This study focuses on the novels of Quicksand by Nella Larsen and Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison to explore the phenomenon of poqéakh (פֹּקֵחַ) through the fictionalized lived experiences of their protagonists, Helga Crane and invisible man. Each novelist’s representation of poqéakh offers a portrait of the protagonists’ psyches. The narratives reveal an unsettling truth for the protagonists, who are members of a population often targeted, stigmatized, and fashioned or re-fashioned by Americans and various environs in American society, that they must assimilate—not only their bodies, but their psyches too to fit the “white man’s pattern” (Larsen 4). Their realities inform them that non-conformity and/or developing or utilizing their intellect is disadvantageous—perceiving is unfavorable. Each protagonist learns that she and he will not only be limited by their imaginations or abilities, but also by persons and constructs within American society keeping them witless and amenable. The environs presented in forms such as schools, jobs, even people who prepare each protagonist to accept all and any disparity (inequality and inequity), they are made to be persistently and surreptitiously instructive. As such, these environs are always educating (or training), always molding the psyches of the protagonists to live within a frame—the construct (American society). These ever informing boundaries thoroughly acquaint each protagonist on “how to scale down [their] desires and dreams so that they will come within reach of possibility” (Thurman 115). Poqéakh leads Helga Crane to perceive the boundaries while it prevents the invisible man from returning to unblissful ignorance, thus, for him, providing momentary periods of lucidity. This study utilizes a qualitative research design and method, and relies on phenomenological theory to successfully analyze the novels and explicate on the representations of poqéakh. As this study will illustrate, Larsen and Ellison offer as representative via their novels two narratives of the diasporic psyche (mind), wherein their protagonists’ experiences of poqéakh lead to some unmitigated facts and disturbing truths about their reality.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:58:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Verusca Praciano de Paula.pdf: 361355 bytes, checksum: d58738e1e613f4f31e5a889155c78991 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-01 / The purpose of the study and research The Poetical Orality in the novels of the XIX century: Iracema and The Guarani provided us a reading enlightening the poetical orality, in prose and rhyme. Talk and writing combined are submitted to a double linguistic and literary examination, involving double aspects, to make known: the talk, the characters, the semantics layers, structural stylish means (language, image, sonority) of the syntagma narration. The orality opens its cleavage to poetical reading of novels, making dialogue talk and writing, at the historical moment of the Brazilian romantism, between critics and changes, when writing should substitute its traditional sovereignity by the specificity of the native Brazilian talk blended with Portuguese language. In the first chapter, we approach the influence of poetical orality in use and application into prosaical speech of representation, discursiveness without generical boundary, taking into account the national novel in constitution by a set of stylish unities. In the second chapter, we clarify the nature of prosaical language and of poetical one and the specifics proceedings to the double orality and writing, in the native novel. In conclusives expressions the emphasis will be given to native poetical orality with Jose de Alencar and his interference in romantism since the saga novel and poetry, shaping the origin of the Brazilian national novel. In our reckonning, José de Alencar and his native novel, begin a polemic regarding mixing form of the romance style, that he called essay, to be continued thru our research and purpose, in our dissertation, just as a conclusion / O objeto de estudo nomeia-se pelo próprio tema: A Oralidade Poética nos romances do século XIX: Iracema e O Guarani. Sua pesquisa nos propiciou uma leitura à luz da poética da oralidade, em prosa e verso. Fala e escritura conjuntas foram submetidas ao duplo exame lingüístico e literário, envolvendo aspectos, em paralelo: discurso; personagens; estratos semânticos e recursos estilísticos estruturadores (língua, imagem, sonoridade) do sintagma narrativo. A oralidade abre sua clivagem para a leitura poética dos romances, na