The central concern of this thesis is to examine social excluded localities and most frequent social pathological phenomena, which occur in these localities. These problematic phenomena, such as agression, addiction, prostitution, social pathology related to family, children and adults behavior disorders, unemployment and debts, are reflexed in psychological sense. Special focus is given to Romany people and to psychological aspects of their social exclusion. This paper also focuses on social field work and its issues in psychological sense. Results of work of Social integration agency in largest social excluded locality in the region of Český Krumlov, Větřní, are presented at the end of this thesis.

O estudo propõe, com base na escuta das histórias de vida de dez jovens, entre 19 e 25 anos, que vivem na prostituição em boates da cidade de Santo André-SP, realizar uma discussão a respeito da prevenção das DST/AIDS e da toxicomania. A partir da fala de cada entrevistada sob o enfoque da psicanálise, evidenciou-se o fato de que as jovens, embora disponham de informações sobre medidas preventivas das DST/aids, vivenciam um conflito de identidade expresso em vários níveis de seu discurso que contribui para a vulnerabilidade dessas doenças, sobretudo nas relações que envolvem afetividade. Apoiando-se nesses discursos, foi possível pontuar a implicação dessa ambiguidade no cuidado de si e na necessidade de políticas públicas que abordem a prostituição, levando em conta esse aspecto. / The purpose of this study is to discuss the prevention of STDs/AIDS and drug adiction, starting from listening to ten life stories from youngsters, between 19 and 25 years old, who are involved in prostitution at nightclubs from the city of Santo André-SP. Through the speech of each and every one of them, under the psychoanalysis approach, it was possible to notice that, although having information on the prevention methods against STDs/AIDS, the youngsters live an identity conflict shown in many levels of their discourse, which contributes to their vulnerability towards these diseases, mainly in their affective relationships. Based on these discourses, it was possible to identify the implications of this ambiguity while caring for themselves and the need of public policies that take prostitution into account, regarding this aspect, from a woman\'s point of view.

O estudo investigou qualitativamente a vulnerabilidade às DSTs e ao HIV/aids em adolescentes que vivem na rua e estão envolvidas com a prostituição juvenil, com o uso de drogas e com a violência.Foram atendidas sete adolescentes, em entrevistas abertas e semi-dirigidas, apresentadas em bola de neve por informantes chaves.Observou-se que alguns dos motivos que levaram à prostituição dizem respeito à violência na família, a curiosidade em relação à rua, a afirmação de sua sexualidade, ao abuso de drogas e a precária situação econômica de suas famílias. Todos esses fatores associados aumentaram a sua vulnerabilidade e as distanciaram dos programas de saúde existentes. Assim, faz-se necessário a criação de estratégias que visem a busca ativa e a inserção de cada uma delas, respeitando cada singularidade / This quantitative study investigated vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among adolescents who live on the streets and are involved in prostituition, drugs and violence. A total of seven respondents were recruited using key informants and snowball sampling, and data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The findings highlighted that domestic violence, curiosity, assertion of sexuality, drug abuse and deprived socio-economic conditions of families were among the factors increasedindividuals vulnerability and prevent them from using existing health programmes. Hence, there is a need for strategies involving outreach work and that take into account individuals singularities

Key topic of the thesis is a social status of Romany women within the community and from it resulting selected negative aspects. The theoretical part clearly informs readers about a traditional position and from it resulting roles of a Romany woman. It adverts to her changes in position that were made due to an effect of assimilatory policy of the 50{\crq}s and 60{\crq}s and negative aspects, which are a consequence of an inferior position of Romany women. The practical part deals with the negative aspects in detail {--} prostitution, domestic violence, low education and unemployment. Result of the thesis is setting of hypotheses on the basis of the information gathered from personal data analysis and semi-standardized interviews with Romany women providing sexual services and Romany women that became victims of domestic violence.

Women, who earn a living as prostitutes, have their own needs, hold certain values and want to fulfil their objectives. The purpose of my work is to make these values and objectives specific and compare the results with fact given in specialized literature. The first part of my work makes basic for the quantitative research. There are chapters about phenomena which can influence the step in prostitution. Secondly, there is a description of motivation phenomenon. Additionally there is a chapter about specific motivation aspects leading to prostitution behaviour. The practical part shows the summary of theoretical data and creating assumptions. All the information are reflected in questions which are involved in these half-structured interviews. All interviews were hold with clients of JANA Centre in the Czech Republic and with clients of Kassandra Centre in Germany. There is the congruence between data gained from my quantitative research and data published in specialized literature. Women working for sex business are not a group which would be easily generalized. Each person experiences various circumstances and all these conditions diversity of their behaviour. Respondents advocate similar values and want to reach suchlike objectives. These is first of all a normal family, a normal job and own children. This term "normal" means for these women a full family and any other job except prostitution.

