Introduction: Excessive self-criticism constitute a huge suffering for the individual. Clinical experiences and research indicate that the phenomenon is difficult to treat and one of the strongest obstacles against a healing process. The aim of this study is to develop grounded hypothesis of what can be useful ways of relate to and/or intervene regarding excessive self-criticism. Starting point is the experience and knowledge of licenced psychodynamic psychotherapists.  Questions:What is the experience of working with patients who suffers from excessive self-criticism? In which ways and what is it that causes this condition difficult to treat?Which clinical strategies are perceived to work, respectively not work?  Method:Six semi-structured interviews with experienced psychotherapists which were coded with thematic inductive analysis.  Results: Six themes: 1) Observe reactions suggestive of self-criticism. 2) Separate the patient from self-criticism. 3) Analyse why. 4) Be a counterforce. 5) Synthonicity and mistrust. 6) Build a counterforce within the patient.  Discussion:Based on theory and research, the discussion leads to hypothesis of useful therapeutic approaches: 1) Long experience of the phenomenon. 2) Empathic, warm relational and active stand, a reinforcing counterforce. 3) Specific interventions with the aim to activate the patient’s own empathy, compassion and trust – and to others. / Inledning:Överdriven självkritik innebär ett stort lidande för individen. Kliniska erfarenheter och forskning tyder på att fenomenet är svårbearbetat och ett av de starkaste hindren i vägen för en läkningsprocess. Syftet med studien är att utveckla grundade hypoteser om vad som kan vara användbara sätt att förhålla sig och/eller intervenera vid överdriven självkritik. Studien har som utgångspunkt psykodynamiska legitimerade psykoterapeuters erfarenheter och kunskaper.  Frågeställningar:Vad är psykoterapeutens erfarenheter av att arbeta med patienter som lider av överdriven självkritik? På vilka sätt och vad är det som orsakar att tillståndet är svårbehandlat? Vilka kliniska strategier upplevs fungera respektive inte fungera i behandlingen?  Metod:Sex semistrukturerade intervjuer, genomförda med erfarna psykoterapeuter, vilka undersöktes med tematisk induktiv analys. Resultat:Sex teman: 1) Observera reaktioner som tyder på självkritik. 2) Skilja ut patienten från självkritiken. 3) Undersöka varför. 4) Vara en motkraft. 5) Syntonicitet och misstro. 6) Bygga upp en motkraft hos patienten. Diskussion:Utifrån teori och forskningsnivån lyfts resultatdiskussionen till grundade hypoteser om användbara förhållningssätt: 1) Lång erfarenhet av fenomenet. 2) Ett empatiskt, varmt relationellt och aktivt terapeutiskt förhållningssätt och att fungera som en förstärkande motkraft. 3) Specifika interventioner i syfte att aktivera patientens egna empati, medkänsla och tillit – och gentemot andra.

Confronté à des atteintes massives et lucratives, le droit de la propriété intellectuelle est protégé par des réseaux de normes répressives, formant la matière pénale. Le droit pénal, droit traditionnel de protection des autres droits, forme un réseau composé de règles pénales, tant substantielles que formelles, spécifiques au droit de la propriété intellectuelle, et de certaines infractions contre les biens, du livre troisième du code pénal. Ces normes se heurtent à plusieurs écueils. Le droit pénal de la propriété intellectuelle appréhende difficilement le caractère massif ou transfrontalier des infractions et si les incriminations du code pénal peuvent s’inscrire dans les vides répressifs laissés par celui-ci, leur adaptation aux biens incorporels non rivaux bouleverse les équilibres. D’une part, cette adaptation est réalisée pour leur application aux informations, sans considération de leur caractère appropriable, ce qui affaiblit l’intérêt du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. D’autre part, ces infractions entrent en concours avec celles spécifiques au droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Ineffectif, le droit pénal de la propriété intellectuelle subit, aussi, la dépénalisation judiciaire de ce droit. Ignorant l’indispensable réforme de ce droit pénal, le législateur a créé de nouveaux réseaux répressifs. Si le droit administratif répressif, mis en œuvre par l’HADOPI, pouvait constituer une alternative pertinente au droit pénal, pour la lutte contre la massification des infractions au droit d’auteur et aux droits voisins sur Internet, l’attribution des sanctions au juge répressif en a réduit l’attrait. A l’aune de la jurisprudence de la CEDH, les normes civiles répressives, applicables au droit de la propriété intellectuelle, forment un réseau rival du droit pénal, dont les effets systémiques imposent de réfléchir au dessein de la frontière entre les responsabilités civile et pénale. La matière pénale de la propriété intellectuelle, née de la dilatation de la répression, est donc constituée de normes pénales, dont seules celles du code pénal apparaissent effectives, d’un droit administratif à la fonction répressive altérée et d’un droit civil répressif inefficace. Protection défaillante d’un droit affaibli, elle doit être restructurée. Une cohérence peut être instaurée par son organisation autour du droit de propriété, dont émane le droit de la propriété intellectuelle. La création d’un droit