No description available.

<p>Prostitucijom se prevashodno bave žene zbog čega se često naziva i &bdquo;ženskom profesijom&rdquo;. U Republici Srbiji zastupljen je prohibicionistički model regulisanja prostitucije. Prema odredbi čl. 16. st. 1. Zakona o javnom redu i miru Republike Srbije, lica koja se odaju prostituciji podležu prekr&scaron;ajnom kažnjavanju. Osim &scaron;to odavanje prostituciji predstavlja prekr&scaron;aj protiv javnog reda i mira, lica koja se bave prostitucijom, a koja su pretežno žene, izložena su osudi dru&scaron;tvene sredine. Osuda dru&scaron;tvene sredine povlači za sobom stigmatizaciju, marginalizaciju i diskriminaciju žena u prostituciji.<br />Nesrazmerno veliki broj žena koje se bave prostitucijom u odnosu na broj mu&scaron;karaca bio je razlog da doktorsku disertaciju zasnujemo na teorijskom konceptu roda, primarne analitičke kategorije u feminističkim istraživanjima, prihvatajući kao polazi&scaron;te stav da &bdquo;rodni režimi nisu jednostavno odnosi mu&scaron;karaca i žena, već su oni sistem moći, očekivanja, uloga, pona&scaron;anja, stavova, diskursa i prikazivanja, vizualizovanja i hijerarhizovanja rodnih razlika&rdquo; (Blagojević Hjuson 2013, 34). Rodni režim koji sa jedne strane &bdquo;ograničava individualne mogućnosti i slobode&rdquo; (Ibid.), sa druge strane otvara ženama put ka prostituciji, dok dru&scaron;tvo bavljenje prostitucijom najče&scaron;će pogre&scaron;no vidi kao &bdquo;izbor&rdquo; same žene. Saglasno tome, prostituciju kao žensku profesiju istražujemo polazeći od toga da rodni obrazac oblikovan patrijarhalnom ideologijom u Srbiji, u određenim nepovoljnim životnim situacijama, vr&scaron;i nevidljiv, ali snažan pritisak na ženu da uđe u prostituciju.<br />Osnovni cilj istraživanja jeste da, uzimajući u obzir prihvaćen prohibicionistički pristup u regulisanju prostitucije, istražimo pravni i dru&scaron;tveni položaj žena u prostituciji.<br />Osim aktuelnog pravnog i dru&scaron;tvenog položaja žena u prostituciji u na&scaron;oj zemlji, istorijsko-pravnim metodоm analizirali smo položaj žena u prostituciji u Srbiji u vremenskom periodu od pre Prvog svetskog rata do danas.<br />Kako bi se kritički sagledali svi aspekti aktuelnog prohibicionističkog modela u Srbiji, u disertaciji su, osim prohibicionističkog, istraživanjem obuhvaćeni, reglementacioni, abolicionistički i neoabolicionistički modeli. Odabrane su po dve države koje prihvataju jedan od navedenih modela i analiziran je uticaj izabranog modela na položaj žena u prostituciji.<br />Zakonodavstvo Savezne Republike Nemačke i Kraljevine Holandije odabrano je za analizu kako bi se utvrdilo kako reglementacioni model utiče na položaj žena u prostituciji. Od država koje su implementirale abolicionistički model, za analizu je izabrano zakonodavstvo Republike Italije i Kraljevine &Scaron;panije. Kako bismo stekli uvid u relativno nov, neoabolicionistički model regulisanja prostitucije, za analizu smo odabrali zakonodavstvo Kraljevine &Scaron;vedske i Kraljevine Norve&scaron;ke. Od država koje kao i Republika Srbija prihvataju prohibicionistički model, za analizu je izabrano zakonodavstvo Republike Hrvatske i Crne Gore.<br />S obzirom na to da smo želeli da pružimo potpunu sliku o pravnom položaju žena u prostituciji u Republici Srbiji, za potrebe disertacije sproveli smo empirijsko istraživanje čiji su rezultati omogućili sticanje uvida u praksu organa nadležnih za procesuiranje slučajeva prostitucije, kao i stvaranje potpunije slike o dru&scaron;tvenom položaju žena u prostituciji u Republici Srbiji.<br />Na osnovu rezultata sprovedenog istraživanja do&scaron;li smo do zaključka da je neophodna promena pravnog položaja žena u prostituciji. Promena je moguća isključivo napu&scaron;tanjem postojećeg prohibicionističkog pristupa u regulisanju prostitucije, koji se negativno odražava na sve aspekte života žena u prostituciji.<br />U skladu sa rezultatima istraživanja, u disertaciji su date i preporuke za unapređenje pravnog i dru&scaron;tvenog položaja žena u prostituciji u Republici Srbiji.</p> / <p>Prostitucijom se prevashodno bave žene zbog čega se često naziva i &bdquo;ženskom profesijom&rdquo;. U Republici Srbiji zastupljen je prohibicionistički model regulisanja prostitucije. Prema odredbi čl. 16. st. 1. Zakona o javnom redu i miru Republike Srbije, lica koja se odaju prostituciji podležu prekr&scaron;ajnom kažnjavanju. Osim &scaron;to odavanje prostituciji predstavlja prekr&scaron;aj protiv javnog reda i mira, lica koja se bave prostitucijom, a koja su pretežno žene, izložena su osudi dru&scaron;tvene sredine. Osuda dru&scaron;tvene sredine povlači za sobom stigmatizaciju, marginalizaciju i diskriminaciju žena u prostituciji.