La pénalisation apparente de la responsabilité des agents publics constitue depuis 2004 l'un des traits marquants de l'actualité nationale. Pourtant, derrière ces pseudos condamnations se cache un océan d'impunité. Impunité parfois voulue et encouragée par les pouvoirs publics au point où, certains auteurs, ont qualifié cette attitude de « réinstitutionnalisation des infractions par l'Etat » pour montrer que par son action la puissance publique finit par donner le caractère légal à ce qui est illégal. Partant de ce constat, nous nous sommes proposé de répondre à la question : existe-t-il encore une responsabilité pénale pour les agents publics au Cameroun ? A l’observation, s’il est vrai que cette dernière est perceptible à bien des égards ; il est tout aussi vrai qu’elle est perfectible à bien d’autres égards. / One of the most important thing in cameroon actuality since 2004, is the apparent penalisation of public agents responsibility. However, these appearences appear just to be the tree hiding a forest of impunity. That impunity, which sometimes can be considered as encouraged by authorities, led some authors to speak about "the reinstitutionalisation of infractions by the STATE" to demonstrate how, the STATE with his power can make something illegal seen as legal.Thus, the question "do a penal responsability for public agents still exist in Cameroon ?" seems to be a logic confusion which the present work should try as possible to clarify and understand. Nevertheless, let us mention that the Cameroonian law clearly forbid and condemn all the responsibles, even public agents, of infractions. By then and as a matter of fact, all the public agents are penaly responsible. But although there exist a law for it, many things can be done in order to improve that law for the Cameroon to become more rightious.

Power and influence in the democratic process is a controversial area. In an effort to contribute to this is the purpose of this study is to investigate the influence that public officials have in the political process and if theories connected to influence can be observed in officials’ statements. We also examined if it differs between two political areas (environment and school). The choice of these two areas is based on the fact that these differ in nature when it comes to technical complexity. The study examines four public administrative officials, two administrators that work in the environmental area and two from the school area. We used semi-structured interviews in which the public officials subjective experience of influence were discussed. The study showed that the public officials in general have the opportunity to influence the political process through key factors such as their expertise, participating in networks and trough certain personal characteristics. We also saw that the public officials differ between the two areas concerning some of these key factors.

The notion that exists in society is that it is the politicians who decide while the public officials stand for facts within the policy process, and that they are active at various stages in the process. In practice, however, it looks different and the public officials have more influence than the theory predicts. The purpose of this essay is to investigate the influence of public officials in the policy process by studing whether the influence differs depending on the size of the municipality. We will also study the stage in which public officials have the most influence over the policy process in the different municipalities. To be able to conduct this study, the following questions have been posed: "How much influence do public officials have in the policy process in a small municipality and a large municipality?" and "which step in the policy process does public officials have the most influence, in a small and large municipality in Sweden?" As an empirical material, a survey was conducted in which the respondents were public officials in a small and a large municipality and public officials in a large municipality. We find that public officials in the small municipality have a greater opportunity for influence than public officials in the larger municipality. The public officials in the larger municipality have the most influence in the policy formulation stage in the policy process, while the public officials in the small municipality have the most influence in the problem identification stage.

This Master´s thesis analyses ethical dilemmas through a theory of three administrative ethics. These three ethics derives from the aspects of sustainable development. The purpose is to combine modern scholars’ requirements of administrative ethics, ideas of how public officials should work and sustainable development as a high ethical goal. Hence the aim is to design an approach and practical understanding of sustainable ethics within public administration. The research applies an empirical and qualitative method, including three elite interviews and a case study. Ethical dilemmas as an ethical phenomenon is used as an analytic tool the can test a practical use of the theory. The interviews are meant to collect experiences from public officials on ethical dilemmas in relation to sustainable development. One case was studied in debt, namely a dilemma situation in Swedish municipality Enköping, where politicians in the Environmental board actively and repeatedly chose not to follow the Environmental Code. A conclusion from the results is that ethical dilemmas in many cases can be illustrate with the theory of sustainable ethics. Moreover, the results show that the interviewees have a restrictive view of how they can and should work as public servants compared with modern scholars’ arguments of more political working public officials. The title of this research ends with a question mark that intend to challenge the reader with a mindset that sustainable ethics requires more than one specific ethic.

