept used in networks for some time, its adoption by wireless networks has increased the importance and relevance of this type of mechanisms. Therefore, the goal of this thesis is to optimize the performance of the discovery process by using context-aware mechanisms. First, we start by an introductory description of the challenges faced by network users and how current solutions (i.e. Long Term Evolution (LTE)) are unable to cover their needs. Second, we present the architecture we will use to evaluate our proposals, namely the device-to-device (D2D) architecture defined by the Third-Generation Partnership Program (3GPP) for use in LTE networks, with an emphasis on the description of the discovery process as defined in the standard specifications. Then, we present an analytical study, along with an implementation model to test and validate the performance of direct discovery. Building upon that analysis, we propose an adaptive transmission algorithm that optimizes the discovery process for static topologies. This contribution is used as the foundation for extended and enhanced algorithms targeting scenarios where the availability of historic data allows for predicting user density fluctuations, and fully dynamic situations without external infrastructure or support, showing how context-aware mechanisms can provide almost optimal performance. All these contributions and analysis are supported and validated by simulation models and experiments that showcase the importance and correctness of our proposals in the optimization of the performance and reliability in D2D direct discovery

This study deals with weather symbolism in DBZ Ntuli's literature. Chapter one describes the aim, biography of DBZ Ntuli, definition of important literary concepts, the scope and the methodology. Chapter two considers the symbolic use of mist, fog, overcast weather and clouds. Each of these aspects is defined and is studied under each genre, i.e. in terms of its use by Ntuli in prose, drama and poetry. Chapter three explores the symbolic usage of rain, thunder and the rainbow in all the genres in which Ntuli writes. Chapter four deals with the imagery of the sun. The sun is shown as exhibiting three distinct levels of heat: mild, hot and extremely hot. Chapter five deals with the symbol of cold weather. Its aspects can be perceived on two levels: cold weather and extremely cold weather. Chapter six is a general conclusion that reveals the outcome of the research, observations and the recommendations. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

From the point of view of literary qualities, Prophetic Traditions stand out among Arabic literature. This study aims at selecting some unique words the Prophet used, and search for their presence or absence in the Arabic Although several sources were used, the reliance for the choice of words is mainly on An-Nihayah fi gharib al-Athar of Ibn al-Athir; and for comparison, several published works. literature. The objective is to find out how the Prophetic words affected the literature. An analysis is attempted to arrive at the meaning of these words as used in Hadith literature, literatures preceding or following it, and compare to find whether they have been used at all, and, if used, in the same meaning or not, or whether they are used in a unique sense. Thus, this study brings to light differences between Prophetic literature, and literatures other than it. / Arabic & Islamic Studies / M.A. (Islamic Studies)

This thesis contains an edition of the Swedish Hebraist Andreas Norrelius’ (1679-1749) Latin translation, Illuminatio oculorum (1749), of the converted rabbi Johan Kemper’s (1670-1716) Hebrew commentary on Matthew, Me’irat ‘Enayim (1703). The dissertation is divided into three parts. The focus lies on the introduction, which concentrates on issues of language and style. Andreas Norrelius’ Latin usage is elucidated on its orthographical, morphological, syntactic, lexical and stylistic levels. The features are demonstrated to be typical of scholarly Neo-Latin: Through a broad comparative synchronic approach, conspicuous linguistic phenomena are taken as points of departure for the exploration of scholarly Latin prose in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, especially the vocabulary and phraseology of philological, theological, and exegetical discourse. An intellectual historical background is outlined that places the ambitions and the achievements of the author and the translator as well as the texts used for comparison in their scholarly and cultural setting against a general European and specific Swedish background. Furthermore, the introduction deals with various questions relating to translation techniques and strategies. In particular, the method for the translation of biblical passages is analysed and put in relation to the humanistic Latin Bible translations. Moreover, the life and work of Johan Kemper is described in the light of all historical sources available. The life of Andreas Norrelius is also portrayed, and the questions about the date and authorship of the Latin translation are thoroughly addressed. The second part contains the editio princeps of the Latin translation. Andreas Norrelius’ own prolegomena about Kemper’s early life has been made accessible as well. The third part provides a philological commentary focused on the explanation of specific linguistic and exegetical questions in the text edited.