<br />Nesrazmerno veliki broj žena koje se bave prostitucijom u odnosu na broj mu&scaron;karaca bio je razlog da doktorsku disertaciju zasnujemo na teorijskom konceptu roda, primarne analitičke kategorije u feminističkim istraživanjima, prihvatajući kao polazi&scaron;te stav da &bdquo;rodni režimi nisu jednostavno odnosi mu&scaron;karaca i žena, već su oni sistem moći, očekivanja, uloga, pona&scaron;anja, stavova, diskursa i prikazivanja, vizualizovanja i hijerarhizovanja rodnih razlika&rdquo; (Blagojević Hjuson 2013, 34). Rodni režim koji sa jedne strane &bdquo;ograničava individualne mogućnosti i slobode&rdquo; (Ibid.), sa druge strane otvara ženama put ka prostituciji, dok dru&scaron;tvo bavljenje prostitucijom najče&scaron;će pogre&scaron;no vidi kao &bdquo;izbor&rdquo; same žene. Saglasno tome, prostituciju kao žensku profesiju istražujemo polazeći od toga da rodni obrazac oblikovan patrijarhalnom ideologijom u Srbiji, u određenim nepovoljnim životnim situacijama, vr&scaron;i nevidljiv, ali snažan pritisak na ženu da uđe u prostituciju.<br />Osnovni cilj istraživanja jeste da, uzimajući u obzir prihvaćen prohibicionistički pristup u regulisanju prostitucije, istražimo pravni i dru&scaron;tveni položaj žena u prostituciji.<br />Osim aktuelnog pravnog i dru&scaron;tvenog položaja žena u prostituciji u na&scaron;oj zemlji, istorijsko-pravnim metodom analizirali smo položaj žena u prostituciji u Srbiji u vremenskom periodu od pre Prvog svetskog rata do danas.<br />Kako bi se kritički sagledali svi aspekti aktuelnog prohibicionističkog modela u Srbiji, u disertaciji su, osim prohibicionističkog, istraživanjem obuhvaćeni, reglementacioni, abolicionistički i neoabolicionistički modeli. Odabrane su po dve države koje prihvataju jedan od navedenih modela i analiziran je uticaj izabranog modela na položaj žena u prostituciji.<br />Zakonodavstvo Savezne Republike Nemačke i Kraljevine Holandije odabrano je za analizu kako bi se utvrdilo kako reglementacioni model utiče na položaj žena u prostituciji. Od država koje su implementirale abolicionistički model, za analizu je izabrano zakonodavstvo Republike Italije i Kraljevine &Scaron;panije. Kako bismo stekli uvid u relativno nov, neoabolicionistički model regulisanja prostitucije, za analizu smo odabrali zakonodavstvo Kraljevine &Scaron;vedske i Kraljevine Norve&scaron;ke. Od država koje kao i Republika Srbija prihvataju prohibicionistički model, za analizu je izabrano zakonodavstvo Republike Hrvatske i Crne Gore.<br />S obzirom na to da smo želeli da pružimo potpunu sliku o pravnom položaju žena u prostituciji u Republici Srbiji, za potrebe disertacije sproveli smo empirijsko istraživanje čiji su rezultati omogućili sticanje uvida u praksu organa nadležnih za procesuiranje slučajeva prostitucije, kao i stvaranje potpunije slike o dru&scaron;tvenom položaju žena u prostituciji u Republici Srbiji.<br />Na osnovu rezultata sprovedenog istraživanja do&scaron;li smo do zaključka da je neophodna promena pravnog položaja žena u prostituciji. Promena je moguća isključivo napu&scaron;tanjem postojećeg prohibicionističkog pristupa u regulisanju prostitucije, koji se negativno odražava na sve aspekte života žena u prostituciji.<br />U skladu sa rezultatima istraživanja, u disertaciji su date i preporuke za unapređenje pravnog i dru&scaron;tvenog položaja žena u prostituciji u Republici Srbiji.</p> / <p>Since women usually deal with prostitution the prostitution is often called the &ldquo;female profession&rdquo;. The Republic of Serbia stands for the prohibitionist model of regulating prostitution. According to Article 16 paragraph 1 of the Law on Public Order and Peace of the Republic of Serbia, a person who deals with prostitution will be subject to the fine for a misdemeanor. Apart from the fact that prostitution is misdemeanor against public order and peace persons who are dealing with the prostitution, who are mostly women, will be exposed to the condemnation of society. Condemnation of the society is connected with stigmatization, marginalization and discrimination of women in prostitution.