Zahlungen für Ökosystemdienstleistungen (Payments for Ecosystem Services – PES) und auktionsbasierte Vergabeverfahren sind ein wichtiges und innovatives Instrument im Kampf gegen den fortwährenden Verlust von biologischer Vielfalt. Basierend auf einem Vertrag zwischen einem Leistungserbringer und einem öffentlichen oder privaten Leistungsempfänger, der die Naturschutzleistung entlohnt, können bestimmte Vorgaben der Landschaftspflege oder der agrarwirtschaftlichen Bearbeitung verbindlich festgelegt werden. Die Vorteile von PES liegen in dem direkten monetären Anreiz zur Bereitstellung von Naturschutzleistungen und zudem in der Möglichkeit, ein Niveau an Umweltschutz und –qualität jenseits des von der Umweltgesetzgebung sichergestellten Mindestniveaus zu implementieren. Der Nachteil liegt in der hohen Informationsasymmetrie in der Vertragsbeziehung, welche einerseits dem Umweltgut als Vertragsgegenstand und andererseits der Natur ökonomischen Handelns geschuldet ist. Thema dieser Dissertation ist die Analyse der interdependenten Beziehung von Kompetitivität und Vertragserfüllung und das Aufzeigen der Relevanz von Vertrauen und Reziprozität in Verträgen über Umweltgüter. Auf diese Weise leistet sie einen Beitrag zu der umfangreichen und multidisziplinären Literatur über Zahlungen für Ökosystemdienstleistungen und Naturschutzauktionen. Während der vergangenen 25 Jahre habe Praktiker und Wissenschaftler unser Verständnis der Funktionsweise von Ausschreibungen zur Allokation von Zahlungen für Ökosystemdienstleistungen konstant verbessert und erweitert. Ein Großteil der Forschungsaktivität war jedoch auf die Auktionsmetrik und das Bieterverhalten gerichtet, wohingegen die resultierende Vertragsbeziehung zwischen Programmverwaltern (den Käufern) und Landbesitzern (den Ausführenden) weitgehend unbeachtet blieb. Wie in dieser Dissertation bewiesen wird, ist jedoch genau diese Beziehung der Schlüssel für ein erfolgreiches marktbasiertes Naturschutzprogramm. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird in drei Artikeln argumentiert, dass Vertrauen und Reziprozität für die Überwindung von asymmetrischer Information in kompetitiv alloziierten PES-Verträgen von herausragender Bedeutung sind. Anhand eines für diese Arbeit entwickelten, zweistufigen experimentellen Testszenarios wird der Entscheidungsprozess in der inversen Auktion und in der anschließenden Vertragserfüllung in der kontrollierten Laborumgebung simuliert. In einem ersten Experiment kann auf Basis dieses Untersuchungsdesigns gezeigt werden, dass die Informations- und Anreizkonstellation in Naturschutzauktionen ein erhöhtes Risiko für vorvertragliche adverse Selektion, opportunistisches Verhalten bei Vertragserfüllung und somit suboptimale Ergebnisse birgt. Das Marktversagen kann jedoch durch eine vertrauensstiftende Institution, wie zum Beispiel Kommunikation zwischen Käufern und Verkäufern, verhindert werden. Persönliche Interaktion veranlasst Marktteilnehmer ihr individuell-rationales Verhalten zugunsten einer sozial-verträglicheren Verhaltensweise zu ändern. Dabei entsteht ein erhebliches Potential für die Bilateralisierung der Vertragsbeziehungen. Ein zweites Experiment verdeutlicht jedoch, wie wichtig vertrauensbasierte Vertragsbeziehungen insbesondere in Bereitstellungsumgebungen sind, die stark von externen, stochastischen Einflüssen verzerrt werden können. Ohne das nötige Vertrauen bricht die Kooperation in einem derartigen Szenario fast vollständig zusammen. Schließlich lässt der systematische Vergleich der Ergebnisse aus beiden Experimenten in einem dritten Aufsatz keinen Zweifel daran, dass stabile Langzeitvertragsbeziehungen in auktionsbasierten Vertragsnaturschutzprogrammen gefördert und nicht verhindert werden sollten. Langzeitverträge sind randomisierten Kurzzeitverträgen aus der Perspektive des Naturschutzes aber auch hinsichtlich der Kosteneffektivität überlegen. Daher liegt eine wesentliche Herausforderung für Programmentwickler darin, einerseits die Bildung von ausreichend Sozialkapital zu ermöglichen und andererseits faire Markt- und Vergabestrukturen zu erhalten.