fronteira prosa e poesia, tomando o diálogo entre a fala e a escritura, no momento histórico do romantismo brasileiro, (séc. XIX), entre críticas e mudanças, quando a escritura deveria substituir sua soberania tradicional pela especificidade da fala do indígena brasileiro em fusão com fala lusitana. No primeiro capítulo, abordamos a influência da oralidade poética em exercício e usos no discurso prosaico em representação, discursividade sem fronteira genérica, considerando o romance nacional em formação por um conjunto de unidades estilísticas. No segundo capítulo, explanamos a natureza da língua da prosa e a língua da poesia e os procedimentos específicos à duplicidade oralidade e escritura, no romance indianista. Em termos de finalização, a ênfase será dada às questões referentes à oralidade poética indianista, nos romances Iracema e O Guarani de José de Alencar e sua intervenção no romantismo, a partir da saga e da poesia, antecipando a matriz genérica do romance nacional brasileiro. Por sua vez, José de Alencar e sua obra indianista inaugura uma polêmica referente à formação mista do gênero romance brasileiro por ele nomeado ensaio poético, cujos indicadores encontram-se nas considerações, à guisa de conclusão

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:59:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Michele Lima Nery.pdf: 6257100 bytes, checksum: 1234a2e267f5df53e5493805014b1418 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-30 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / This research is about the work Asas, from Mário de Sá-Carneiro, present at the collectanea Céu em fogo, 1915. The main purpose of the research is to verify and analyze the route of the poetic language in the work and infer about the possible meanings of these language to the literature style, having as a base the presence of poetry on prose. So we have elaborated a panorama of all the context of the production and uprise of the Orpheu movement, base of the sensationism, poetic movement created by Fernando Pessoa, based mainly on the principle of sensation as a base of everything in the world and its most conscious side, the intersectionism. This way, we have established, in the chapter, the theoretical instrument of the research, that is, the stylistic features of the founders of the sensationism and intersectionism and so, the characteristics of the poetic language which will be analyzed on the text of Sá-Carneiro. After those refections, we have analyzed the work Asas, corpus of the research. The analyses of the text were made from the observation of the poetic language of the text. This way, we have followed how the poetic language was born on the text, since its first and simpler manifestations to the point that, at the end, we have transcripted on the text two poems: Além and Bailado, which represent the embodiment of the poetry on prose / Esta pesquisa trata da obra Asas, de Mário de Sá-Carneiro, inclusa na coletânea Céu em fogo, 1915. O objetivo da pesquisa é verificar e analisar o percurso da linguagem poética na obra e inferir quais são os possíveis significados dessa linguagem para o gênero, tendo como base a presença da poesia na prosa. Em face disto, elaboramos um panorama de todo o contexto de produção e nascimento do movimento do Orpheu, base sobre a qual se assentou o sensacionismo, corrente poética criada por Fernando Pessoa que se baseava, fundamentalmente no princípio da sensação como base de tudo no mundo e sua vertente mais consciente, o interseccionismo. Dessa forma, estabelecemos o instrumental teórico da pesquisa, isto é, os traços estilísticos fundadores do sensacionismo e do interseccionismo e, por conseguinte, as características da linguagem poética que estudamos no texto de Sá-Carneiro. Após tais reflexões, realizamos a análise da obra Asas, corpus da pesquisa. A análise do texto é desenvolvida a partir da observação da linguagem poética presente no texto, acompanhando o surgimento nele do poético, desde suas primeiras e mais simples manifestações, até o ponto em que, ao final, aparecerem transcritos dois poemas: Além e Bailado, que representam a própria corporificação da poesia na prosa

