Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rute Rodrigues dos Reis.pdf: 1093079 bytes, checksum: d1b9ee41112ef4d39d5ed810f899b530 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study proposes to investigate black family life within the context of the city of São Paulo as well as the construction of both female and male places within these families. Throughout this work it is possible to notice that there is a conspicuous diversity of family patterns and that the historical experience of the African ascendance, the results of black captivity, and especially the matrifocality in their family patterns were and still are remarkable boundaries. This work aims to run through the ways of the construction of the black family throughout historical data and contemporary analysis which connect this debate to the one of gender relations. The theoretical choice for this study is based on the approaches about gender identity and racial identity, and also on the approach given by the Social Sciences as they deal with family relations. This study refers to a universe which settles the insertion of gender and race/ethnicity, relating it to a little explored universe, the one of femininity and masculinity / Neste estudo investigo a vida familiar negra no contexto da Cidade de São Paulo e a construção e lugar do feminino e do masculino nessas famílias. Compreende-se que há diversidade de modelos de família e que a experiência histórica da ascendência africana e os resultados das situações de cativeiro do negro, a matrifocalidade no modelo familiar foi e tem sido marca fundamental. Busca-se percorrer os caminhos de construção da família negra através de dados históricos e de análises contemporâneas que ligam este debate ao das relações de gênero. A opção teórica aqui adotada refere-se as abordagens sobre identidade de gênero e identidade racial e também sobre o enfoque dado pela Ciências Sociais ao tratar da questão familiar. O caminho de abordagem foi a História de Vida em que mulheres e homens narram suas experiências nas relações familiares. O estudo insere-se num universo que estabelece a intersecção de gênero e raça/etnia, vinculando ao universo pouco explorado, que é o da feminilidade e da masculinidade

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:53:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rute Rodrigues dos Reis.pdf: 1093079 bytes, checksum: d1b9ee41112ef4d39d5ed810f899b530 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study proposes to investigate black family life within the context of the city of São Paulo as well as the construction of both female and male places within these families. Throughout this work it is possible to notice that there is a conspicuous diversity of family patterns and that the historical experience of the African ascendance, the results of black captivity, and especially the matrifocality in their family patterns were and still are remarkable boundaries. This work aims to run through the ways of the construction of the black family throughout historical data and contemporary analysis which connect this debate to the one of gender relations. The theoretical choice for this study is based on the approaches about gender identity and racial identity, and also on the approach given by the Social Sciences as they deal with family relations. This study refers to a universe which settles the insertion of gender and race/ethnicity, relating it to a little explored universe, the one of femininity and masculinity / Neste estudo investigo a vida familiar negra no contexto da Cidade de São Paulo e a construção e lugar do feminino e do masculino nessas famílias. Compreende-se que há diversidade de modelos de família e que a experiência histórica da ascendência africana e os resultados das situações de cativeiro do negro, a matrifocalidade no modelo familiar foi e tem sido marca fundamental. Busca-se percorrer os caminhos de construção da família negra através de dados históricos e de análises contemporâneas que ligam este debate ao das relações de gênero. A opção teórica aqui adotada refere-se as abordagens sobre identidade de gênero e identidade racial e também sobre o enfoque dado pela Ciências Sociais ao tratar da questão familiar. O caminho de abordagem foi a História de Vida em que mulheres e homens narram suas experiências nas relações familiares. O estudo insere-se num universo que estabelece a intersecção de gênero e raça/etnia, vinculando ao universo pouco explorado, que é o da feminilidade e da masculinidade

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T14:56:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Jocelem_Fernandes_Ribeiro_Dissertação.pdf: 837511 bytes, checksum: 6ca4a8dd9a7fabe59e45f9f36a045aaa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-20T20:02:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Jocelem_Fernandes_Ribeiro_Dissertação.pdf: 837511 bytes, checksum: 6ca4a8dd9a7fabe59e45f9f36a045aaa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T20:02:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Jocelem_Fernandes_Ribeiro_Dissertação.pdf: 837511 bytes, checksum: 6ca4a8dd9a7fabe59e45f9f36a045aaa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-12 / Sem bolsa / Investigar e analisar quais as estratégias e os recursos utilizados por indivíduos negros para sua inserção no mundo do trabalho e mobilidade social na cidade de Pelotas, no período pós-abolição e nos dias atuais é meta deste trabalho. Trata-se de um esforço para compreender quais os mecanismos e modalidades de reconversão de recursos sociais, educacionais e econômicos estes atores utilizaram visando a construção de uma carreira e os possíveis efeitos da discriminação racial ocorrida na trajetória deste grupo populacional. Entender de que forma a utilização de atributos