In the subject of prostitution there has been a growing trend towards a sex work discourse, where the selling of sex and sexual services is regarded as a form of emotional and erotic labor. The discourse emerged in response to the self-organization of sex workers into labor unions and citizenship rights groups. In Argentina the first steps towards self-representation of sex workers’ interests were taken in the early 1990s. Gradually the sex workers’ social movement has grown into the labor union Ammar (La Asociación de Mujeres Meretrices de Argentina), which actively seeks recognition for sex workers’ economic rights, labor rights and social rights. Although the selling and buying of sexual services has been legal since the early 20th century prostitutes’ rights have been suppressed hitherto. In 2008 Argentina enacted the United Nation’s Convention to combat human trafficking, Palermo Protocol, as federal law 26.364. The law re-enforced the state’s abolitionist policies towards prostitution, which consequently further marginalized the sex workers’ plight. Connecting their services with human trafficking schemes heightened the social stigmatization of sex workers. To contest the institutional violence and social discrimination Ammar presented a law proposal in 2013. The reform asks the state of Argentina to recognize sex work as a legitimate form of labor, thus insuring the sex workers’ labor and social rights. This paper contributes to the aforementioned sex work discourse by analyzing the self-agency of Argentine sex workers. Based on qualitative fieldwork studies I conducted in 2014 in Argentina and employing a feminist methodology my object is to study how sex workers’ counter hegemonic movement redefines their citizenship. To construct a theoretical framework for the case study I will utilize Giorgio Agamben’s paradigm of ‘state of exception’ and compliment Agamben’s shortcomings by advancing feminist- and queer theories, which have radically revaluated the concept of citizenship. The conclusion is that, even though Argentinian sex workers’ requirement for equal rights may be embryonic, it addresses an urgent inclusion of different kinds of sexualities and gender balances to the citizenship discourse. / En el tema de la prostitución, es cada vez más importante la tendencia hacia un discurso sobre el trabajo sexual, donde la venta de sexo y servicios sexuales  se consiederan como una forma de trabajo erótico y emocional. El discurso emergió como consecuencia de la organización de las trabajadoras sexuales dentro de sindicatos y grupos de derechos ciudadanos. En Argentina, los primeros pasos hacia la representación de los intereses de las trabajadoras sexuales, fueron a principios de la década de los 90. Gradualmente, el movimiento social de las trabajadoras sexuales ha crecido dentro del sindicato Ammar (Asociación de Mujereres Meretrices de Argentina) que activamente busca reconocimiento por los derechos económicos, laborales y sociales de las trabajadoras. Aunque la compra-venta de servicios sexuales es legal desde principios del siglo XX, los derechos de las prostitutas han sido reprimidos hasta ahora. En 2010, Argentina promulgó el Protocolo Palermo, como ley federal 26.364, en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas, para combatir el tráfico de humanos. La ley reafirmó las políticas encaminadas a la abolición de la prostitución, que sistemáticamente marginalizó la mala situación del colectivo. Relacionar sus servicios con el contexto del tráfico humano ha agudizado la estigmatización social de las trabajadoras sexuales. Para luchar contra la violencia institucional y la discriminación social, Ammar presentó un proyecto de ley el 2013. La reforma pide al Estado de Argentina que reconozca el trabajo sexual como una forma legítima de trabajo, asegurando así, los derechos laborales y sociales de las trabajadoras sexuales. Esta tesis contribuye al discurso mencionado anteriormente sobre el trabajo sexual, analizando la agnecia de las trabajadoras sexuales argentinas. Basado en estudios de campo cualitativos, llevado a cabo en 2014 en Argentina y utilizando metodología cualitativa y feminista, mi objetivo es estudiar como el movimiento contra-cultural de las trabajadoras sexuales redefine su ciudadanía. Para construir un marco teórico para el caso de estudio, voy a utilizar el paradigma de Giorgio Agamben sobre el “estado de excepción” y complementar sus aportaciones con teoría feminista, que ha reevaluado radicalmente el concepto de ciudadanía. La conclusión es que, aunque los requerimientos de las trabajadoras sexuales argentinas para la igualdad de derechos pueden ser incipientes, reclaman la urgente inclusión de diferentes tipos de sexualidad y articulación de género al discurso de ciudadanía.