Este trabalho é composto pela tradução anotada do texto original em inglês Fyodor Dostoevski (1821 1881), que faz parte das aulas de literatura russa que o autor russo Vladímir Nabókov ministrou em universidades americanas de 1941 a 1959, bem como por uma introdução biobibliográfica e crítica sobre o autor, de um modo geral, e de um ensaio crítico sobre suas opiniões a respeito das principais obras de Fiódor Dostoiévski, em particular. Para tanto, serão comentadas as principais opiniões críticas de Nabókov sobre os romances Crime e Castigo, Memórias do Subsolo, O Idiota, Os Demônios e os Irmãos Karámazov de Dostoiévski à luz das concepções de Mikhail Bakhtin, Leonid Grossman, Joseph Frank, entre outros. / This research is composed of the annotated translation of the original text in English Fyodor Dostoevski (1821 - 1881), which is part of the lectures on Russian literature that the Russian author Vladimir Nabokov gave in American universities from 1941 to 1959, as well as by a biobibliographical and critical introduction about the author, in a general way, and a critical essay about his opinions concerning the major works of Fyodor Dostoevski, in particular. To accomplish this task, Nabokovs opinions about the novels Crime and Punishment, Memories from the Underground, The Possessed, The Idiot and The Brothers Karamazov have been studied in the light of Mikhail Bakhtin, Leonid Grossman, Joseph Frank, among others.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-11-09T10:25:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Dias de Souza Ferreira.pdf: 726924 bytes, checksum: b7750b4ab222d25e5160c7705357f6c9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-09T10:25:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Dias de Souza Ferreira.pdf: 726924 bytes, checksum: b7750b4ab222d25e5160c7705357f6c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This master's thesis analyzes the presence of the popular song in the prose of Sagarana, first book by João Guimarães Rosa. It tries to understand how the song (sung word), hybrid genre, literary and musical, can infect the pen of the author, the voices of characters and narrators, and lead his prose to present special, singular aesthetic matter. The research starts investigating Rosa's biography and the correspondences between him and his translators, literary critics and friends, searching for quotes and access keys that are essentially poetic and musical - Haroldo de Campos, with his concept of transcreation, the German critic Günter Lorenz and Rosa himself emphasize and define theories that enrich the work. The literary product that springs from the "traveling Rosa", from his knowledge of many foreign languages and from the confluence of the Cordisburgo oral tradition, is observed. Paul Zumthor's work "Performance, réception, lecture", marks and guides our research in his second act, which weaves the rapprochement between the song-form and Sagarana. In the final act, the work seeks the "musical score" underlying the prose of Guimarães Rosa, governing the diction of the characters, the narrator, the reader. This research presents possible scores and melodies for excerpts from Sagarana. From this analysis, which constructs and deconstructs the literary-musical discourse of moments of the book, the work reveals the music that possibly precedes and incorporates all work with aesthetic and poetic quality and brings the creative process of the songwriter closer to that of the writers / Esta dissertação é leitura-escuta que analisa a presença da canção no fazer literário da prosa de Sagarana, livro de estreia de João Guimarães Rosa. Procura entender como a canção (palavra cantada), gênero híbrido, literário e musical pode contagiar a pena do autor, as vozes de personagens e narradores, e conduzir o corpo da prosa a apresentar matéria estética especial, singular. Em primeiro momento, a pesquisa investiga a biografia de Rosa e as correspondências entre este e seus tradutores, críticos literários e amigos, em busca de citações, revelações e chaves de leitura que soem essencialmente poéticas e musicais – Haroldo de Campos, sua ideia de transcriação literária, o crítico alemão Günter Lorenz e o próprio Rosa sublinham e definem propostas teórico-críticas que fudamentam o trabalho. O produto literário que brota de Rosa vaqueiro e viajante, de seu domínio de idiomas estrangeiros, da confluência da cultura oral de Cordisburgo, das cantigas e aboios dos vaqueiros, é observado, e é refrão presente, em cada capítulo. O trabalho de Paul Zumthor sobre leitura, performance e recepção marca e orienta a pesquisa em seu segundo ato, que tece a aproximação entre a forma-canção e Sagarana. Em ato final, a dissertação busca a "partitura musical" subjacente à prosa rosiana, a reger a dicção dos personagens, do narrador, do leitor, e cria possíveis melodias para trechos da prosa de Sagarana. O projeto constrói e desconstrói o discursoliterário- musical de momentos da obra, forja a estrutura musical no corpo do texto e revela a música que possivelmente antecede e incorpora toda escrita com qualidade estética e poética, aproximando o processo criativo do compositor de canção popular ao do escritor de literatura