En France, les changements sociaux, culturels et politiques du tournant des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles vont imposer au romantisme naissant une autre base d’inspiration que l’Antiquité qui fut celle du classicisme : le Moyen Âge. Victor et Hugo et Honoré de Balzac feront partie des auteurs romantiques qui adapteront les ressources imaginaires des œuvres médiévales dont la figure du chevalier. Pourquoi les romantiques ont-ils perçu en cette figure une source de sens ? Quels sont les aménagements nécessaires pour qu’une figure aussi liée au Moyen Âge soit réactualisée dans l’esthétique romantique? Cette étude se propose de répondre à ces question en observant la figure du chevalier dans des œuvres médiévales, Le chevalier de la charrette (Chrétien de Troyes) et Le Lancelot en prose (auteur inconnu), comparée au chevalier romantique présenté dans La légende du beau Pécopin et de la belle Bauldour (Victor Hugo) et Le frère d’armes (Honoré de Balzac). Cette comparaison permettra de mettre en lumière que cette figure est représentée dans ces œuvres transformée et actualisée. / In France, the social, cultural, and political changes of the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries will impose on nascent romanticism another basis for inspiration than that of antiquity, which is that of classicism: the Middle Ages. Victor Hugo and Honoré de Balzac will be part of the romantic authors who will adapt the imaginary resources of the medieval works including the knight figure. Why did the romantics observe such a source of sense in this figure? What are the necessary amendments for a symbol so strongly linked to the Middle Ages, required for adapted use in romantic aesthetics? This will be examined through observation of the knight figure in the medieval works, Le chevalier de la charrette (Chrétien de Troyes) and Le Lancelot en prose (unknown author), compared to the romantic knight that is present in La légende du beau Pécopin et de la belle Bauldour (Victor Hugo) and Le frère d’armes (Honoré de Balzac). This comparison will highlight that the symbol of the knight represented in these romantics works is transformed and adapted.

IN ENGLISH The primary concern of this thesis is to explore the instances of incorporation of media-specific elements extracted and translated from radio and cinema into Samuel Beckett's late prose. The analysis of the texts forming Beckett's Nohow On trilogy is based on the investigation of the two modes of perception - the aural and the visual - and is realised through the close reading of Company, Ill Seen Ill Said, and Wostward Ho in the context of media and film theory and practice. The chief premise is that the formal translations among the print and non-print media in Beckett's work are conditioned by the author's interest in, and theoretical and practical familiarity with, radio, television, and cinematography. The discussion is thus supported by biographical and bibliographical framework, and Beckett's familiarity with the specificities of broadcast media and cinema is considered in their direct relation to the progressive 'technologisation' of his fiction of the 1980s. The thesis outlines the origins and transformations of the motif of voice as one of Beckett's chief fictional concerns, and explores the texts' practical and notional borrowings from the field of cinematography to elucidate the way in which they are designed to simulate perceptual experiences. In doing so, the individual...

Este trabalho é composto pela tradução anotada do texto original em inglês Fyodor Dostoevski (1821 1881), que faz parte das aulas de literatura russa que o autor russo Vladímir Nabókov ministrou em universidades americanas de 1941 a 1959, bem como por uma introdução biobibliográfica e crítica sobre o autor, de um modo geral, e de um ensaio crítico sobre suas opiniões a respeito das principais obras de Fiódor Dostoiévski, em particular. Para tanto, serão comentadas as principais opiniões críticas de Nabókov sobre os romances Crime e Castigo, Memórias do Subsolo, O Idiota, Os Demônios e os Irmãos Karámazov de Dostoiévski à luz das concepções de Mikhail Bakhtin, Leonid Grossman, Joseph Frank, entre outros. / This research is composed of the annotated translation of the original text in English Fyodor Dostoevski (1821 - 1881), which is part of the lectures on Russian literature that the Russian author Vladimir Nabokov gave in American universities from 1941 to 1959, as well as by a biobibliographical and critical introduction about the author, in a general way, and a critical essay about his opinions concerning the major works of Fyodor Dostoevski, in particular. To accomplish this task, Nabokovs opinions about the novels Crime and Punishment, Memories from the Underground, The Possessed, The Idiot and The Brothers Karamazov have been studied in the light of Mikhail Bakhtin, Leonid Grossman, Joseph Frank, among others.