pénal de la propriété pourrait ainsi conférer une protection efficace au droit de la propriété intellectuelle, complétée par des normes répressives spécifiques. / The intellectual property rights, which are confronted with massive, lucrative infringements, are protected by several networks of repressive norms that constitute criminal matters. Penal law, a traditional body of law for the protection of the other forms of law, constitute the first network. It is composed of criminal law rules, both substantive and procedural, which are specific to intellectual property law, and certain property offences from Book III of the French Penal Code. These norms encounter several obstacles. This criminal law applied to intellectual property has difficulty grasping the massive or cross-border nature of infringements. Although offences under the French Penal Code may occur in the punitive legal vacuum left by this body of law, their adaptation to non-rival intangible assets upsets balances. On the one hand, this adaptation is effected by applying them to information without taking account of their appropriable nature, thereby weakening the benefits of intellectual property law. On the other hand, these offences compete with offences that are specific to intellectual property law. Penal law, which is ineffective, has also been subject to the judicial decriminalization of intellectual property law. Overlooking the pressing need to reform such criminal law applied to intellectual property, legislators have created new repressive networks. Whereas repressive administrative law, as implemented by HADOPI, could offer a relevant alternative to the massification of infringements of copyright and related rights on the Internet, allowing judges exercising criminal jurisdiction to impose sanctions has diminished its appeal. In the light of the ECHR’s case-law, repressive civil law forms a rival network to penal law, but its ineffectiveness with regard to intellectual property law and its systemic effects force us to reflect on the purpose for the boundary between civil and criminal liability. Criminal matters, which stem from the expansion of judicial repression, are thus comprised of criminal norms, of which only those of the French Penal Code appear effective, of administrative law with an altered repressive function, and of ineffective repressive civil law. Since the protection of a weakened right turned out to be defective, it must be restructured. Consistency can be achieved by organizing it around property law which is the origin of intellectual property law. Using this approach, creating penal law applied to property could offer effective protection for intellectual property rights, supplemented by specific repressive norms.

This master's thesis deals with the modern development of the prohibition of reformationis in peius principle in the area of administrative punitive law, in particular in the area of administrative offenses. Although Act No. 250/2016 Coll. has removed the undesirable and criticized "double-track" application of the prohibition of reformatio in peius in the area of administrative punitive law, other difficulties related to the principle in question have not completely disappeared; on the contrary, new legislation has made the situation more difficult in some respect. The main aim of the thesis is to critically analyse this principle in light of the new Act No. 250/2016 Coll. and to assess the impact of the new Act on the administrative practice. The thesis is systematically divided into seven chapters. The first chapter explains general theoretical questions related to the principle in question. The following section describes its constitutional and international basis. The third chapter thoroughly examines the modern development of this principle in the Czech Republic. The content and scope of the prohibition of reformatio in peius in proceedings under Act No. 200/1990 Coll. And in proceedings under Act No. 500/2004 Coll. are being analysed with regard to the conclusions provided by legal academia...

The thesis focuses on the issue of sanctioning juveniles in the Czech Republic according to the Act No. 218/2003 Coll. on the criminal responsibility of juveniles and jurisdiction of juveniles (hereinafter referred to as the "Juvenile Justice Act"). The aim of the thesis is to analyze the Czech legal regulation of sanctioning juveniles, compare it with foreign legal regulations, evaluate the knowledge from application practice and find out the frequency of use of individual institutes with regard to the extent of application of restorative justice elements. It compares various periods of the development of legislation in this area in the Czech lands and focuses on circumstances and reasons for adopting the Juvenile Justice Act. It examines whether the system and types of sanctions, as well as other solutions to criminal matters of juveniles, which the legislator has regulated in Juvenile Justice Act, correspond to the needs of juveniles and whether it can truly represent an effective solution to their situation and at the same time effectively protect society. It analyzes in detail the various possible ways of responding to offenses committed by juveniles, critically evaluates them and compares them to responses to adult offenders. It also apprises readers of an analysis of the frequency of use of...