<br />Unproportionally large number of women dealing with the prostitution comparing to the number of men was determinative to establish the Ph.D. thesis on the theoretical concept of gender, the primary analytical category in feminist researches, accepting the fundamental concept that &ldquo;gender regimes are not simply the relationship between men and women, but are the system of power, expectations, roles, behaviors, attitudes, discourse and presentation, visualization and hierarchization of gender difference&rdquo; (Blagojevic Hughson 2013, 34). The gender approach, which on one hand, &ldquo;is limiting individual abilities and freedoms&rdquo; (ibid), is on the other hand opening the path of women towards prostitution, while the society most often wrongly sees prostitution as a woman&rsquo;s &ldquo;choice&rdquo;. In accordance with this, we analyze prostitution as a woman&rsquo;s profession taking into consideration that gender pattern shaped by patriarchal ideology in Serbia, in certain unfavorable life circumstances hasinvisible but powerful pressure on a woman to enter into prostitution.<br />The basic goal of the research is to, taking into consideration the accepted prohibitionist approach in regulating prostitution, analyze the legal and social status of women in prostitution.<br />Apart from the current legal and social status of women in prostitution in Serbia, based on the historical-legal method we have analyzed the status of women in prostitution in Serbia in the time period from before the First World War up today.<br />In order to critically review all the aspects of the current prohibitionist model in Serbia, the thesis analyzes in addition to the prohibitionist, also the reglementary, abolitionist and neo-abolitionist model. Two countries were selected,which accepted one of the stated models and we analyzed the impact of the selected model on the status of women in prostitution.<br />The legislation of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Kingdom of the Netherlands was chosen for the analysis in order to assess how the reglementary model influences the status of women in prostitution. The legislation of the Italian Republic and Kingdom of Spain was selected from the countries that implemented the abolitionist model. In order to have insight into a relatively new, a neo-abolitionist model of regulating prostitution we chose to analyze the legislation of the Kingdom of Sweden and the Kingdom of Norway. The legislation of the Republic of Croatia and Montenegro were selected, which like the Republic of Serbia, accept the prohibitionist model.<br />Since in this PhD thesis we strive to present the full picture of legal status of women in prostitution in the Republic of Serbia, we conducted empirical research and the results of this research enabled us to have insight into the practice of authorities in charge for processing the cases of prostitution and to have more clear picture about the social status of women in prostitution in the Republic of Serbia.<br />Based on the results of conducted research, we came to the conclusion that it is necessary to change the legal status of women in prostitution. This change is possible only by abandoning the existing prohibitionist approach in regulating prostitution that negatively affects all the aspects of women&rsquo;s lives in prostitution.<br />In accordance with the results of the research, in the Ph.D. thesis we gave recommendations for improvement of the legal and social status of women in the prostitution in the Republic of Serbia.</p> / null

In South Africa and many other countries worldwide, sex work is criminalised. This invariably seems to lead to back-door prostitution - an unregulated industry where sex workers are vulnerable to being exploited by pimps, brothel owners and law enforcement officers. In discussions about sex work and sex workers, two dominant views are evident: a) Sex workers freely choose to sell sex as a good way of earning an income; or b) sex workers are victims of their circumstances who are driven into the industry through direct coercion or as a result of dire poverty. Together, these views lead to an ideological trap in terms of which sex workers have to be perceived either as having agency and free will or as being helpless victims in need of rescue. My aim in this thesis was to problematise, deconstruct and reconstruct the discursive field within which sex work is embedded, in order to move beyond agency-victimhood and similar binaries, and in the hope of developing new ways of talking about prostitution that acknowledge the complexity of the sex industry rather than shoehorning it into preconceived categories. Social constructionism (epistemology), critical social theory (ontology) and discourse analysis (methodology) were interwoven in order to provide a broad, critical understanding of prostitution. Two data sources were used to gain access to and unpack the life worlds of sex workers: Semi-structured interviews with five sex workers in Johannesburg and the “Project 