socialmente adquiridos pela geração passada contribuiu para a ascensão das gerações atuais, através da herança inter e intrageracional. Como herança intergeracional, entendemos a ascensão ocorrida dentro do seio familiar e como herança intrageracional compreendemos o aproveitamento de oportunidades oferecidas pela sociedade através da expansão social e econômica do país. A medida básica e variáveis apresentadas para o entendimento da evolução na estrutura social e racial na sociedade pelotense é o status socioeconômico que combina educação, ocupação profissional e renda. / Investigate and analyze the strategies and resources used by blacks for their insertion in the labor and social mobility in the city of Pelotas, in the post-Civil War and today is the goal of this work. This is an effort to understand the mechanisms and modalities for the conversion of social resources, education and economic actors they used for the construction of a career and the possible effects of racial discrimination that occurs in the trajectory of this population group. Understand how the use of socially acquired attributes the past generation has contributed to the rise of the current generation, through the inheritance between and within generations. As intergenerational inheritance understand the rise occurred within the family heritage and how we understand intra seizing opportunities offered by society through social and economic expansion of the country. The basic measure and variables presented in understanding the evolution in social structure and racial society in Pelotas is the socioeconomic status that combines education, occupation and income.

Structural racism is often perpetuated by well-intentioned White individuals who passively accept or are unaware of its existence. However, when their perceptions and understanding of the world are challenged through learning about structural racism, White people may experience emotions such as fear, and guilt, which seem to serve either a debilitating or a motivating role in multicultural attitude development. Self-compassion, which is the ability to process distressing emotions without resorting to avoidance of the emotional experience, may help White individuals work through strong negative affect that accompanies an awareness of structural racism and ultimately aid in the development of multicultural attitudes. This hypothesized model of moderated mediation was tested using a sample of White adults (N = 240; 70.8% women, 26.3% men, 2.9% gender-expansive) who completed an online survey. Awareness of structural racism had a larger positive relationship with White guilt in individuals who endorsed lower levels of self-compassion. For individuals with high levels of self-compassion, more awareness of structural racism was associated with more fear, which in turn was associated with lower multicultural attitudes. For individuals with low levels of self-compassion, more awareness of structural racism was associated with less fear, which in turn was associated with more multicultural attitudes. Contrary to the theoretical model, the indirect effect of awareness of structural racism on multicultural attitudes through White guilt was not moderated by self-compassion. Implications and recommendations for research and practice in the field of counseling psychology are discussed.

Despite a narrowing trend over the past forty years, the racial academic performance gap between non-Asian-American minority students and European-American students remains an overarching issue in K-12 schooling according to the Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis (2017). Du Bois’s (1903) theory of double consciousness is implicated in the performance gap phenomenon. Though not explicitly connected, Steele and Aronson’s 1995 study revealed stereotype threat (STT) to be an empirical explanation of the negative impact of double consciousness. Steele et al.’s study revealed a psycho-social contributor to the racial academic performance gap, STT. STT is characterized by performance suppression caused by the fear of fulfilling a negative stereotype or the fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype attributed to one’s social identity group. The activation of this phenomenon is related to identity threatening cues, a systemic issue laden in the academic environment (Purdie-Vaughns, Steele, Davies, Ditlmann, & Crosby, 2008). To date, over 300 studies have been conducted on STT according to a meta-analysis conducted by Pennington, Heim, Levy, and Larkin (2016). Though certain experimental studies featuring mentoring as a vehicle for shifting stereotype narratives have yielded useful practices for STT reduction (Good et al., 2003), qualitative design, which is seldomly employed in the STT field, may produce an understanding of the phenomenon that is not possible through a deductive approach (Ezzy, 2002; van Kaam, 1966). The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore African-American adolescent student perceptions of the impact that mentoring has on their schooling experiences while under STT conditions. The findings of this study demonstrated that African-American adolescents perceived mentoring to positively impact their schooling experiences and helped them to cope with STT activating cues in the environment. The participants discussed structural aspects of the relationships, personality attributes of the mentor, and specific mentor guidance. Participants also discussed a documented STT intervention that fell outside of the parameters of their mentoring relationships that positively impacted their schooling experiences and abilities to cope with STT cues – affirmations (Cohen, Garcia, Apfel, & Master, 2006; Walton et al., 2012). Recommendations for practice and future research are presented.

