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Cette thèse a pour objet de répondre à la question suivante : un choix de service public est-il compatible avec un choix d’ordre financier, car faisant intervenir des critères financiers, parmi lesquels celui de rentabilité financière ? Elle se situe dans un contexte de profondes mutations du secteur public. Prenant comme cadre théorique le New Public Management, constatant une appropriation par le droit administratif des notions d’intérêt financier et de rentabilité, cette recherche exploratoire se poursuit par des entretiens auprès d’élus et d’administratifs de 26 communes. Elle montre un poids des critères financiers proche de celui des critères de service public et un net intérêt porté à un outil de calcul de rentabilité financière, répondant là positivement à la question. Elle démontre également que les administratifs jouent un véritable rôle d’experts financiers. Enfin elle laisse entrevoir qu’élus et administratifs pourraient exercer un micro-pouvoir sur les spécialistes français du management public et les personnalités politiques, adhérant plutôt à l’idée d’incompatibilité d’un choix de service public et de la notion de rentabilité financière. / This thesis has for object to answer the following question : is a choice of public utility compatible with a choice of financial order, because bringing in financial criteria, among which that of financial profitability ? It takes place in a context of deep changes of the public sector. Taking as theoretical frame the New Public Management, noticing an appropriation by the administrative law of the notions of financial interest and profitability, this exploratory research goes on by interviews with elected representatives and administration staff of 26 municipalities. It shows a weight of the financial criteria close to that of the criteria of public utility and a clear interest for a tool of financial profitability calculation, answering positively the question. It also demonstrates that the administration staff play a real role of financial experts. Finally it lets glimpse that elected representatives and administration staff could exercise a micro-power on the French specialists of public management and the political personalities, subscribing rather to the idea of incompatibility of a choice of public utility and the notion of financial profitability.

Le service public hospitalier a été institué par la loi du 31 décembre 1970 qui en donne une définition fonctionnelle. Bien que le législateur promeuve un modèle hospitalo-centré, il n’exclut pas les établissements privés associés au service public hospitalier par le biais de modalités de participation qui les défavorisent. Affaibli par les réformes hospitalières successives, le service public hospitalier va s’atrophier jusqu’à la réforme du 21 juillet 2009 qui supprime la notion pour lui substituer celle de missions de service public. Cette conception fonctionnelle est conforme à la théorie du service public et compatible avec la définition du service d’intérêt général défendue par le droit de l’Union européenne, mais elle est en décalage avec les faits. À la définition fonctionnelle théorique défendue par le législateur depuis 1970, se substitue, en pratique, une conception organique résultant de modalités de mise en œuvre du service public hospitalier nettement favorables au secteur public. En effet, les établissements publics de santé bénéficient d’un statut singulier caractérisant leur prépondérance. La loi du 26 janvier 2016 confirme la prégnance de la conception organique en réhabilitant la notion de service public hospitalier, et en maintenant les établissements du secteur public dans leur rôle d’acteurs naturels de ce service public. Des interrogations demeurent, toutefois, concernant la pérennité du système de santé. Celui-ci doit céder la place à un service public de santé, intégrant le service public hospitalier, susceptible de chapeauter l’action de l’ensemble des protagonistes de la santé et de garantir le déroulement d’un parcours de santé accessible, égalitaire et qualitatif. / The public hospital utility has been established by the law of December, 31st, 1970, which gives a functional definition. Although the legislator promotes a hospital-centered model, it doesn’t exclude the private establishments associated to the public hospital utility by means of methods of participation which penalize it. Weakened by successive hospital reforms, the public hospital utility will atrophy until the reform of July, 21st, 2009 which deletes the notion and substitutes it by the concept of public service missions. This functional conception is in accordance with the service public theory and compatible with the definition of general interest service defended by the European Union law, but isn’t in keeping with facts. The theoretical functional definition supported by the lawmaker is replaced, in practice, by an organic conception resulting from details of implementation of public hospital utility decidedly favorable to sector public. Indeed, public health establishments benefit from a singular status characterizing its predominance. The law of January, 26, 2016 confirms the resonance of the organic conception by rehabilitating the notion of public hospital utility, and by maintaining public sector institutions in its role of natural actors of this public utility. Questions remain, nonetheless, concerning the durability of the health system. It must step back for a public health service, integrating the public hospital utility, able to head the action of all health protagonists and to guarantee the progress of an accessible, egalitarian and qualitative fitness trail.