Darbo objektas – žemės ūkio viešosios gėrybės mažiau palankiose ūkininkauti vietovėse. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti žemės ūkio viešųjų gėrybių kūrimo mažiau palankiose ūkininkauti vietovėse poveikį žemdirbių pajamoms. Iškeltam tikslui pasiekti sprendžiami šie uždaviniai: 1. Išnagrinėti viešųjų gėrybių koncepcijos esmę ir pagrįsti reguliavimo būtinumą. 2. Identifikuoti ir išanalizuoti BŽŪP finansinius instrumentus, skatinančius viešųjų gėrybių kūrimą mažiau palankiose ūkininkauti vietovėse. 3. Išanalizuoti BŽŪP finansinių instrumentų, skatinančių viešųjų gėrybių kūrimą mažiau palankiose ūkininkauti vietovėse, poveikį ūkininkų pajamoms Lietuvoje. 4. Atskleisti 2007 – 2013 metų BŽŪP vaidmenį skatinant viešųjų gėrybių kūrimą mažiau palankiose ūkininkauti vietovėse. Tyrimo metodai – mokslinės literatūros bei Europos Sąjungos ir Lietuvos žemės ūkio ir kaimo plėtros dokumentų analizė ir sintezė, lyginamosios analizės, indukcijos, dedukcijos, monografinis, duomenų sisteminimo ir statistinės analizės, grafinio vaizdavimo, apibendrinimo ir kiti metodai. Remiantis viešųjų gėrybių ir žemės ūkio daugiafunkciškumo koncepcijomis bei Europos Sąjungos ir Lietuvos teisinių dokumentų, reglamentuojančių BŽŪP finansinius instrumentus analize, identifikuoti ir išanalizuoti BŽŪP finansiniai instrumentai, skatinantys žemės ūkio viešųjų gėrybių kūrimą mažiau palankiose ūkininkauti vietovėse. Kartu įvertintas Europos Sąjungos paramos poveikis ūkininkų, ūkininkaujančių mažiau palankiose vietovėse... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The object of research – agriculture public goods in less favoured areas. The aim of work – to analyze the impact of production of agriculture public goods in less favoured agricultural areas on the income of farmers in Lithuania. Seeking the aim, the tasks are: 1. To analyze the point of the public goods concept and substantiate the necessity of regulation. 2. To identify and analyze the financial instruments of CAP, which promote the production of public goods in less favoured areas. 3. To analyze the impact of CAP financial instruments, which promote the production of public goods in less favoured areas, on the income of farmers in Lithuania 4. To identify the role of CAP in 2007 – 2013 on the promotion to produce public goods in less favoured areas. Methods of research – the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and the EU and Lithuanian agricultural and rural development documents, comparable analysis, induction, deduction, monographic, data systematization and statistical analysis, graphical depiction, summarizing and other methods. With a reference to the analysis of the concepts of public goods and multifunctional agriculture and EU regulations, CAP financial instruments, which have an impact on production of public goods in less favoured areas, have been analyzed. Also the impact of EU support on the income of the farmers in the less favoured areas has been evaluated.

The aim of work – evaluate the Effect of the CAP Reforms on the Development of Multifunctional Agriculture. Seeking the aim, the tasks are: 1) analyze the objective presumptions and essence of the formation of the concept of multifunctional agriculture; 2) analyze the reforms of the CAP and evaluate their effect on the development of multifunctional agriculture; 3) reveal the possibilities of the development of multifunctional agriculture in Tauragė region; 4) analyze the measures of the CAP support, stimulating multifunctional agriculture in Tauragė region and evaluate their practice; 5) evaluate the ways and perspectives of the development of multifunctional agriculture in Lithuania. Methods of research – the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and the EU and Lithuanian agricultural and rural development documents, comparable analysis, induction, deduction, questionnaire survey, correlation, statistical analysis, graphical depiction methods. On the bases of positive and normative concept of multifunctional agriculture, the analysis of the EU regulations of the CAP and their reforms, analyzed the main stages of the CAP reforms, designated their effect on the development of multifunctional agriculture. Thereby, designated the main CAP measures stimulating multifunctional agriculture and evaluated their practice in Tauragė region and revealed the possibilities of the development of multifunctional agriculture in this region.