Esta dissertação intenta investigar como a condição de vida da escritora Higuchi Ichiyô vai modificando o seu pensamento literário levando-a à criação do universo da obra Nigorie (Enseada de águas turvas) tentando desvendar seus ideais sociais. A partir de sua visão perspicaz sobre as condições sociais do país, Ichiyô foi a primeira escritora da época a expressar de forma tão direta a tristeza das mulheres abandonadas por uma sociedade desumana. Considerando a importância da vivência pessoal de Ichiyô, um estudo sobre sua vida faz-se necessário para compreender a trajetória percorrida pela autora até a obra em questão. Ichiyô viveu nos arredores dos bairros de prostituição e manteve contato direto com o mundo das meretrizes, e essas experiências serviram-se de subsídios para a sua criação literária. Nigorie descreve a limitada e infeliz vida das mulheres socialmente degradadas que trabalham em um bairro de prostituição clandestina e os homens que o freqüentam. Sente-se em Nigorie um desejo velado de Ichiyô em denunciar ao mundo essa triste realidade e protestar contra a pobreza e o sistema social japonês de sua época. / This dissertation intends to investigate how the condition of life of writer Higuchi Ichiyô starts to modify her literary thought leading her to the creation of the universe of her work Nigorie (Troubled Creek) attempting to reveal her social ideals. From her talented vision on the social conditions of the country, Ichiyô was the first writer of her time to express in such a direct way the sadness of the women abandoned by an inhuman society. Considering the importance of the personal experience of Ichiyô a study upon her life becomes necessary to understand the trajectory the author went through as far as her work inherently. Ichiyô used to live in the outskirts of the prostitution quarters, keeping in touch with the world of prostitutes. These experiences turned into subsidies for her literary creation. Nigorie describes the limited and unhappy life of socially degraded women who work in a quarter of clandestine prostitution as well as the men who frequent it. It is felt in Nigorie a hidden desire of Ichiyô in denouncing this sad reality to the world, and besides, her intention to protest against the poverty and the Japanese social system of her time.

En síntesis, la investigación abordará el marco situacional, las incidencias y dinámicas de explotación sexual infantil en una zona determinada, las características de la población en riesgo y el entorno familiar, la demanda (clientes o explotadores, intermediarios, modalidades de captación y explotación), las leyes y la respuesta institucional pública y privada (programas, servicios y proyectos). / Trabajo de investigación

Introduction: Social networks have shown promise in curbing drug dependency and infectious diseases among marginalized populations. The purpose of this study is to elucidate how relationship strength in social networks is associated with risk behaviours for infectious diseases. Methods: Two reviews were conducted: 1) a systematic review exploring the association between risk behaviours and relationship strength 2) a review on the utilization of respondent driven sampling (RDS). We also analyzed network data to determine the association between recent injection drug use and recent crack use. Results: Our reviews revealed that few studies link relationship strength and risk behaviours; moreover, RDS is effective method of sampling from marginalized populations. Finally, our analysis demonstrated that close relationships are associated with drug use. Conclusion: “Close” relationships are important in arbitrating injection drug use and crack smoking. More research addressing the issues of using data from dynamic social processes and hard-to-reach populations is needed.

Women in the sex industry struggle with emotional turmoil, drug and alcohol addiction, poverty, and spiritual disillusionment. Their lived experiences as stigmatized individuals engender feelings of powerlessness, which inhibits their attempts to leave the sex industry. This study illuminates how personal narratives develop throughout the process of shedding stigmatized identities and how mutual support functions as a tool in life transformation. Social identity theory and feminist standpoint theory are used as theoretical frameworks of this research, with each theory adding nuanced understanding to life transformations of female former sex workers. Results indicate that women in the sex industry share common narratives that reveal experiences of a "Living Hell", transitional language, and ultimate alignment with traditional norms. Implications of SIT and FST reveal the role of feminist organizations as possible patriarchal entities and adherence to stereotypical masculine ideology as an anchoring factor in continued sex work.