107” report on adult prostitution in South Africa. Foucauldian discourse analysis was used to make sense of the data, including an analysis of how concepts such as governmentality, power, confession, surveillance and technologies of the self can be applied to contemporary texts about prostitution. The “Project 107” report recommended that prostitution should not be decriminalised, and that sex work should in fact not be classified as work; instead, it proposed a ‘diversion programme’ to help sex workers exit the industry. I show how, in doing this, the report appears to hijack feminist discourses about sex workers as victims in order to further a conservative moral agenda. The sex workers I spoke to, on the other hand, demonstrated an ability to take on board, and to challenge, a variety of different discourses in order to talk about themselves as simultaneously agentic and constrained in what they can do by unjust social structures. I show how, from a Foucauldian perspective, sex workers can be seen not as pinned down at the bottom of a pyramid of power, but immersed in a network of power and knowledge, enabled and constrained by ‘technologies of the self’ to assist in policing themselves through self-discipline and self-surveillance to become suitably docile bodies within the greater public order. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Ce mémoire vise à retracer les carrières des escortes indépendantes montréalaises et les tensions qui les traversent, afin de rendre compte de la complexité du « drame social » que constitue cette activité. Nos résultats montrent que cette profession présente de nombreuses similarités avec d’autres professions, en même temps que sa position particulière dans une matrice sociale stigmatisante et dans une relation de service intime lui confère toute sa singularité. Partie de la question « Comment commence-t-on et poursuit-on dans l’activité d’escorte, alors que celle-ci est stigmatisée ? », nous avons réalisé une enquête de terrain auprès d’escortes indépendantes, composée essentiellement de sept entrevues approfondies et de l’observation de leur environnement professionnel informatisé. Nous avons décidé de nous écarter du débat actuel, tant scientifique que militant, qui divise sur le sujet du travail du sexe. Notre cadre conceptuel est, dans un perspective interactionniste, à la croisée des sociologies des professions, de la déviance et du stigmate. Nous rendons compte de nos résultats sous la forme de quatre actes, afin de poursuivre la métaphore théâtrale engagée par Hughes, qui suivent les étapes d’une carrière d’escorte et qui mettent l’accent sur leur complexité intrinsèque. Ces étapes sont ancrées dans une ambivalence entre un effort de professionnalisation de leur pratique et une tentative de rester dans la norme en se distanciant de cette activité. Cette ambivalence, causée par la matrice sociale dans laquelle évoluent ces escortes et à l’intimité des relations de service, contribue à la pérennité de la stigmatisation de cette activité. / This master’s thesis aims to recount the careers of Montreal independent escorts and the tensions they encountered to expose the complexity of the "social drama" of this occupation. Our results show how the profession of escort presents numerous similarities with other professions while having a particular position on a stigmatizing social matrix and being characterised by an intimate relation of service that confers it its peculiarity. The question: "how do we begin and pursue the escorting occupation despite its propensity for stigmatization?" as a starting point, we carried out a field survey with independent escorts. Seven in-depth interviews were conducted and their computerized professional environment was observed. We decided to stay away from the current scientific and militant debate on sex work. Our theoretical frame is a fine balance between the sociologies of the professions, deviance and stigma, in an interactionist perspective. We report our results in four acts to pursue the theatrical metaphor brought by Hughes. The acts retrace the stages of the escorting career and emphasize on their intrinsic complexity. The escorts are caught in an ambivalence between an effort of professionalization of their occupation and an attempt to stay in the norm by distance themselves from this practice. This ambivalence is caused by the stigmatization that characterizes the social matrix where the escorts evolve and by the intimacy of their professional relationship. It contributes to a certain extent to the continued stigmatization of their own occupation.