[pt] A pesquisa dedica-se ao estudo do processo de desenvolvimento de projetos no campo do Design da informação, que têm como propósito trabalhar situações de interesse público - educação, saúde pública, segurança, entre outros. Tem por objetivo compreender como diferentes setores da sociedade desenvolvem projetos desta natureza, investigando os propósitos, a metodologia aplicada, o processo de desenvolvimento, a implementação e a avaliação dos trabalhos realizados. Reúne entrevistas com designers que utilizam os enfoques metodológicos do Design em Parceria e a Pesquisa-ação. Apresenta contextualização histórica, fundamentação teórica e informações sobre diferentes setores da sociedade, tais como instituições públicas, privadas, acadêmicas e ONGs, onde existem equipes que desenvolvem projetos na área do Design da informação para situações de interesse público. É utilizada uma análise de conteúdo para a interpretação dos achados da pesquisa. Apresenta o estudo de um processo de desenvolvimento de material didático para a alfabetização bilíngüe de crianças surdas em LIBRAS e Português escrito, o que possibilitou a imersão no tema central da dissertação. / [en] The research is dedicated to the study of development process of projects in the Information Design area, whose objective is to handle situations of public interest - education, public health, security, among others. Its objective is to understand how different sectors of society develop projects of this nature, investigating the purposes, the applied methodology, the development process, the implementation and the evaluation of works performed. It includes interviews with designers that use methodologies that have methodological focus on Design in Partnership and the Research-action. It provides the historical background, theoretical grounding and information about the different sectors of society, such as public, private, academic institutions and NOGs, where there are teams that develop projects in the Information Design area for situations of public interest. It is used an analysis of content to interpret the results of the research. It presents the study of a development process of didactic material for the bilingual alphabetization of deaf children in LIBRAS and written Portuguese, what allowed the immersion in the central theme of the written essay.

This study is concerned with the significance of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 on the public utility holding companies which were operating in Texas in 1935.

Sweden and its relationship with the former state church Church of Sweden and religion, is complicated. The country has been described as one of the most secular countries in the world, and yet one of the longer recurring public debates has been on the topic of whether schools’ end of year ceremonies should take place in local churches or not. The peak of this debate coincides with newly defined regulations from the Swedish National Agency for Education regarding what is considered appropriate and inappropriate religious features in school and its ceremonies. The aim of this study is to investigate how Swedish citizens contribute to this debate and to illuminate what different intents and purposes they associate with the end of year ceremony in church. The research questions asked were: What themes occur in the opinion pieces written by Swedish citizens in the years 2010–2012? What or which purposes do they ascribe to the end of year ceremony in church within these themes? In what ways can these intents and purposes be seen and understood through Grace Davie’s” Vicarious religion” and religion as a public utility? The study was conducted by performing a qualitative content analysis on 28 articles published in public debate or opinion pieces in Swedish regional press through the years 2010–2012. The result was then analyzed with Grace Davie’s theory” Vicarious religion” and the notion of religion as a public utility within that theory. The results and analysis showed that the citizens had different understandings of the political decisions that concerned the end of year ceremony, which in turn led to different opinions on the purpose of the ceremony taking place in church. The differences in opinion showed that the Swedish people considered religious features and locales as either going against the school’s non-confessional policies and the freedom of religion, or as a necessity to fulfill a culturally traditional or educational role. The citizens who want the end of year ceremonies to take place in church and potentially include religious aspects can be understood as participating in vicarious religion in the sense that they defend continued access to religious locales and features as part of education and tradition, and by consequence, religion as a useful public utility.