Utifrån lagen ska en tjänsteperson vara saklig och opartisk i sin bedömning och utredning av ärenden. Samtidigt som det är viktigt med mångfald och representation i offentlig förvaltning för demokratin enligt forskare. Detta för att klienter ska känna en samhörighet med tjänstepersonerna. Mot bakgrund av detta är det av intresse att undersöka den spänning roll som uppstår för tjänstepersonerna. Det övergivande syftet i den här studien är att öka förståelsen om tjänstepersoners upplevelser av dessa två roller som förväntas av dem. För att uppnå syftet har studien byggt på en huvudfrågeställning och två underfrågeställningar som stöd för att inhämta empiri. Frågeställningarna har besvarat genom kvalitativa intervjuer med fem tjänstepersoner runt om i landet. Den empiriska analysen har resulterat i att tjänstepersoner med en invandrarbakgrund inte gör ett aktiv val att vara representanter för sina klienter. Dessutom får dessa tjänstepersoner ta emot en del otrevligheter från både klienter med en invandrarbakgrund och svenska klienter. Med det sagt är studiens slutsats att tjänstepersoner är utsatts på grund av deras bakgrund, men också för deras opartiskhet. / According to the law, a public official must be objective and impartial in his assessment and investigation of cases. At the same time, it is important to have diversity and representation in public administration for democracy, according to researchers. This is for clients to feel and bond with the service providers. Because of this, it is of interest to investigate the tension role that arises for the public officia. The overarching purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of officials' experiences of these two roles expected of them. To achieve the aim, the study has one main question and two sub-questions as support for obtaining empirical data. The questions have been answered through qualitative interviews with five officials around the country. The empirical analysis has obtained results in in-service staff with an immigrant background and not actively being representative of their clients. Also, these employees receive as emotional and participative from clients with an immigrant background and Swedish clients. The study concludes that public officials are exposed because of their background, but also for their impartiality.

隨著經濟穩定發展，使得公共事務日益繁雜，導致政府的職能與角色備受關注。而政府職能的推動與落實，公務人員著實扮演著重要而且關鍵的角色，透過考選的制度，對應試人員作智能的鑑別，視其優劣以為任用之依據，並考量其所具有的專業能力，一直是政府在施政上的重要議題。 公務人員考選制度從舉辦考試的報名書表開始，經過應考資格的審查、彌封作業、闈場作業、場務作業、考試作業、應考人提出試題疑義作業、卷務作業、成績評閱作業到成績放榜作業、應考人申請成績複查考成績處理及不服成績評定而進行之訴願，行政訴訟等都是考選制度之重要環結。本研究從行政法之公平原則角度將考選制度分為三部分略為探討： 一．事前部分：應考資格審查部分及體格檢查標準部分－即從現行各種考試之應考資格及體檢標準規定先敘明，再以行政法之公平原則－平等原則、比例原則、依法行政原則及正當法律程序原則，再加以分析其訂定各種應考資格及體檢標準之公平性與否。 二．事中部分：典試機關之命題，試題疑義部分及評閱部分－敘明目前法令之規定與實際執行情形，若與法令有所違背，是否有改進之處。 三．事後部分：複查制度部分與行政救濟部分－探討考生對於因試務機關行政疏失之補救之道，以個別案例歸納目前救濟制度之執行情形，並提出可改進之道。 本文盼藉著行政法制之公平原則分析我國現行考選制度之優缺點與改進之道，以建立健全，公平，合理之國家考試制度，冀能維人事制度之健全及人事行政工作之正常運作。

The present interview has as purpose to give comprehensive overview about the currentsituation of public procurement in our country, with emphasis on the goals achieved and the possible challenges of the matter; all of this in the frame on the reform of public procurement law. / La presente entrevista tiene como propósito dar un panorama del actual estado de la contratación pública en nuestro país, haciendo énfasis en los logros que se han ido alcanzados y los posibles retos de la misma; todo esto teniendo en cuenta la reciente reforma en la normativa de contratación pública.