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar ao leitor brasileiro a tradução do romance Mémoires de porc-épic (2006), de Alain Mabanckou. Para chegarmos à tradução, fez-se necessário entender alguns elementos centrais de sua poética e da estrutura narrativa do romance, assim como sua trajetória de vida e obra. Para tanto, discorremos, num primeiro momento, sobre sua visão de mundo e sobre as principais dimensões de sua poética, relacionando-os, sobretudo, ao pensamento rizomático proposto por Édouard Glissant. Em seguida, analisamos o romance em questão atentando para elementos macroestruturais, relacionados à literatura oral tradicional de algumas sociedades africanas de expressão francesa, nos baseando, majoritariamente, nos estudos feitos por Jacques Chevrier, e em elementos microestruturais, concernentes ao uso de repetições, paralelismos, interjeições, léxico africano, provérbios, responsáveis por criar o que Mabanckou chama de ritmo congolês da narrativa. Por fim, destinamos o terceiro capítulo à discussão tradutória, no qual apresentamos nosso projeto de tradução, baseado na abordagem de viés não etnocêntrico proposta, entre outros, por Antoine Berman; e nossa concepção sobre as notas de tradução, levando em consideração, primordialmente, o pensamento de Ana Cristina Cesar em relação ao ritmo na prosa. Apresentamos as notas de tradução divididas em dois blocos, o semântico e o sintático, ambos em diálogo com o que entendemos ser o ritmo da narrativa. A tradução completa é vista no anexo. / The aim of this work is to present to the Brazilian public the translation of Mémoires de porc-épic (2006), a novel by Alain Mabanckou. In order to arrive at the translation, it seemed necessary to have a more in-depth understanding of some of the central elements of the poetic and narrative structure of the novel, as well as the authors life and work. Therefore, we at first discuss his worldview and the main dimensions of his poetics; relating them, especially, to the concept of rhizome proposed by philosopher Édouard Glissant. Then, we analyze the novel in question, with attention to the macrostructural elements related to traditional oral literature in some African societies of French expression, drawing mainly on studies by Jacques Chevrier, as well as microstructural elements concerning the use of repetitions, parallelisms, interjections, African vocabulary and proverbs, responsible for creating the Congolese rhythm of the narrative. Finally, the third chapter discusses the translation and presents the translation project, drawing upon the non-ethnocentric approach proposed, among others, by Antoine Berman, and our conception of the translation notes, taking into account primarily the thoughts of Ana Cristina Cesar regarding rhythm in prose. The translation notes are divided into two blocks, semantic and syntactic, which are both in dialogue with what we understand to be the rhythm of the narrative. The full translation is located in the Annex.

O presente trabalho realiza uma leitura da chamada segunda trilogia em prosa de Samuel Beckett composta pelos textos Company (1980), Ill Seen Ill Said (1981) e Worstward Ho (1983), com especial atenção para a obra Company. Tais textos fazem parte da prosa final do autor, marcada pelo hibridismo de gêneros e por um intenso questionamento da linguagem e da representação literária. Destacando as características desta fase procuramos argumentar que, em meio a todos os experimentos do narrador beckettiano, há um mecanismo de busca de companhia na própria narrativa, tema que atravessa diversos trabalhos de Beckett e se evidencia com a publicação de Company. A necessidade de companhia através do ato de narrar, contudo, processa-se de forma ambígua e conflituosa. / This dissertation presents a reading of Samuel Beckett´s so-called second trilogy in prose comprising the works Company (1980), Ill Seen Ill Said (1981), and Worstward Ho (1983), with special focus on Company. These texts belong to the authors late prose, characterized by a mixture of genres and the intense questioning of both language and literary representation. While highlighting the specificities of this period, we argue that among all the experiments of the Beckettian narrator there is a mechanism that seeks for company within the very narrative a theme present in many of Becketts works, which is further stressed by the publication of Company. The need for company through the act of narrative, however, unfolds in an ambiguous and conflicted manner.