Despite exposure of educational disparities for students of color, as well as the notion that educational training rarely discusses race and racism, there continues to be a lack of discourse on race, racism, and anti-racism in educational leadership. Subsequently, it is important to challenge deficit thinking and encourage further examination of the deeply-rooted foundation of oppression. The study explored personal narratives of white educational leaders who oppose racial inequity to heighten awareness about conceptualizations of race, racism, and anti-racism. The research involved interviewing educational leaders in three groups: 1) aspiring, 2) currently-practicing, and 3) recently-retired. Eight participants were selected to engage in two semi-structured interviews about their experiences aligned with the following research questions: 1) How do white educational leaders frame the impact of race and racism? and 2) How do white educational leaders describe their perceptions and experiences recognizing, confronting, and dialoguing with others about race and racism? The findings revealed commonalties about the subtle nature of racism, as well as how to confront racism through thoughts and actions. While participants considered dialogue beneficial in their own awareness of race and racism, the lack of venues to dialogue were emphasized. The findings suggest implications for further contextualizing negotiations of race-related tensions and framing the impact of race and racism, particularly in relation to creating purposeful spaces and relationships to encourage such dialogue. Additionally, interpretation of the findings adds insight to further conceptualizing racial identity models and anti-racism.

Social justice allies make important contributions to fighting oppression in campus environments and in their communities after college. However, knowledge of how one becomes a social justice ally is limited. This qualitative, phenomenological study was designed in an effort to better understand the social justice ally development process and advances the pioneering work of Broido (1997, 2000). Examination of student’s understanding of her/his formative and college experiences helped determine how each alone and in combination with other factors or experiences, contributed to her/his ally development process. The role of student affairs professionals and programs in this process was also examined. This study was conducted at The University of Texas at Austin, which was selected because of the historical context, institutional environment and diversity-related initiatives implemented over the past 10 years. Review of the literature on ally development reveals that a majority of the existing research focuses on allies who take action against heterosexism or sexism. Through this research project I addressed this gap by including student allies who focus on other areas of privilege/oppression including classism and citizenship status. This study also expands the analysis of social justice allies by including examination of the influence of gender on the development, motivations and actions of allies. / text

Ce travail de recherche a pour but d’investiguer du point de vue psychosocial l’identité « raciale » de la population des Noirs en France en particulier dans leur rapport avec les Blancs afin de mettre au jour les dynamiques identitaires qui existent entre les groupes.Le cadre théorique relève de la catégorisation sociale et plus particulièrement de l’un de ses développements, à savoir le concept des partitions sociales. Cette conception postule l’existence de plusieurs types de relations intercatégorielles (les partitions) qui permettent d’appréhender la nature du positionnement identitaire des individus dans le cadre d’une relation intergroupe (en fonction de l’intérêt identitaire de chacun) en y ajoutant un aspect dynamique à travers la notion de co-construction. La méthodologie utilisée relève principalement des représentations mutuelles, c'est-à-dire des représentations intercatégorielles (la représentation que l’on a de sa catégorie d’appartenance et celle que l’on a de l’exogroupe considéré) qui nous permettent de dégager les dynamiques identitaires existant entre des groupes socio-culturellement différents. Dans cette perspective, une série de d’études a été mise en œuvre. La première a mis en évidence l’existence de stratégies identitaires différentes de la part des Noirs antillais selon qu’ils vivent en Métropole ou aux Antilles. Les Antillais de Métropole s’insèrent dans une partition communautaire alors que ceux des Antilles semblent adopter une stratégie d’évitement en se recatégorisant à un niveau supraordonné. La deuxième étude a montré qu’en fonction de leur interlocuteur (opérationnalisé par les mots inducteurs « Black », « Blanc » et « Beur »), les Français