Les personnes publiques disposent de la liberté contractuelle. Elles peuvent choisir librement d'externaliser leur action en ayant recours aux contrats pour mobiliser les savoir-faire et les financements qui leur font défaut. Le contrat constitue ainsi un procédé de l'action publique et particulièrement un mode de gestion des services publics. Les personnes publiques vont apprécier l'opportunité des différents contrats publics en considération de leurs besoins et d'une optimisation de la dépense publique et seront contraintes par le respect des règles de passation et du régime juridique d'exécution du contrat qu'elles auront choisi de conclure. Le juge sera compétent pour contrôler la qualification juridique de ce contrat ainsi que le respect de l'application des règles de son régime juridique. Bien qu'étant une caractéristique fondamentale des contrats publics, l'objet de ces contrats n'est plus un critère excusif et propre à chaque contrat. Une qualification erronée des contrats avec une incidence contentieuse peut en résulter. Le recours au mode de rémunération du cocontractant va permettre de confirmer l'identification du contrat ou de le distinguer d'un autre. Au préalable, il s'agira de démontrer que la rémunération du cocontractant d'une personne publique est un critère financier opérationnel contribuant à la qualification des contrats publics / The public persons have the contractual freedom. They can choose freely tou outsource their action by resorting to contracts to mobilize the know-how and de financing which are lacking to them. The contract so constitutes a process of the public action and particularly a mode of gestion of the public utilities. The public persons are going to appreciate the opportunity of the various public contracts considering their needs and considering an optimization of the public spending and will be forced by the respect for the rules of signing and for the legal regime of execution of the contract which they will have chosen to conclude. The judge will be competent to control the legal qualification of this contract as well as the respect for the application of the rules of his legal regime. Although being a fundamental characteristic of the public contracts, the object of a contract is not any more a criterion exclusive and appropriate for every contract. An erroneous qualification of contracts with a contentious incidence can result from it. The appeal to the method of payment of the cocontracting party is going to allow to confirm the identification of the contract or to distinguish him it from the other one. Beforehand, it will be a question of demonstrating that the payment for the cocontracting party of a public person is an operational financial criterion contributing to the qualification of the public contracts

The thesis scrutinizes public utilities (network industries) with focus on electricity market regulation. In the first part, a public utility is defined, including its economic characteristics and need for regulation. Within their regulation various models are introduced - in terms of level, voluntary/mandatory, ex ante/ ex post and branch of government. Further, the basic prerequisites for successful regulation are derived from the theory (independence, information capacity and trustworthiness). The second part is concerned only with electrical power industry with its characteristics, business model and regulation (both in the Czech Republic and in the EU). In the third part, an evaluation scorecard is created, which allows us to examine the quality of electricity regulators. The criteria in the scorecard are based on prerequisites (enforcement power, scale of resources, independence, dispute settlement, appeal procedure, transparency and consistency) and results (competition support, renewable energy resources and consumer protection). The model is applied to Energy Regulatory Office (Energeticky regulacni urad) in the Czech Republic.

Com base nos dados do IBGE, estima-se que aproximadamente 2,4 milhões de domicílios brasileiros não têm acesso ao serviço de energia elétrica. Ainda, projeções da Aneel indicam que, após a alteração dos critérios determinados pela Lei nº 10.438/2002, o número de unidades consumidoras classificadas na subclasse residencial baixa renda passou de 8 para 14 milhões. Conforme estimativas atuais, são necessários recursos da ordem de R$ 7,3 bilhões para equacionar o acesso à energia elétrica daqueles domicílios, bem como de aproximadamente R$ 1 bilhão por ano para compensar as distribuidoras pela perda de receita decorrente do aumento do número de consumidores baixa renda. Os dois aspectos são complementares na conceituação da universalização, na visão do autor. Deste modo, este estudo apresenta uma visão sistêmica sobre ambos os aspectos da universalização: a garantia do acesso físico e do uso contínuo; sendo este último considerado como as condições para a manutenção do acesso ao serviço de eletricidade por meio de uma tarifa social ou de programas compensatórios. O objetivo principal dessa dissertação é, então, analisar e avaliar as normas legais e os regulamentos que norteiam as políticas públicas de universalização dos serviços de energia elétrica, como também dos que indiretamente interferem nessas ações, buscando identificar eventuais necessidades de sua complementação ou mesmo de sua alteração. Para isso, mostra-se a evolução recente das ações do Estado, da legislação pertinente e da regulamentação promovida pela Aneel para cada um das duas vertentes da universalização. Apresenta-se também a dimensão dos recursos financeiros envolvidos, identificando os possíveis impactos decorrente da nova regulamentação da subclasse residencial baixa renda e também do programa de universalização Luz para Todos. / IBGE data has shown that approximately 2.4 million Brazilian households do not have access to electricity service. Moreover, Aneel´s projections indicate that, after the alteration of the criteria determined by Law 10,438/2002, the number of households classified as low income residential subclass has increased from 8 to 14 million. Further studies imply that R$ 7.3 billion would be necessary to enable those 2.4 million households to have access to electric energy, as well as R$ 1 billion per year to compensate the utilities for the loss resulting from the increase of low income consuming domiciles. The two aspects are complementary as for the universal electricity service, in the vision of the author. Hence, this work proposes to overview both aspects: to ensure physical access and the continuous use through social tariffs or compensating programs. The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze and to evaluate the regulations which guide the public policies of universal electricity service in order to identify whenever its complementation or its alteration is required. Thus, this study shows relevant government policies and Aneel regulation as well as necessary resources, possible and likely impacts to improve the current situation.

