近年來，有兩項重要的發展影響了我們的社會，一為非營利組織的興起，一為知識經濟時代的來臨。這兩項看似無關的事，卻給予我們一些啟發。非營利組織的興起，改變了過去由政府壟斷公共領域的局面，而知識經濟則是以「知識」為基礎的「新經濟」運作模式，改變了傳統企業運作所賴以生存的生產三要素—土地、勞力和資本。 在知識經濟體系中，如何掌握及有效管理知識以促進組織的效能，已成為每一個組織重要的議題，其中的關鍵在於「知識分享」。由於非營利組織的公共性所形成的公共領域，是共同體（社區）成員之間，針對其生活領域中的公共事務，進行討論、學習和對話，而這個過程與知識的分享有關。顯見「公共性」與「知識分享」同時存在非營利組織之中，二者是否關聯，遂引發了本研究的動機。 因此，本研究進一步以「公共性」與「知識分享」為主軸，探討非營利組織的公共性與知識分享意願的相關議題。定義「公共性」的主要因素，包括公開度（透明度）、公信力、參與度、知名度、非私有性以及公共利益的功能等六大項。同時建構出非營利組織知識分享機制與公共性相關的內涵，包括建立知識分享的報酬制度、建立組織成員間的工作關係、建立組織成員的共同知識、提供組織成員一些知識交流的場所與時間、建立組織的知識仲介、建立組織內知識分享文化的領導者等六項構成要素。 本研究採用個案研究的方式進行，深入探討主婦聯盟的共同購買，這一國內具有代表性的組織，無論在公共性或知識分享上均可呈現清楚的研究成果。研究發現： 公共性是非營利組織的本質，也是非營利組織的重要特徵。非營利組織的公共性有益於組織形成有效率的知識市場，所以非營利組織可藉由提升公共性來克服知識分享的障礙，增進組織成員的知識分享意願。而增進組織成員的知識分享意願，可藉由公共性作為組織知識市場的核心，並以個人的動機、組織成員間的信任關係、以及組織文化等三個層面為架構，來建構促進組織知識分享的機制。 非營利組織除了可以藉由實施知識分享機制的活動來促進知識的分享外，同時也可維持組織的公共性，因為知識市場具有公共性的特性，所以組織在實施知識管理時，即提高了組織的公共性。 因此，非營利組織公共性與知識分享的關係，可以分為兩個層面來看，一個是彼此的因果關係，另一個是內在（內涵）與外在（表現）的關係。首先，非營利組織的公共性促進了組織的知識分享，知識分享活動則強化了組織的公共性，並且公共性與知識分享彼此有相互促進的作用。其次，非營利組織的公共性是知識分享的內涵，非營利組織的知識分享是公共性的表現。 本研究的貢獻在於提出非營利組織可藉由提升組織的公共性來增進組織成員的知識分享意願，同時也可藉由知識分享活動來強化組織的公共性。 建議對於後續的研究，可依據本研究的架構，針對「公共性不高的非營利組織」或「營利組織」進行比較、分析與研究。 / In recent years, there are two important developments impacting on our society. One is the rise of non-profit organizations (NPOs); the other is the coming of knowledge economic age. These two seemingly unrelated phenomena give us some revelations. Although the government has monopolized the public sphere, the rise of NPO changes the situation. The knowledge economy is a ‘New Economy’ based on knowledge. It also changes the traditional business operation model, which depends on three production factors—land, labor, and capital. In knowledge economy system, one important issue of every organization is how to do knowledge management effectively, so that the organization will increase its work efficiency. The key is ‘knowledge sharing’. NPO’s publicness forms a public sphere, which means the discussion, learning and discourse among community’s members about the public matters in their daily living sphere. This process is related to knowledge sharing. Obviously, ‘publicness’ and ‘knowledge sharing’ exist in NPO simultaneously. Is there any relation between these two factors? The question provides the motive of this research. The research, therefore, would like to probe further and take ‘publicness’ and ‘knowledge sharing’ as the main shaft, and investigate the relevant subjects of the publicness and the willingness of knowledge sharing in NPO. The research will define the six major factors of publicness, which includes transparency, credibility, participation, celebrity, unprivitization, and public interests. It will also construct a mechanism of knowledge sharing in NPO and the connotation of publicness. The connotation of publicness includes, (1) establish a reward system of knowledge sharing, (2) establish a operative relationship between organization and its members, (3) establish a common knowledge among