d’origine Afro-antillaise, Européenne ou Maghrébine adoptaient des positionnements identitaires différents. Enfin, une troisième étude a permis de dégager l’existence d’une discrimination implicite vis-à-vis des Noirs en France s’appuyant sur un stéréotype structuré de la même façon qu’aux États-Unis mais ne s’exprimant pas explicitement. De façon générale, ces études semblent montrer que l’appréhension des relations interethniques par le biais des partitions (et non plus en simples termes d’endofavoritisme ou d’exodéfavoritisme) permet de mieux comprendre les relations existant entre différentes communautés dans un contexte intra-national. / Our research work investigates - from a psycho-social point of view - the «racial» identity of the black population in France, notably in their relation with the white population, so as to point up the identity dynamics that exist between the various groups. The theoretical framework is related to social grouping and one of its developments, i.e. the concept of social partitioning. Such conception is based on the existence of several types of inter-category relations (partitioning) that allow apprehending the nature of individuals’ identity positioning within the framework of an inter-group relation and make it dynamic through the notion of co-construction. Our methodology is based mainly on mutual, i.e., inter-category representations (the representation one has of his/her category, of the exogroup(s)), leading to the definition of the identity dynamics that exist between groups with socio-cultural differences. In this perspective, a series of studies has been carried out. The first study demonstrated, the introduction of identity strategies different from the Antilleans blacks as they live in the Métropole or the Caribbean. The Antilleans of Métropole are part of a community partition, while those of the West Indies seem to adopt an avoidance strategy by a recategorized superordinate level. The second study shows that, depending on who addresses them (expressed by the inducing words «Black», «Blanc», «Beur») i.e., French persons of African or Antilleans origin, of European origin, or from the Maghreb, adopted a different identity positioning. Lastly, a third study highlights the existence of an implicit discrimination towards Black people in France, resting on a stereotype similar to that observed in The United States of America, but not explicitly mentioned. In general, these studies demonstrate that the apprehension of inter-ethnical relations expressed in terms of partition (rather than simply in terms of endo-favoritism or exo-defavoritism) and thus help us understand the relationships that exist between various communities in an intra-national context.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-06T13:51:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nanci Franco.pdf: 1321289 bytes, checksum: cb6aa3db4d948feb16373f8583d0082f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora Lopes(silopes@ufba.br) on 2013-05-16T17:58:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Nanci Franco.pdf: 1321289 bytes, checksum: cb6aa3db4d948feb16373f8583d0082f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-16T17:58:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nanci Franco.pdf: 1321289 bytes, checksum: cb6aa3db4d948feb16373f8583d0082f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / A tese tem como objetivo geral investigar as concepções elaboradas pelos estudantes do ensino fundamental das séries subseqüentes da Escola Municipal Helena Magalhães diante da diversidade étnico-cultural que permeia o contexto escolar e até que ponto essas concepções influenciaram nas relações estabelecidas na escola e demais espaços que esses estudantes transitam. O trabalho de campo foi iniciado a partir de dois pressupostos básicos: a Escola não assume nem trata adequadamente a diversidade, em conseqüência da falta de Políticas Educacionais que prepare todos os níveis para compreender as diferenças e desigualdades, e, consequentemente trabalhar essa problemática nos processos educativos, bem como o passado histórico, a Ciência da Modernidade que se reflete na formação de um imaginário racista, veiculado socialmente impede os alunos negros e negras de conheceram a riqueza da sua cultura - constituída também pelo legado africano que deve ser contemplado pela Escola. Portanto, a escola precisa incorporar o legado cultural africano e desconstruir o imaginário racista veiculado socialmente. Do ponto de vista teórico-metodológico partiu-se de uma abordagem qualitativa, numa releitura do cotidiano da escola; sendo que, dentre as diversas formas que a pesquisa qualitativa assume a opção foi pelo estudo de caso e as técnicas utilizadas foram pesquisa bibliográfica, observação, questionário, entrevista e análise documental. O