In this paper, I examine E.J. Bellocq's "Storyville Portraits" within art historical and feminist historiographies. One of the most infamously alluring parts of New Orleans at the turn of the century, the Storyville red light district is hardly part of contemporary American consciousness today. Part of my work involves an evaluation of what a lack of archival resources does to perceptions of Storyville and more broadly, the stereotypical late Victorian “fallen women” that has been read into history - both by historians and popular culture. However, my focal point is indeed the portraits and how they might be re-read and fruitfully explored when considering a variety of pertinent factors that influenced representations of sex work in late 19th century New Orleans.

Internet har inneburit nya möjligheter för mänskligheten att kommunicera och organisera sig. I denna uppsats beger vi oss till utkanterna av nätet för att utforska ett sexköpsforum online med inriktning mot thaimassagesalonger. Med hjälp av netnografisk metod och utifrån sociologisk teori undersöks normer och organisering på forumet med fokus på förstagångsbesökaren. En lättare undersökning av förekomst av sexuell tjänst som beskriven av forumets medlemmar återfinns. Studiens resultat tyder på att det analyserade forumet har bidragit till att inspirera och lära förstagångsbesökare till att erhålla sexuella tjänster. Vidare identifieras ett, utanför det publika forumet, informationsubyte av komprometterande information där exakta anvisningar och platsdata utbyts medlemmar emellan. Detta sker i det så kallade privata meddelandet / Along with the rise of the Internet human interaction, communication and organisaiton have come to see new opportunities. In this study we will explore the fringes of the internet to explore a forum discussing thaimassage with sexual services also known as Happy Ending. Thanks to netnographic methods and sociological and criminological theory we will put the sex buyer in a social context. Extra focus is given to the first timer. The results of this study shows that criminal or deviant behavior can be learned from a forum online. In particular that the first time sexbuyer gets inspiration from and help to learn how to become a sexbuyer. Other results include the organisational setup surrounding the analyzed forum as well as a brief quantitative calculation on occurences of Happy Endings.

Miss Kathy is a documentary film that tells the story of Kathy Griffin-Grinan, a lead recovery coach for prostitution and human trafficking with the Harris County Sheriff’s Office. Her non-profit organization —We’ve Been There, Done That – works in conjunction with law-enforcement to offer the survivors of prostitution a chance at rehabilitation. With endless enthusiasm, she mentors survivors as they struggle to escape a destructive lifestyle. This film also explores the relationship between human trafficking and prostitution, while addressing issues of victimization and exploitation.

Cette étude s’intéresse au village de squatters de Roc-d’Or, surnommé Putainville, qui apparaît en 1936 avant d’être détruit par le gouvernement provincial au milieu des années 1940. Notre but est de comprendre pourquoi cette agglomération, qui est érigée illégalement sur les terrains gouvernementaux et qui est réputée pour être un important foyer de déviance, est relativement tolérée pendant une décennie avant que les résidences soient détruites ou déménagées à Malartic. D’abord, nous expliquons pourquoi cette agglomération, sans reconnaissance légale et dans laquelle les résidents ne sont pas propriétaires des terrains sur lesquels leurs bâtiments sont érigés, apparaît en Abitibi-Témiscamingue au début des années 1930. Ensuite, nous nous intéressons à l’aspect physique et à la population de Roc-d’Or. Le taux de masculinité, la mobilité, la diversité d’emploi et l’origine ethnique des résidents sont analysés. De plus, nous nous penchons sur la mauvaise réputation de Putainville : autant le contrôle judiciaire que la présence du monde interlope sont étudiés. Finalement, comme les mœurs légères des résidents et l’influence du curé de Malartic sont souvent considérées comme étant à l’origine de la décision d’éliminer ce village, nous évaluons la pertinence de cette croyance et nous déterminons si d’autres motifs, notamment monétaire ou politique, sont aussi entrés en ligne de compte. / This research is about the squatters’ village of Roc-d'Or nicknamed Putainville. It was established in 1936 and demolished by the Québec government in the mid 1940. Our objective is to learn why this town with a lawless reputation that was built on the government fields has been tolerated for a decade even if it was considered as illegal by the authority and to learn why all the buildings were destroyed or moved to Malartic. First of all, we will explain why this village without any legal status was built in the 1930s and why all the people who have lived in Roc-d'Or were not owners of their field. After that, the memoires will focus on the geographical and architectural aspect and on the population of Roc-d'Or. We'll explore the gender rate, the mobility of the people, the different kinds of jobs we found in Roc-d'Or and the ethnical origins of the inhabitants. Furthermore in this research, it will be about how was the reputation of the town. We will develop about the judicial intervention and the underworld. Finally, the last part of this dissertation will look at the idea that Roc-d'Or was shut down by the clerical authorities due to the deviant behavior, or we will try to see if it's a myth.

