abstract: Universities have played a key, but often understudied, role in international development throughtechnical assistance, the education of international students and the research of critical global issues (Morgan, 1979; BIFAD, 2011). Understanding internationalization in higher education can help uncover nuances of the role that United States (U.S.) universities play in U.S. international development efforts. This paper seeks to answer: “How do internationalization activities differ in public research universities with varying levels of publicness?” The study follows multicase qualitative methodology and a framework from Horn et al. to collect data on 5 dimensions of internationalization, students, scholars, research orientation, curriculum content and organizational support, to compare internationalization at four U.S. public research universities with varying levels of state funding and state change (2007). Case selection is grounded on dimensional publicness theory to provide a theoretical foundation for the variables used: level of state appropriations and percent change of state appropriations. Through a purposeful case selection process, four U.S. public research intensive universities with similar size, endowment and research activity were selected. Results showed that all universities have internationalization efforts across all dimensions but nuances exist in how internationalization is actualized at institutions. Cases with low state funding differed noticeably in student and research characteristics but did not differ in curricular and organizational support. Differences across cases can be explained by an economic rationale for the need to subsidize state budget cuts with full- paying international students and increased research grants. Similarities can be explained by other non-economic rationales that may insulate curriculum and organizational support from budgetary costs. While results demonstrate a clear commitment to internationalization, further research will need to be conducted to determine if results hold true against a dramatic shift in world events since 2017 which include a rise in nationalism, a global pandemic and decrease global standing of the United States. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Global Technology and Development 2020

The purpose of this dissertation is to gain an understanding of the subjective perceptions and methods of framing used by various entities to understand the concept of the contemporary publicness of the publicly open space. The main research methods of this dissertation include 1) a systematic literature review and 2) the Q-methodology, which is a useful method of illuminating cognitive characteristics according to the internal criteria of individuals. By doing so, this study emphasizes the importance of everyday discourse and perceptions of publicness and public spaces. First, the literature review reveals that various statutes or actions have related to the realization of contemporary spatial publicness across contexts. Drawing a line between "continuous" and "new" characteristics of contemporary spatial publicness proves abstruse. To distinguish the two, this study will delineate the predominant positions on new characteristics of contemporary spatial publicness, derived from three distinct types of conditions: (1) prerequisite conditions, (2) subjective conditions, and (3) practical conditions. Findings from the systematic literature review of 49 published articles show that types of spatial publicness are divided into three categories: (1) subjective publicness, regarding who ultimately takes responsibility for publicness; (2) procedural publicness, in terms of whether democratic procedures are being followed; and (3) contextual publicness, regarding whether publicness conforms to social values. Since the type of spatial publicness can vary depending on how it is interpreted, these key dimensions of publicness adequately provide answers to discursive questions about what constitutes spatial publicness. This study also systematically categorizes the attributes of contemporary spatial publicness expressed in the academic literature. Measured items of spatial publicness stem from three key dimensions, each containing three elements: (1) procedure (openness, communication, and democracy); (2) contents (commonality, distribution, and sustainability); and (3) features (accessibility, quality, and specificity). Lastly, as a result of the Q-analysis, the perceptions of the general public toward the concepts of spatial publicness are divided into five types. Factor A is the open condition-oriented group, Factor B is the critical communication-oriented group, Factor C is the distribution value-oriented group, Factor D is the diversity recognition-oriented group, and Factor E is the instrumental discussion-oriented group. This study is expected to provide a foundation for publicness research to promote the realization of socially oriented values in the future. Another Q-set of 40 images showing analysis of publicly open spaces illustrates that three opinion groups have been classified: an experience-based group (Factor AA), a green-preferring group (Factor BB), and a convivial atmosphere-based group (Factor CC). This research provides helpful insights for the planning of publicly open spaces as well as the design and public engagement process, along with baseline data that can be used to enhance policymakers' and design professionals' understanding of people's attitudes toward spatial publicness and preferences for different publicly open spatial types. / Doctor of Philosophy / We live in an era where private and public spaces are hard to distinguish. Private spaces, such as a shopping mall, have been lauded as a parody and a caricature of an authentic public space. Locations without authentic public places, such as suburbs or rural areas, shopping malls are one of the few places that are spatially substituted as, and utilized as, public spaces. This research centralizes spatial publicness by congealing various insights from disciplinary fields with acknowledgement that an absolute, universal definition is nearly impossible to achieve. While utilizing publicness in a single register of meaning reduces its multidimensional nature, it also allows for a unified explanation by isolating a particularly relevant aspect to publicness in a given space. In this way, utilizing publicness opens up the potential to clearly conceptualize public spaces over obscure and esoteric definitions that limit practical applicability. This dissertation poses a broad question, "what makes a public space public?" In other words, it asks "how can conceptualize and measure the publicness of publicly open spaces?". Appropriations considered in relation to the micro-practices of place indicate that the spatial publicness is planned, designed, practiced, and contested in different stages and scales, and that the consequences of these relationships are interwoven and observed in space. Accordingly, the spatial publicness is contingent and in constant flux. Users practicing publicness are affected not only by larger policies that grant them physical and social accessibility, but also by spatial experiences such as unconscious togetherness or desired places. As appropriations reveal, spatial publicness is not a product of or compatible with planning, designing, or using space, nor is it only an effect of each stage of the production process, such as rules, forms, or behaviors. Rather, contemporary spatial publicness is affected by the interstices between these processes. Therefore, the spatial publicness of each case can be described in terms of different emergent meanings based on the levels and types of appropriations.