Ce mémoire est structuré en deux parties connexes : la première tente d’établir les fondements de la justice distributive dans le contexte des changements climatiques ; la seconde analyse six principes distributifs susceptibles d’éclairer l’élaboration des politiques internationales d’atténuation de l’effet de serre : les principes d’égalité, de priorité, de contraction & convergence, du « pollueur-payeur », de responsabilité historique, et de capacité. En ce qui concerne les fondements, les paradigmes de biens publics mondiaux et de droits humains fondamentaux semblent offrir de solides assises pour comprendre le caractère obligatoire de la justice climatique. Concernant l’adoption des principes distributifs, une perspective plurielle permet d’apporter un éclairage unique sur différents aspects de la distribution des quotas d’émissions et de rendre compte avec plus de force des raisons pour lesquelles les nations désignées comme étant responsables ont le devoir moral de passer à l’action. / This dissertation is organized into two related parts : the first attempts to establish the foundations of distributive justice in the context of climate change; the second analyses six distributive principles that can enlighten international mitigation policies : the principles of equality, priority, contraction & convergence, “polluter pays”, historical accountability and capacity. As regards the foundations of distributive justice, paradigms of global public goods and basic human rights seem to provide a solid basis for understanding the binding nature of climate justice. On the adoption of distributive principles, a plural perspective can provide unique insights into different aspects of the distribution of emissions quotas and reflect more strongly the reasons why nations designated as accountable for the greenhouse effect have a moral duty to take action.

The object of investigation – farmers’ economical activity diversification. The subject of investigation – farmers’ economical activity diversification politics development incentives. The aim of this work – to analyze farmers’ economical activity diversification political incentives and development possibilities. Tasks: 1. to study famers’ economical activity diversification theoretical aspects; 2. to find out influence of multifunctional agriculture model to famers’ economical activity diversification; 3. to analyze political trends determining famers’ economical activity diversification; 4. estimate famers necessity and possibilities to economical activity diversification in Lithuania. By studying science literature about theoretical diversification and empirical information in the work is analyzed agriculturalist’s needs of economical activity, revealed new possibilities to diversify economical activity according to multifunctionality of agriculture. Also are analyzed European Union political incentives of agriculturalist’s economical diversity. Way and means of investigation – analysis of science literature, logical analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison analysis, logical and chart methods of model.

This research program aimed to identify the factors that influence the Voluntary Donation payment decision in a cohort of parents (N = 250) with a child (or children) at a New Zealand state school. A voluntary donation is a charitable contribution to the running of the school collected from the parents of the school’s students. A survey questionnaire was constructed to examine the attitudes parents hold towards the voluntary donation funding system, the current New Zealand Government and the school the respondent’s child attends. The parents were ‘naturally’ separated into two conditions based on their last voluntary donation payment decision – Paid versus Not Paid – to compare the differences in attitudes on the various statements from the survey and their demographic composition. The results revealed that payment decision was positively correlated with educational achievement, annual household income and age. Individual contributions exhibited strong positive relationships with beliefs about the contributions of others, which was consistent with previous public goods field experiments. The research extended the existing public goods research by examining the social norms of voluntary donation behaviour and assimilating the results with theories of altruism, conditional cooperation and reciprocity. The strongest overall contribution to the prediction of payment decision was parents’ attitudes towards the current Government and the voluntary donation funding system. The results identified that pressures existed in the voluntary donation environment, a result most prevalent in high decile schools. Additionally, a marginal level of comprehension of the voluntary donations characterised the majority of respondents. Overall, the research found that the best predictor of contribution was attitudes towards the voluntary donation funding system.

No description available.

This thesis explores the political economy aspects of the provision of local public goods by higher levels of government. Chapter 1 focuses on local public goods as instruments for special interest politics at the supra-local level, with an emphasis on public infrastructure. To capture the implications of long-run relationships between political parties and their loyal supporters, I set out a dynamic probabilistic voting model which predicts that the geographic pattern of spending depends on the way the government balances long-run `machine politics' considerations with the more immediate concern to win over swing voters. To assess the empirical relevance of both forces, I analyse rich data on road spending from a panel of electoral districts in Québec. Empirical results exploiting the province's linguistic fragmentation provide robust evidence that partisan loyalty is a key driver of the geographic allocation of spending. Chapter 2 proposes a theoretical framework to analyse the coexistence of multiple tiers of government in local public good provision. I study the effects of such partial decentralization on accountability using a two-period political agency model, in which two levels of government are involved in public good provision and voters are imperfectly informed about each government's contribution to the public good. The model predicts that the net effect of a departure from complete centralization (or decentralization) balances the benefits of vertical complementarity against the loss of accountability following from imperfect information and detrimental vertical interactions. Chapter 3 investigates the impact of partial decentralization on local electoral accountability in the context of California's school finance system. I exploit the peculiarities California's school finance system and the federal No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 to estimate the extent to which politicians are punished or rewarded for observed policy outcomes, and how this channel is affected by the degree of centralization. Results show that voters are responsive to differences in dropout rates and pupil-teacher ratios, and that incumbents are less likely to be reelected when a district's degree of centralization is high. Increased federal involvement after 2001 is associated with sharper local electoral accountability.