organization members, (4) provide a place and time for knowledge sharing among members, (5) establish knowledge agents of organization, and (6) establish a leadership of knowledge sharing culture in the organization. The research is a case study of a representative organization in Taiwan, Homemaker’s Union Consumer Cooperation. The result shows clearly about publicness and knowledge sharing: Publicness is the nature and an important characteristic of NPO. Since knowledge sharing is based on publicness, if NPO can raise its publicness, then it can overcome the obstacles of knowledge sharing, enhance knowledge sharing in the organization, and promote the willingness of knowledge sharing among its members. NPO can also take its publicness as an axis of the knowledge market in the organization. Having the axis, it can use personal motive, trustful relationship among members, and organizational culture, to construct the organization’s mechanism of knowledge sharing. The publicness of NPO will facilitate an effective knowledge market and enhance knowledge sharing in the organization. Moreover, since publicness is the characteristic of knowledge market, so when the organization carries out knowledge management, it will increase publicness at the same time. Consequently, the relation of publicness and knowledge sharing in NPO can be seen as two aspects: one is a cause and effect relation between publicness and knowledge sharing. The other is a relation between the internal (connotation) and the external (representation). Firstly, the publicness of NPO enhances knowledge sharing in the organization, and the knowledge sharing activities strengthen its publicness. It’s a reciprocal relationship between publicness and knowledge sharing. Secondly, NPO’s publicness is the connotation of knowledge sharing, while the knowledge sharing is a representation of its publicness. The contribution of this research is addressing that NPO can promote the willingness of knowledge sharing of its members by increasing its publicness. Meanwhile, it can also strengthen its publicness through the activities of knowledge sharing. A suggestion of further study is using this research as a basis, then compare, analyze and study NPOs, which possess lower publicness, or profit organizations.

為了更進一步地了解「公共性問題」﹐本文將「公共性」的探究嵌入歷史脈絡之中﹐概略地從古希臘談到十八世紀的歐洲。在「公共性」的考源過程中﹐我們可以發現﹐「公共性」與「啟蒙」､「超越性」的理念一直有著相當密切的關連。透過這段歷史的考源﹐我們可以更進一步地掌握「公共性」的本質與內含於其中的啟蒙潛能。 　　其次﹐為了理解現代「公共性」所展現出的弔詭面貌﹐本文將試圖挖掘潛藏在「公共性」之下的社會變遷﹐也就是所謂的「現代性」(modernity)的發展歷程。從西元十五世紀開始﹐「現代」(modern)的序幕開始揭起﹐一個嶄新的時代於是降生。在這段歷史時期之中﹐我們可以觀察到它的獨特形貌﹐這些獨特的政治､經濟､社會與文化的形構就是所謂的「現代性」。一般說來﹐「現代性」的形構包括了資本主義的興起､民族國家的出現､神話世界觀的解除魔咒､社會運作邏輯的理性化､人類主體性的揚昇等等。值得注意的是﹐「現代性」的發展是一種從西方蔓延到全球的過程﹐「現代性」的發展逐漸成為西方文化的「全球化」(globalization)﹐所以有人直接稱呼「現代化」就是「西化」。在「現代性」的發展之下﹐我們可以發現「公共性」此一範疇的爆炸性擴張。此外﹐我們也可以抽繹出「現代性」的內在邏輯─人類主體性的確立與社會的理性化。由於這兩套現代性邏輯的過度擴張造成了「公共性」的弔詭面貌─「公共性的暴力」與「缺乏回應能力的公眾」。 　　關於「公共性」的弔詭面貌與扭曲發展的解決方案﹐哈伯瑪斯的理論建構是一套值得加以討論的典範。他試圖從相互主體性與溝通理性的重建上﹐尋求一個合理性的公共生活的出路。最後﹐本文的結論將會做一個總結性的批評與討論。