This thesis explores the experiences of an urban population who are considered to exist at the social margins of society, but who paradoxically spend much of their time in urban public space. Often referred to as ‘street people,’ the issues they face, such as homelessness and drug addiction, become public issues. In this thesis, I introduce and develop the concept of the marginal public to refer to this population, exploring their experience of the city not through the lens of their marginalization but through their relationship to the spatial and social realms of urban life. I explore the ways in which the marginal public, through their visibility and presence in the city, are not marginal to urban life but deeply embedded in it. Their marginality is lived simultaneously yet in contestation with dominant ways of being. This manifests in the marginal public’s relationship to others in the city, as well as through debates about the placing of facilities that serve them which I explore through the unsanctioned supervised consumption site of Overdose Prevention Ottawa (OPO). Finally, through the concept of heterotopia, I explore the margins as places of otherness as well as possibility.

Boken handlar om hur vi föreställer oss organisationer och om vad det är som gör att vi förknippar vissa föreställningar med vissa organisationer, men inte med andra. Mer specifikt handlar den om privatiserade organisationer, definierat som offentliga organisationer som fått privata ägare. Analysen sker med utgångspunkt i empiriska studier av tre privatiserade organisationer: ett byggföretag, en vårdcentral och en auktionsfirma. I boken diskuteras hur "generaliserade andra", "offentligheten" och "specifika andra" fungerade som referenspunkter vid konstruktionen av de privatiserade organisationerna. En huvudslutsats är att privatiserade organisationer konstrueras genom sex konstruktionsmetoder: anonymisering, ideologisering, avveckling, utveckling, fjärmande och närmande. Konstruktionerna visade sig vidare vara mångsidiga i sin karaktär. En andra huvudslutsats är att privatiserade organisationer är multimetodkonstruktioner. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1999. Författaren har publicerat sin avhandling under namnet Karin Svedberg Nilsson. Sammanfattning på engelska med titeln: From public service to private business? : on the construction of privatised organisations</p><p> </p>

Public spaces are the core elements of shaping the social life in the cities, and design of public spaces is a key component of urban design. As tools of inclusive or exclusive design methods of public space vary, user group&rsquo / s publicness increase or decrease relatively. So, who is defined as public for the design of public space is the main concern shaping the built environment. Centers are the peak points of publicness in cities and as a central activity administration is indispensible for every settlement. Hence, in urban life the relation of the public spaces as parks, squares, streets, plazas with administrative places is the descriptive character of that society. Besides, capital cities have accumulated administrative landuses and their design has social, symbolic and cultural meaning as well as functional use. In this study, dimensions of publicness as ownership, control, physical condition, invitingness and welcoming aspect and social animation area discussed and comparative case study put forward these dimensions of Bakanliklar District of Ankara with regard to administrative city centers of Brasilia, Canberra, Islamabad which have similar historical background.

Objective: Public projects are used to delivery policy objectives. From a financial perspective, the Major Projects Authority (MPA) estimated a whole life investment of £488 billion for 199 major projects in 2014, only a small subset of the total number of public projects. Given the financial exposure, the impact of endemic public project failures could put the economic health of the nation at risk. This thesis studies the challenges facing public projects. It applies an organisational capabilities lens to investigate projectification, when organisations shift away from functional-based organising (FBO) toward project-based organising (PBO). Research Design: This study adopts an interpretivist research paradigm, with a constructionist epistemology and an idealist ontology, and employs an abductive research strategy. Structurally, it follows the Cranfield Executive Doctorate in Business Administration (DBA) methodology, with a linking document that summarises three complementary research projects: a systematic literature review (SLR) followed by two empirical studies that investigate the Department of Health (DoH) during the early phases of the Next Stage Review Implementation Programme (NSRIP). The findings are derived from over 250 academic literature sources, 100 government publications and 41 semi-structured interviews. ...[cont.]

Objective: Public projects are used to deliver policy objectives. From a financial perspective, the Major Projects Authority (MPA) estimated a whole life investment of £488 billion for 199 major projects in 2014, only a small subset of the total number of public projects. Given the financial exposure, the impact of endemic public project failures could put the economic health of the nation at risk. This thesis studies the challenges facing public projects. It applies an organisational capabilities lens to investigate projectification, when organisations shift away from functional-based organising (FBO) toward project-based organising (PBO). Research Design: This study adopts an interpretivist research paradigm, with a constructionist epistemology and an idealist ontology, and employs an abductive research strategy. Structurally, it follows the Cranfield Executive Doctorate in Business Administration (DBA) methodology, with a linking document that summarises three complementary research projects: a systematic literature review (SLR) followed by two empirical studies that investigate the Department of Health (DoH) during the early phases of the Next Stage Review Implementation Programme (NSRIP). The findings are derived from over 250 academic literature sources, 100 government publications and 41 semi-structured interviews.