[pt] A presente dissertação analisa os arranjos normativos que qualificam expressões do fenômeno da violência como campo de intervenção da Política Nacional de Assistência Social – PNAS/2004. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, pautada no método da análise documental, que se deteve ao exame das concepções que informam e os atributos que reivindicam a violência como objeto da Assistência Social, vinculado, no desenho institucional vigente, à Proteção Social Especial de Média Complexidade. A interpretação dos dados se deu a partir do método de análise de conteúdo qualitativa, recurso que permitiu identificar a coexistência do discurso protetivo com elementos que remetem ao controle punitivo das famílias, em especial dos núcleos em situação de pobreza. Os resultados obtidos permitem reconhecer a paradoxal relação entre proteção e punição nos arranjos contemporâneos da Política de Assistência Social, os quais são instituídos num contexto democrático, marcado por um notório avanço do conservadorismo, porém ainda vigentes sob o signo do Estado de direito. / [en] This dissertation analyzes the normative arrangements that qualify expressions of the phenomenon of violence as a field of intervention of the National Social Assistance Policy - PNAS / 2004. It is a qualitative research, based on the document analysis method, which stopped examining the concepts that inform and the attributes that claim violence as an object of Social Assistance, linked, in the current institutional design, to Special Social Protection of Medium Complexity. The interpretation of the data was based on the methodology of content analysis, a resource that allowed the identification of the coexistence of the protective discourse with elements that refer to the punitive control of families, especially those in situations of poverty. The results obtained allow us to recognize the paradoxical relationship between protection and punishment in the contemporary arrangements of the Social Assistance Policy, which are instituted in a democratic context, marked by a notable advance in conservatism, but still in force under the rule of law.

[pt] O presente trabalho busca fazer uma retomada do abolicionismo penal a partir das bases teóricas da criminologia crítica. Em meio aos diversos discursos e propostas de abolição penal contemporâneos, o que se pretende é argumentar que uma prática que vise a realização da abolição do sistema punitivo precisa se calcar em bases teórico-metodológicas rigorosas, a fim de compreender os processos que determinam o sistema punitivo e sua relação com estrutura econômica. Defende-se que a prática abolicionista precisa se socorrer dos conhecimentos acumulados pela criminologia crítica, de base marxista, a fim de que se possa organizar a ação política necessária para uma mudança nas condições sociais que determinam a violência e a pena. Ao se examinar a síntese das diversas determinações que criam o Estado, o direito e a pena na sociedade burguesa por meio da categoria do sujeito de direito e do princípio da troca equivalente de mercadorias é possível verificar o desenvolvimento histórico e as alterações das formas de punição na sociedade capitalista de acordo com a organização e necessidades de produção e reprodução dos modos de produção. Somente a partir dessa análise e compreensão das relações que a punição estabelece com o Estado e com a sociedade dentro da estrutura econômica é se torna possível propor um modelo de prática abolicionista que não seja idealista. / [en] This work intends to review the penal abolicionism from the theoretical basis of the critical criminology. Amongst the different contemporary penal abolition discourses and propositions, the intent is to argue that a praxis that aims at the accomplishment of abolishing the punitive system needs to hold onto a strong theoretical and methodological foundation, in order to comprehend the processes that determines the punitive system and its relation to the economic structure. The abolitionist action has to resort to the cumulated knowledge of the critical criminology, of marxist source, in order to be able to organize the political action needed to provoke a change in the social conditions that determine violence and punishment. When looking closely at the synthesis of the different determinations that build up the state, law and punishment in burgoise society, throughout the categories of subject of Law and the equivalent exchange of merchandise principle it is possible to verify the historical development and changes in the means of punishment in the capitalist society according to the organization and needs of production and reproduction of the means of production. Only through this analysis and comprehension of the relation that punishment establishes to the State and to the society within the economic structure it is possible to propose a model of abolitionist action that is not idealist.