「古文」作爲傳統中國士人日常表達和學術著作的主要文體，在思想世界與知識世界中具有重要的地位。然而，除了在文學史研究中討論「知識」對「文章」的重要性，我們似乎很少反過來設問，「文章」對「知識」有何作用？作爲「學問」載體的古文，是否真正介入了這些學術性知識的傳承與變革？基於這一思路，本文希望將對「古文」的研究，置於一更大的社會文化脈絡之中，探討「文章」如何塑造了讀書人的知識視野和學問秩序。 / 文章與知識之間的張力，在古代文學史及思想史上一直存在；然在清代，由於儒家知識主義之興起，此一張力獲得了更爲自覺和充分的展開。本文認爲，從晚明到清初，中國士人的知識視野經歷了一次擴張，而明中期以降博覽求古的「文章」趣味，正是其重要的動力。入清之後，「文」「學」之緊張日益顯現。康熙十七年詔徵博學鴻儒，還是以「詞章」評判「博學」；至乾隆間開經學特科，所重便是「根柢經史」的專門學問；由「博」而「精」，「文」「學」相離。不過，在以「文章」訓練為主的書院教育中，對「古學」的提倡往往還需要借助「古文」之力；同時清人以「著書明道」為理想，考經證史的成績、自身的學術趣味與知識修養，都需要選擇恰當的「著述」體裁以表達之。在編次文集乃至註釋經書之時，不少學者都對其「著作」的方式作出精心的安排，以求體現其學問之系統。「文」與「學」的互動，實又通過另一種形式表現出來。此外，「著書明道」，還可以看作一個以「私言」發明「公道」的實踐，故而「著作」不僅是對公共「知識」的傳遞，更是對個人「性情」的表達。在清中期，「文」與「學」的張力進一步推演出性情與知識關係的重整。「文」「學」離合之間，清代讀書人知識世界的遷變，正有跡可循。 / The concept of ‘wenxue’(文學) in Chinese intellectual tradition philologically consists of two basic elements: belle-lettres (文wen) and learning (學xue). Thus when talking about ‘wenxue’ we are referring to not only a heritage of literature, but also a genealogy of knowledge. This dissertation aims to shed light upon the socio-cultural and epistemic aspects of classical prose(古文 guwen), which is a main genre of classical literature as well as the prevailing form of both practical and scholarly writing in late imperial China. Questions raised in my research include: How were different categories of knowledge ordered and systematized? In what way did the literary taste of intellectuals delimit and displace their epistemological boundaries? And how was the world of knowledge embodied through the compiling of literary anthologies and the writing of scholarly works? / China’s long eighteenth century (1644-1799) witnessed an adequate and self-conscious unfoldment of the perennial tension of literature and knowledge in the shadow of the Confucian intellectualism. The Ming literati’s interests for archaic literature and ancient texts, which lead to a trend of vast learning, herald the expansion of knowledge in late Ming and early Qing. In the 1679 ‘Boxue Hongru’ Examination, literary excellence was still regarded as a crucial criterion for the selection of ‘erudite scholars’. The rise of evidential study, however, intensified the tension between literary talent and scholarly learning. Men of letters were criticized for having no knowledge of the real way of learning, although they had copious knowledge of classical literature. The curiosity for erudition and was regulated, if not replaced by the pursuit of philological study on the Confucian classics. In spite of such idealistic divergence of ‘literati’ and ‘scholar’, literary writing played a significant role in the propagation and expression of scholarship. On one hand, study on Confucian classics and ancient history was advocated in local academies(shuyuan 書院) through the training of prose writing. On the other hand, scholars had to be very concerned about choosing the appropriate genre or the most refined textual form to lucubrate their academic work. Furthermore, debates on the proper form of academic writing made special contribution to the revival of subjectivism in the realm of academic studies. From my perspective, the interaction of ‘wen’ and ‘xue’ played a decisive role in shaping the trajectory of both literary and academic history of late imperial China. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 胡琦. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 540-551). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Hu Qi.

黎必信. / "2012年3月". / "2012 nian 3 yue". / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 355-368). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Li Bixin.