This thesis explores the political economy aspects of the provision of local public goods by higher levels of government. Chapter 1 focuses on local public goods as instruments for special interest politics at the supra-local level, with an emphasis on public infrastructure. To capture the implications of long-run relationships between political parties and their loyal supporters, I set out a dynamic probabilistic voting model which predicts that the geographic pattern of spending depends on the way the government balances long-run `machine politics' considerations with the more immediate concern to win over swing voters. To assess the empirical relevance of both forces, I analyse rich data on road spending from a panel of electoral districts in Québec. Empirical results exploiting the province's linguistic fragmentation provide robust evidence that partisan loyalty is a key driver of the geographic allocation of spending. Chapter 2 proposes a theoretical framework to analyse the coexistence of multiple tiers of government in local public good provision. I study the effects of such partial decentralization on accountability using a two-period political agency model, in which two levels of government are involved in public good provision and voters are imperfectly informed about each government's contribution to the public good. The model predicts that the net effect of a departure from complete centralization (or decentralization) balances the benefits of vertical complementarity against the loss of accountability following from imperfect information and detrimental vertical interactions. Chapter 3 investigates the impact of partial decentralization on local electoral accountability in the context of California's school finance system. I exploit the peculiarities California's school finance system and the federal No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 to estimate the extent to which politicians are punished or rewarded for observed policy outcomes, and how this channel is affected by the degree of centralization. Results show that voters are responsive to differences in dropout rates and pupil-teacher ratios, and that incumbents are less likely to be reelected when a district's degree of centralization is high. Increased federal involvement after 2001 is associated with sharper local electoral accountability.

本文採文獻歸納方式，針對全球暖化問題，以國際公共財理論作為議題緣起，分析京都彈性機制—清潔發展機制之運作。全球暖化為一純粹國際公共財問題。而京都議定書要求各國履行排放減量之標的，可作為提供公共財依據。並以排放減量份額作為供給數量之評估。而CDM即為促進各國均能參與溫室氣體減量活動之機制，達成經濟永續發展之目標。 當就不對稱關係以賽局討論國際公共財之供給，邊際成本較低國家，應從事較多公共財貢獻行動；邊際成本較高的國家則發生搭便車行為。但卻與CDM文獻結論有所不同。CDM計畫中的開發中國家因不受約束，反而有搭便車行為。多數的減量行動仍由已開發國家在境內進行。故國際公共財賽局可否用於研究CDM之運作，仍有待評估。 有關CDM在模型理論上可利用動態規劃之最適模型，研究投資國與被投資國之行為。當排放權證交易為不完全競爭市場時，可以Stackelberg模型進行。若不僅以經濟分析，尚可加入生態研究作成整合模型。在CDM執行成效方面，必須審慎評估CDM計畫型式，並考量是否合乎額外性準則。而CERs之境內分配政策，則可能會因利益交換，導致勾結行為相繼發生。此外，排放基線與CERs具有密切關聯，基線設定遂成為CDM之核心議題。有效建立CDM法則，強化合作的透明度，對於減少交易成本將佔有關鍵性地位。又CERs以選擇權出售；CDM與IIA的衝突及CDM資訊不對稱問題，都可再作研究。 儘管台灣非京都議定書締約國，無法作為CDM之地主國。僅能間接參與投資。不過國內學者多已提出產業因應措施作為諮詢。並以TAIGEM-E模型推算排放基線，建立從事溫室氣體減量行動之數據。受限於台灣國際地位，CDM計畫成效可能難以進行實證分析。不過中國和日本有許多CDM計畫，可針對較具爭議性之議題作延伸討論，並研讀相關文獻作為參考。本文即為發掘核心議題，提供文獻彙整，協助擬研究清潔發展機制者作為參議。