Este trabalho faz um estudo conjunto e comparativo dos romancistas José Martiniano de Alencar, brasileiro, e Manuel de Jesús Galván, dominicano. Foram analisados os romances O guarani e Iracema, de Alencar, e Enriquillo, de Galván. O objetivo da pesquisa foi demonstrar que a obra indianista dos dois romancistas apresenta como característica comum a criação de um mito fundador da nacionalidade. Em ambos, o mito proposto retrata a formação da América Latina como a fusão do elemento indígena e do elemento ibérico e a adesão aos valores da civilização ocidental trazidos à América pelos europeus. Os pilares que sustentam o edifício da civilização ocidental são a ciência grega, a religião cristã e o direito romano. Os enredos dos romances estão permeados de fatos, conceitos, personagens e episódios que ilustram o projeto inicial que foi implantado pelos portugueses no Brasil e pelos espanhóis na Ilha Hispaniola e demais territórios sob sua tutela, nos primórdios da colonização. Este projeto incluía a transferência para a América de todo o arcabouço institucional que Espanha e Portugal possuíam. José de Alencar e Manuel de Jesus Galván são conservadores, católicos e fiéis às tradições. Seus romances indianistas enaltecem as bases tradicionais sobre as quais se fundaram as sociedades latino-americanas, e refutam as tendências revolucionárias que pretendem solapar as vetustas tradições da civilização ocidental. Idéias revolucionárias que contestam os valores da civilização ocidental são vistas pelos romancistas em apreço como algo estranho à índole institucional dos países americanos. Neste sentido, a obra indianista de José de Alencar e de Manuel de Jesús Galván se distingue por um profundo sentimento patriótico, ao identificar os verdadeiros valores nacionais, enaltecê-los e empregá-los na tarefa de plasmar literariamente um mito fundador da nacionalidade. Nos romances indianistas de Alencar e de Galván, o mito fundador da nacionalidade é uma narrativa centrada em personagens excelentes, capazes de fornecer um exemplo à nação. Este exemplo é encontrado na nobreza que caracteriza aqueles personagens e à qual eles pertencem naturalmente por serem os membros de uma elite tradicional surgida espontaneamente e por méritos próprios. Exemplar também é a fé cristã de todos os personagens centrais e seu respeito pelos preceitos da religião. Igualmente exemplar é o respeito às regras de Direito Natural no arcabouço jurídico e institucional descrito pelos romancistas estudados em seus romances de fundação. Realizou-se ainda uma confrontação com a crítica corrente sobre os romancistas estudados com o fim de revelar os equívocos e o anacronismo das apreciações mais difundidas sobre suas obras. / This work is a joint study and comparison of novelists José Martiniano de Alencar, Brazilian, and Manuel de Jesús Galván, Dominican. The novels O guarani and Iracema, by Alencar, and Enriquillo, by Galván were analysed. The objective of the research was to demonstrate that the indianist work of the two novelists features in commom the establishment of a founding myth of nationality. In both, the proposed myth portrays the formation of Latin America as a fusion of Indigenous element and the Iberian element and the adherence to the values of Western civilization brought to America by the Europeans. The pillars supporting the building of Western civilization are the Greek science, the Christian religion and the Roman law. The plots of the novels are permeated with facts, concepts, characters and episodes that illustrate the initial project that was implemented by the Portuguese in Brazil and the Spanish in Hispaniola Island and other territories under their tutelage in the early days of colonization. This project included the transfer to America of the whole institutional framework that Spain and Portugal had. José de Alencar and Manuel de Jesús Galván are conservative, Catholic and faithful to the traditions. Their indianist novels extol the traditional bases on which are founded the Latin American societies, and refute the revolutionary tendencies that aim to undermine the time-honoured traditions of Western civilization. Revolutionary ideas that challenge the values of Western civilization are seen by novelists in question as something foreign to the institutional nature of the American countries. In this sense, the indianist work of José de Alencar and Manuel de Jesús Galván is distinguished by a deep patriotic feeling, to identify the true national values, exalting them and using them in the task of shaping literarily a founder myth of nationality. In the indianist novels by Alencar and Galván, the founding myth of nationality is a narrative centred on excellent characters, able to provide an example to the nation. This example is found in the nobility featuring those characters and to which they naturally belong to be members of a traditional elite that emerged spontaneously and by own merits. Exemplar is also the Christian faith of all the central characters and their respect for the precepts of religion. Also exemplary is the respect for natural law rules in the legal and institutional framework described by the novelists studied in their founding novels. It held even a confrontation with the current criticism of the novelists studied in order to reveal the misconceptions and the anachronism of the most widespread assessments about their works.