In a State governed by the rule of law and respect for institutions, the power is never absolute, but rather a limited one. In that order, when public officials exceed their authority and attributions, the legal system should have a reaction.In the present article, the author realizes an explanation and an analysis about the abuse of authority crime. According to national and international doctrine, and Peruvian jurisprudence, the author presents how to understand the legal right protected, the objective and subjective tipicity, the active and passive subjects, as well as the sanction in this crime. / En un Estado democrático de Derecho, el poder nunca es absoluto, sino más bien limitado. En ese sentido, cuando los funcionarios públicos se exceden en sus funciones o atribuciones, corresponde una reacción de parte del ordenamiento.En el presente artículo, el autor realiza una explicación y un análisis sobre el delito de abuso de autoridad. De acuerdo a la doctrina nacional e internacional, y a la jurisprudencia peruana, el autor señala cómo entender el bien jurídico que se protege, la tipicidad objetiva y subjetiva, los sujetos activo y pasivo, así como la pena en este delito.

nÃo hà / Diante da presenÃa de professores temporÃrios em toda rede estadual de ensino, torna-se necessÃrio identificar o impacto que esses profissionais, regidos por contratos temporÃrios, tÃm em relaÃÃo aos alunos da 8 sÃrie (9 ano) das escolas estaduais do Estado do Cearà no perÃodo de 2011, tendo como referÃncia a proficiÃncia dos alunos nas disciplinas de matemÃtica e portuguÃs da Prova Brasil de 2011. Para mensurar esse impacto, foram levadas em consideraÃÃo algumas variÃveis relacionadas Ãs caracterÃsticas dos alunos bem como de suas famÃlias, tendo em vista que, de acordo com a literatura, essas variÃveis sÃo as que mais se mostraram relacionadas ao desempenho escolar dos estudantes. No presente estudo foi utilizado um modelo de regressÃo linear mÃltipla, com a utilizaÃÃo de dados cross section e de variÃveis dummies estimadas pelo mÃtodo dos mÃnimos quadrados ordinÃrios (MQO). Pelos resultados, verificou-se que o coeficiente estimado em relaÃÃo aos professores concursados, como esperado, apresentou um impacto positivo bem maior em relaÃÃo aos professores temporÃrios no que tange a proficiÃncia do aluno nas disciplinas de matemÃtica e portuguÃs. / In the presence of temporary teachers in all state schools, it becomes necessary to identify the impact that these professionals, governed by temporary contracts, have with respect to the students of 8th grade (9th year) of state schools in the state of Cearà in the period of 2011, with reference to student proficiency in disciplines of math and portuguese of the Brazil Exam of 2011. To measure this impact, were taken into consideration some variables related to the characteristics of students and their families, once that, according to the literature, these are the variables that proved more related to academic performance of students. In the present study a model of multiple linear regression was used, with the use of cross section data and of dummy variables estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS). From the results, it was found that the estimated coefficient relative to official teachers, as expected, showed a much greater positive impact relative to temporary teachers with respect to the student proficiency in the disciplines of math and portuguese.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka, samt skapa förståelse och insikt i, hur mänskliga rättigheter implementeras på kommunal nivå. Vidare är studiens mål att inspirera andra kommuner till att arbeta systematiskt med mänskliga rättigheter. Grundläggande för studiens inhämtning av material är en intervjustudie av Piteå, Lund och Uppsala där kommunernas arbetssätt med mänskliga rättigheter är centralt. Utöver intervjuerna tillkommer även offentliga dokument, tidigare forskning och kommunala styrdokument. Intervjuerna har analyserats utifrån ett rättssociologiskt och förvaltningsteoretiskt perspektiv med fokus på implementering. Studiens resultat visade på implementeringsprocessens problematik och de svårigheter som tillkommer ett systematiskt arbetssätt kring mänskliga rättigheter på grund av begreppets otydlighet. Det uppmärksammades även en kunskapsbrist gällande det praktiska arbetet med mänskliga rättigheter. / The aim of this study is to examine and understand how human rights is implemented in local governments today. The goal is to inspire other local governments to increase their systematic work with human rights. Piteå, Lund and Uppsala was interviewed about their work with human rights. Except the interviews the material is official documents, previous reaserch and regulatory documents from the local governments. To analyze the result from the interviewes, theories about the function of law in society were used together with theories of the govenmental organisation and implementation.It is evident from the study that there is a lack of knowledge for the practical work with human rights in the three swedish local governments. The result also illustrates the complexity of problems with a systematic approce to human rights because human rights are undefined.