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Intresset för föreliggande uppsatsarbete har varit att analysera synen på unga lagöverträdare som döms till frihetsberövande påföljder. Avstamp har gjorts i propositionen som 1998 föreslog att sluten ungdomsvård skulle införas i påföljdssystemet i en ambition att undvika fängelsestraff för unga (Prop. 1997/98:96) samt i betänkandet som 2023 föreslår att unga lagöverträdare återigen ska verkställa fängelsestraff (SOU 2023:44). Utifrån en diskursanalytisk ansats var syftet att synliggöra hur påföljdssystemet för unga framställs som ett ’problem’, hur dessa problemrepresentationer motiverar respektive förslag om frihetsberövande påföljd samt hur det kan förstås i ljuset av en ’straffande vändning’. Resultatet visar att påföljdssystemet i propositionen framställs som ett rättssäkerhetsproblem där en framträdande juridisk diskurs har ökat såväl samhällets rättsmedvetande som det enskilda barnets rättsstatus. I betänkandet framställs påföljdssystemet i stället som ett trygghetsproblem, baserat på en alarmistisk bild av ökad och grövre brottslighet bland unga vilka samhället behöver skyddas från. En utveckling har skett från att unga lagöverträdare betraktas vara i fara, offer för en social utsatthet, till att de betraktas som farliga barn som skapar otrygghet i samhället. Det är den senaste kategorin av ‘farliga barn’ som betänkandets förslag vilar på. Ett förslag som förväntas bidra till ökade samhällsklyftor och ökad stigmatisering av en redan utsatt grupp unga lagöverträdare. Ett förslag som också får direkta konsekvenser, i huvudsak för de barn som underrepresenteras i betänkandet: De barn som är flickor, och de barn som är i särskilt behov av stöd, vård och behandling. / The interest in the present study has been to analyze the way juvenile offenders, who are sentenced to a custodial sanction, are portrayed. The study draws from the proposition that 1998 suggested the new sanction of youth custody in an aspiration to replace prison for juvenile offenders (Prop. 1997/98:96) and in the deliberation that 2023 suggested that juvenile offenders once again should be sentenced to prison (SOU 2023:44). Drawing from a discourse analysis, this study aims to uncover the way the youth penal system is produced as a ‘problem’, how this problem representation justifies the different suggestions about custodial sanctions and how it could be understood in the light of a ‘punitive turn’. The results show that the penal system in the first document is produced as a problem regarding penal certainty, whereas a prominent juridical discourse has raised a general legal awareness as well as the legal status for the individual child. In the second document the penal policy is produced as a problem regarding public safety, based on the view of an increased and rougher crime scene among youngsters whom society needs to be protected from. A development can be identified from where juvenile offenders are portrayed as being in danger, victims of social circumstances, to that they are portrayed as dangerous kids that constitutes a threat to the society. It is the latter category of ‘dangerous kids’ that the suggestions in the second document lays upon. Suggestions that are expected to contribute to increased stigmatization of an already exposed group of juvenile offenders. Suggestions that also have direct consequences, especially for those who are underrepresented in the second document: Kids who are girls, and kids who need care, treatment, and protection.

Depuis plusieurs années, les perceptions et attitudes punitives du public concernant les crimes intéressent les chercheurs. Aujourd’hui, bien que la société profite des avantages de la technologie, elle doit aussi composer avec ses risques. Parmi ceux-ci, la cyberdélinquance sexuelle émerge comme un domaine d’étude complexe et encore largement sous-exploré. Les politiques gouvernementales étant souvent influencées par les réactions du public plutôt que des preuves empiriques, il est important d’étudier la façon dont la population générale perçoit et réagit à ce phénomène afin d’en approfondir la compréhension et contribuer à des réponses judiciaires et éducatives plus justes et efficaces. À ce jour, seule une étude a porté son attention sur les facteurs influençant les perceptions et attitudes face aux sollicitations sexuelles en ligne des mineurs. Toutefois, celle-ci manque à tenir compte de l’influence des caractéristiques spécifiques du délit et se limite à un échantillon d’étudiants universitaires. Objectifs. Le principal objectif de ce mémoire est de comprendre la manière dont les caractéristiques individuelles et les caractéristiques du délit influencent les attitudes punitives des citoyens dans les cas de leurre en ligne. Méthode. Les données ont été collectées auprès de 198 citoyens francophones. Les participants ont répondu à un questionnaire évaluant leurs perceptions, croyances et attitudes sur le crime et les délits sexuels. Un design factoriel 2x3 a été utilisé afin d’examiner la façon dont l’âge et le type d’interaction sexuelle influent sur la sévérité des répondants. Chaque participant a été assigné aléatoirement à une vignette et invité à attribuer une peine d’incarcération au contrevenant dépeint dans le scénario, mais aussi indiquer la durée de celle-ci. Résultats. Les résultats montrent que la majorité des participants donnent une peine d’emprisonnement à l’auteur de leurre, bien