O estudo investigou qualitativamente a vulnerabilidade às DSTs e ao HIV/aids em adolescentes que vivem na rua e estão envolvidas com a prostituição juvenil, com o uso de drogas e com a violência.Foram atendidas sete adolescentes, em entrevistas abertas e semi-dirigidas, apresentadas em bola de neve por informantes chaves.Observou-se que alguns dos motivos que levaram à prostituição dizem respeito à violência na família, a curiosidade em relação à rua, a afirmação de sua sexualidade, ao abuso de drogas e a precária situação econômica de suas famílias. Todos esses fatores associados aumentaram a sua vulnerabilidade e as distanciaram dos programas de saúde existentes. Assim, faz-se necessário a criação de estratégias que visem a busca ativa e a inserção de cada uma delas, respeitando cada singularidade / This quantitative study investigated vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among adolescents who live on the streets and are involved in prostituition, drugs and violence. A total of seven respondents were recruited using key informants and snowball sampling, and data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The findings highlighted that domestic violence, curiosity, assertion of sexuality, drug abuse and deprived socio-economic conditions of families were among the factors increasedindividuals vulnerability and prevent them from using existing health programmes. Hence, there is a need for strategies involving outreach work and that take into account individuals singularities

Esta dissertação intenta investigar como a condição de vida da escritora Higuchi Ichiyô vai modificando o seu pensamento literário levando-a à criação do universo da obra Nigorie (Enseada de águas turvas) tentando desvendar seus ideais sociais. A partir de sua visão perspicaz sobre as condições sociais do país, Ichiyô foi a primeira escritora da época a expressar de forma tão direta a tristeza das mulheres abandonadas por uma sociedade desumana. Considerando a importância da vivência pessoal de Ichiyô, um estudo sobre sua vida faz-se necessário para compreender a trajetória percorrida pela autora até a obra em questão. Ichiyô viveu nos arredores dos bairros de prostituição e manteve contato direto com o mundo das meretrizes, e essas experiências serviram-se de subsídios para a sua criação literária. Nigorie descreve a limitada e infeliz vida das mulheres socialmente degradadas que trabalham em um bairro de prostituição clandestina e os homens que o freqüentam. Sente-se em Nigorie um desejo velado de Ichiyô em denunciar ao mundo essa triste realidade e protestar contra a pobreza e o sistema social japonês de sua época. / This dissertation intends to investigate how the condition of life of writer Higuchi Ichiyô starts to modify her literary thought leading her to the creation of the universe of her work Nigorie (Troubled Creek) attempting to reveal her social ideals. From her talented vision on the social conditions of the country, Ichiyô was the first writer of her time to express in such a direct way the sadness of the women abandoned by an inhuman society. Considering the importance of the personal experience of Ichiyô a study upon her life becomes necessary to understand the trajectory the author went through as far as her work inherently. Ichiyô used to live in the outskirts of the prostitution quarters, keeping in touch with the world of prostitutes. These experiences turned into subsidies for her literary creation. Nigorie describes the limited and unhappy life of socially degraded women who work in a quarter of clandestine prostitution as well as the men who frequent it. It is felt in Nigorie a hidden desire of Ichiyô in denouncing this sad reality to the world, and besides, her intention to protest against the poverty and the Japanese social system of her time.