Esta tese é o resultado de um estudo empírico relativo à interrelação entre defesa da concorrência e regulação no Brasil, com ênfase nos setores de infraestrutura que enfrentam a falha de mercado conhecida como monopólio natural. A hipótese de investigação reside em afirmar que, apesar do fato de que nestes mercados geralmente há um único agente econômico, e que os mesmos encontram-se sujeitas à regulação estrita por uma agência especializada, ainda há espaço para a intervenção das autoridades de defesa da concorrência. A fim de confirmar essa hipotese, examinamos as decisões da autoridade brasileira de defesa da concorrência (CADE) nos setores de infraestrutura, e fim de avaliar se o CADE efetivamente intervém em tais mercados. A pesquisa incluiu a análise de atos de concentração, bem como as decisões acerca de condutas anticompetitivas envolvendo agentes atuantes nos setores de concessão de ferrovias, rodovias, portos, transmissão e distribuição de energia elétrica, telefonia fixa, saneamento, distribuição de gás canalizado e transporte de gás natural. A pesquisa comprovou que não há diferença significativa entre a percentagem de intervenções em atos de concentração observados nos setores regulados de infraestrutura e a percentagem de casos em que o CADE determinou o desfazimento ou impôs restrições à aprovação de operações na generalidade dos mercados. Em matéria de infrações às regras de concorrência, a percentagem de condenações e acordos de cessação de práticas, considerados em connjunto, observados nos setores de infraestruturas foi superior àquela obervada nos mercados não regulados. O resultado da pesquisa confirma que as autoridades de concorrência devem continuar a ser as principais implementadoras da política de defesa da concorrência em setores regulados de infraestrutura. Embora as intervenções CADE tenham ficado restritas a setores de meios de transporte e de telefonia fixa, a jurisprudência mostra que as preocupações antitruste verticais e de natureza conglomerada que podem surgir nos mercados regulados de infraestrutura justifica essa intervenção. A última parte da tese é dedicada a discutir as perspectivas da defesa da concorrência nos mercados de infraestrutura, no Brasil, incluindo a aprovação da nova Lei de Defesa da Concorrência (Lei 12.529/2011), e discutir a que compete decidir acerca de conflitos de competência ou de interpretações confliantes e irreconciliáveis entre o CADE e as agências reguladoras. / This thesis is the result of an empirical study that addresses the intersection between competition and regulation policies in Brazil, especially involving industries that face the market failure known as natural monopoly. The hypothesis investigated is that, despite the fact that in these markets there is usually only one economic agent and that they are subject to strict regulation by a specialized agency, there still remains room for intervention by the competition authority. In order to confirm this, we have reviewed the case law of the Brazilian competition authority (CADE) on public utility sectors, aiming at assessing whether CADE had intervened in such markets. The survey included mergers and acquisitions, as well as investigations regarding infractions to competition rules, involving agents active in railroad, road, port, electric power transmission and distribution, fixed telephone, sewage, gas transportation and distribution markets. The research revealed that there is no significant difference between the percentage of interventions in concentration acts observed in these regulated markets (jointly considered) and the percentage of cases that CADE has not approved or has imposed restrictions to their approval in all markets. In terms of investigations regarding offences to competition rules, the percentage of condemnations and agreements to cease practices in regulated markets actually overcome that observed in unregulated markets. The result of the investigation confirms that competition authorities should remain to be the primary enforcers of competition law in regulated sectors. Although CADEs interventions were actually restricted to markets involving means of transportation and fixed telephone, we could observe that the case law provides evidence that antitrust vertical and conglomerate concerns may arise in public utility regulated markets generally considered. The final part of the thesis is dedicated to debate the perspectives of competition defense in public utility markets in Brazil, especially in view of the passing of the new competition statute (Rule 12,529/2011), as well as to discuss who is the authority empowered to decide conflicts of understandings between competition and regulation authorities.