que les taux d’incarcération varient selon la nature des sollicitations sexuelles. L’analyse de régression logistique binomiale suggère que les caractéristiques des répondants influencent peu les attitudes punitives. En revanche, le type d’interaction sexuelle apparaît comme le meilleur prédicteur de cesdites attitudes. Discussion. Les résultats soutiennent la nécessité d’adopter une approche nuancée et exhaustive dans l’étude des attitudes sociales en raison de leur complexité. Ils mettent en évidence l’importance de fournir des informations spécifiques au public pour obtenir une compréhension plus précise de ces attitudes. Les futures recherches devraient ainsi encourager les politiques publiques et les pratiques judiciaires à se baser sur des preuves empiriques afin de mieux répondre aux enjeux sociétaux liés à ce phénomène. Ces recherches doivent également continuer à approfondir cette problématique pour orienter les interventions visant à sensibiliser la population aux réels dangers du leurre par voie informatique et à promouvoir des pratiques en lignes plus sécuritaires. / For several years, researchers have been interested in public perceptions and punitive attitudes toward crimes. Today, although society benefits from technological advancements, it also faces their risks. Among these, cybersexual crimes emerge as a complex and still substantially underexplored field of study. Given that government policies are often influenced by public reactions rather than empirical evidence, it is important to study how the general population perceives and reacts to this phenomenon to deepen its understanding and contribute to more just and effective judicial and educational responses. To date, only one study has focused on the factors influencing perceptions and attitudes toward online sexual solicitations of minors. However, this study fails to consider the influence of the specific characteristics of the crime and is limited to a sample of university students. Objectives. The main objective of this thesis is to understand how individual characteristics and the details of the offence affect citizens’ attitudes in cases of online luring. Method. Data were collected from 198 French-speaking citizens. Participants responded to a questionnaire assessing their perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes about crime and sexual offences. A 2x3 factorial design was used to examine how age and the type of sexual interaction influence respondents' punitiveness. Each participant was randomly assigned to a vignette and asked to give a prison sentence to the offender depicted in the scenario, as well as its duration. Results. Results show that most participants assign a prison sentence to the online sex solicitor, although incarceration rates vary depending on the nature of sexual solicitations. The binomial logistic regression analysis suggests that respondents’ characteristics have little influence on punitive attitudes. In contrast, the type of sexual interaction appears to be the best predictor of these attitudes. Discussion. The results support the need to adopt a nuanced and comprehensive approach in the study of social and attitudes due to their complexity. They highlight the importance of providing specific information to the public for a more precise understanding of these attitudes. Future research should encourage public policies and judicial practices to be based on empirical evidence to better address the societal challenges related to this phenomenon. Such research should also continue to delve into this issue to guide interventions aimed at raising public awareness of the real dangers of online luring and promoting safer online practices.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Arita Soares de Almeida.pdf: 1104597 bytes, checksum: 0806b251519fffd14579521ea158ef6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The central axis of this dissertation is studying the surveillance activity about tax obligations and instrumental duties performed by the Executive. Under a critical and reflective review, it´s going to be analyzed the moment which begins with a broad and comprehensive inspection, possibly originating a specific procedure that culminates with application of norms that assert the tax legal fact, or invalidate or endorse the activity held by the particular, branched from norms sorted as primary precedent or derived punitive or non-punitive. Through the analysis of rules and principles that should guide the surveillance activity, we are going to accomplish a detailed study of each criterion that informs the structural standard of the investigative competence of tax agents / Essa dissertação tem como eixo central de estudo a fiscalização das obrigações tributárias e dos deveres instrumentais realizada pela Administração. Sob um viés crítico-reflexivo, serão analisadas questões atinentes ao momento que se inicia com uma investigação ampla e abrangente, eventualmente desdobrada num específico procedimento que culmina com a positivação de normas que afirmam o fato jurídico tributário, ou infirmam ou confirmam a atividade do particular, emanadasde normas primárias precedentes ou derivadas punitivas ounão punitivas. Mediante a análise das regras e princípios que devem nortear a atividade fiscalizatória, busca-se o estudo pormenorizado de cada critério informador da norma estrutural de competência que outorga poderes investigativos aos agentes fiscais