Este trabalho faz um estudo conjunto e comparativo dos romancistas José Martiniano de Alencar, brasileiro, e Manuel de Jesús Galván, dominicano. Foram analisados os romances O guarani e Iracema, de Alencar, e Enriquillo, de Galván. O objetivo da pesquisa foi demonstrar que a obra indianista dos dois romancistas apresenta como característica comum a criação de um mito fundador da nacionalidade. Em ambos, o mito proposto retrata a formação da América Latina como a fusão do elemento indígena e do elemento ibérico e a adesão aos valores da civilização ocidental trazidos à América pelos europeus. Os pilares que sustentam o edifício da civilização ocidental são a ciência grega, a religião cristã e o direito romano. Os enredos dos romances estão permeados de fatos, conceitos, personagens e episódios que ilustram o projeto inicial que foi implantado pelos portugueses no Brasil e pelos espanhóis na Ilha Hispaniola e demais territórios sob sua tutela, nos primórdios da colonização. Este projeto incluía a transferência para a América de todo o arcabouço institucional que Espanha e Portugal possuíam. José de Alencar e Manuel de Jesus Galván são conservadores, católicos e fiéis às tradições. Seus romances indianistas enaltecem as bases tradicionais sobre as quais se fundaram as sociedades latino-americanas, e refutam as tendências revolucionárias que pretendem solapar as vetustas tradições da civilização ocidental. Idéias revolucionárias que contestam os valores da civilização ocidental são vistas pelos romancistas em apreço como algo estranho à índole institucional dos países americanos. Neste sentido, a obra indianista de José de Alencar e de Manuel de Jesús Galván se distingue por um profundo sentimento patriótico, ao identificar os verdadeiros valores nacionais, enaltecê-los e empregá-los na tarefa de plasmar literariamente um mito fundador da nacionalidade. Nos romances indianistas de Alencar e de Galván, o mito fundador da nacionalidade é uma narrativa centrada em personagens excelentes, capazes de fornecer um exemplo à nação. Este exemplo é encontrado na nobreza que caracteriza aqueles personagens e à qual eles pertencem naturalmente por serem os membros de uma elite tradicional surgida espontaneamente e por méritos próprios. Exemplar também é a fé cristã de todos os personagens centrais e seu respeito pelos preceitos da religião. Igualmente exemplar é o respeito às regras de Direito Natural no arcabouço jurídico e institucional descrito pelos romancistas estudados em seus romances de fundação. Realizou-se ainda uma confrontação com a crítica corrente sobre os romancistas estudados com o fim de revelar os equívocos e o anacronismo das apreciações mais difundidas sobre suas obras. / This work is a joint study and comparison of novelists José Martiniano de Alencar, Brazilian, and Manuel de Jesús Galván, Dominican. The novels O guarani and Iracema, by Alencar, and Enriquillo, by Galván were analysed. The objective of the research was to demonstrate that the indianist work of the two novelists features in commom the establishment of a founding myth of nationality. In both, the proposed myth portrays the formation of Latin America as a fusion of Indigenous element and the Iberian element and the adherence to the values of Western civilization brought to America by the Europeans. The pillars supporting the building of Western civilization are the Greek science, the Christian religion and the Roman law. The plots of the novels are permeated with facts, concepts, characters and episodes that illustrate the initial project that was implemented by the Portuguese in Brazil and the Spanish in Hispaniola Island and other territories under their tutelage in the early days of colonization. This project included the transfer to America of the whole institutional framework that Spain and Portugal had. José de Alencar and Manuel de Jesús Galván are conservative, Catholic and faithful to the traditions. Their indianist novels extol the traditional bases on which are founded the Latin American societies, and refute the revolutionary tendencies that aim to undermine the time-honoured traditions of Western civilization. Revolutionary ideas that challenge the values of Western civilization are seen by novelists in question as something foreign to the institutional nature of the American countries. In this sense, the indianist work of José de Alencar and Manuel de Jesús Galván is distinguished by a deep patriotic feeling, to identify the true national values, exalting them and using them in the task of shaping literarily a founder myth of nationality. In the indianist novels by Alencar and Galván, the founding myth of nationality is a narrative centred on excellent characters, able to provide an example to the nation. This example is found in the nobility featuring those characters and to which they naturally belong to be members of a traditional elite that emerged spontaneously and by own merits. Exemplar is also the Christian faith of all the central characters and their respect for the precepts of religion. Also exemplary is the respect for natural law rules in the legal and institutional framework described by the novelists studied in their founding novels. It held even a confrontation with the current criticism of the novelists studied in order to reveal the misconceptions and the anachronism of the most widespread assessments about their works.