本研究以主婦聯盟環境保護基金會與福林社區發展籌備委員會 （簡稱福林籌委會）為研究個案，並以實際的參與觀察、深度訪談、文獻探討等質的研究方法，進行非營利組織資料的蒐集，後經由資料內容的整理，分析非營利組織建構公共意識之過程與其主要之影響。 　　非營利組織建構公共意識之過程分由兩個層面進行，一是概念層面，主婦聯盟提出「生活者」的主張，表示消費者具有主體性、主動性、自我覺悟，而非被動的選擇商品。而福林籌備委會則強調社區的居民「自己做主人」，居民可以一起解決社區的公共問題，不需要凡事依靠政府。當個別公民有了主體性的認知，非營利組織透過座談會、社區會議等方式，積極推動公民討論的文化，學習共同思考的習慣。並從公民日常生活的世界裏，尋找引發其興趣的公共議題，促使公民關心社會、政府決策、社區等公共事務。 　　其次是實踐層面的建構，由於政府的決策不當或公眾對社會現象的無力感，極易引起公民的不滿。因此，非營利組織結合不滿意的因素，並使其提昇為公共議題，配合活動的宣廣，引發公民的行動，而影響既定的公共政策或原有的社會現象。從主婦聯盟引爆的「搶救芝山岩」行動與福林社區河濱公園的規劃案例中，可以發現非營利組織的行動策略。在行動過程中，非營利組織亦透過非正式的管道，間接影響政策。此外，非營利組織透過組織化的手段，結合公民、專業者、社區與其他非營利團體的資源，提供公民參與的機會與資源。因非營利組織的位置性不同，組織化的過程亦有所調整，然而其為培養社區的公民領袖及社區自主管理的目的，卻是一致的。 　　由非營利組織建構公共意識最大的影響力，是型塑社群的參與文化。在個人的參與行動，非營利組織強調「主權在民」的思想，並要求政府「以民為本」，使得個人與政府的關係由上對下的層級性，轉化為平等的地位。在此影響的過程中，非營利組織扮演先鋒者、領航者、組織工作者、教育者與資訊提供者的角色，實質的發揮組織的特性。非營利組織、社區、公共意識的連結，是形成草根民主的基礎要素，公民經由社區的參與，學習民主社會中公民所需具備的能力與技巧。唯有建立公民的公共意識，由下而上的政治參與才不至淪為空談。 　　本研究的個案均為都會型的非營利組織，而非營利領域仍有相當多的課題，如城鄉非營利組織的差異比較及其建構公共意識的過程研究；非營利組織與公民社會的關係；非營利組織與政府公共政策的互動；非營利組織的理論建構等，皆有待深入研究。

本文所要處理的問題為：「公共」的內容究竟為何？以及在福利國家的脈絡下公私之間如何互相滲透？本文採用Naomi Pfeffer與G. Majone的見解，將福利國家分為命令與控制型模式(command and control model)與規制型國家(regulatory state)。而這二種模式的差異可以由統治(government)和治理(governance)兩字得到說明，前者與命令與控制型相關，後者則與規制型相關。而所謂「治理」之概念，即一種國家權力向社會回歸的現象。本文以哈伯瑪斯《公共領域的結構轉型》為理論背景，探討現代國家職能由福利國家的興起與轉型之國家與社會關係與公私融合的過程。 / The main purposes of this thesis are: (1) discuss the transformation of the relationship of state and society under the process of “‘societalization’ of the state” and “‘stateification’ of society” through the rise and transformation of the welfare state; (2) examine the theories of “publicness”, “public/private distinction”, and the phenomena of “public-private mix” to study the mutual relation between the public and the private; (3) review and criticize the selected public policy. The public/private distinction has declined under the welfare state nowadays. On the topic of welfare state, this thesis applies the opinions of Naomi Pfeffer and G. Majone that divide the welfare state into the command and control model and the regulatory state. The words “government” and “governance” could interpret the difference of these two kinds of patterns: the former is relative to the command and control model, while the latter is relative to the regulatory state. In addition, the conception of “governance” indicates the process of authority returns from the state to the society. On the topic of public/private relation, this thesis adopts the theories of Jürgen Habermas in his book: The Structure Transformation of Public Sphere, through his ideas of public sphere and its relation among the intimate sphere and the state to explore the relation between the state and society. In practice, this thesis takes the case of turning the national university into the corporation (juridical person) in Taiwan, and introduces to the theories discussed above: see the university as a public sphere and its reform as the transformation of welfare state.

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