caminho trilhado na pesquisa culminou com os seguintes achados: os alunos tem um desconhecimento da sua própria história, o que dificulta o seu processo de construção de identidade, mina a sua auto-estima e consequentemente interfere nas relações estabelecidas nos diversos grupos sociais; no cotidiano, percebe-se que o adolescente negro (quer seja garoto ou garota) sofrem marcadamente a influência das idéias racistas que são veiculadas no imaginário social e a depender da situação se transformam em morenos, mulatos ou mesmo negros; existe uma preocupação intensa com a aparência, especialmente com o cabelo; presença da violência física e verbal; há um descompasso entre o vivido/construído pelos alunos e o discurso/ação implementados pela escola e finalmente a diversidade étnico-cultural é vista como inferioridade, quem está fora do padrão estabelecido ocupa posições menos privilegiadas. A partir disso, contata-se a necessidade a nível de governo de elaboração de políticas educacionais de inclusão étnico-racial, bem como a implementação de fato da Lei 10 639 (2003). A nível de Escola é necessário, entre outras coisas: investimento na formação políticopedagógica dos seus atores; criação de grupos de estudo sobre educação brasileira, levando em consideração a diversidade existente no país; conhecer instituições que trabalham com Educação na perspectiva cultural afro-brasileira; elaboração de projetos diversificados que contemplem a diversidade, especificamente étnico-racial; construção de materiais que contemplem a diversidade; sensibilizar a família sobre a necessidade da discussão da questão racial; realizar trabalhos sobre a temática que envolvam escola-família-comunidade. Espera-se que essa pesquisa pode indicar novos caminhos em processo de reflexão de especificidades a respeito da problemática educação e diversidade étnico-cultural, a partir da experiência da Escola Municipal Helena Magalhães. E, que o referido estudo suscite reflexões sobre políticas públicas de inclusão étnico-racial, de combate ao racismo e a discriminação racial existentes no Brasil. / Salvador

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-17T12:07:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseEFS.pdf: 1662194 bytes, checksum: 74b29723f6c87cf4628c728f64fe795a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-03-20T14:05:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseEFS.pdf: 1662194 bytes, checksum: 74b29723f6c87cf4628c728f64fe795a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-03-20T14:05:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseEFS.pdf: 1662194 bytes, checksum: 74b29723f6c87cf4628c728f64fe795a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-20T14:12:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseEFS.pdf: 1662194 bytes, checksum: 74b29723f6c87cf4628c728f64fe795a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-30 / Não recebi financiamento / This work aimed to study the manifestations of peripheral literature movement of São Paulo, in its intersections with the race issue, in order to verify the relationships that could be established between Black identity and the joints of this movement. Starting from the assumption that the peripheral soirees would build positive meanings for Black and peripheral identities, we made: a literature review, in order to build a theoretical framework, as well as getting materials published about and for the movement; an ethnographic- inspired research in São Paulo’s poetry sessions, based on systematic observations, whose information was organized in field diaries; semi-structured interviews with 19 activists from three peripheral poetry sessions – Palmarino, Elo da Corrente and Poesia na Brasa –; interviews with the author and poet Fuzzil and, with two participantsof these mentioned soirees; and, finally, we conducted thematic analysis and a triangulation ofinformation to identify the analysis units. We found that the poetry sessions are part of a power struggle arena, which plead-meanings. Through this movement, it is given visibility to the Black bodies and audience to the discourses produced to vent the anguish arising from transit through non-place and the desire to be subject in the first person. The literature thus functions as a vehicle to unveil up topics and deleted elements, and to emphasize other appropriate senses to objects whose meanings were historically negative. The curly hair, maroon origins, the link with the periphery etc. become symbolic benefits. Forge up artistic intellectuals and policies references, oriented for challenging the exclusion landmarks imposed to the outskirts and Blacks, as well as for the production of positive speeches and representations endogenously. By turning into rhymes the stratagems of racism, the nature of Black hair, the rejection to adhere to socially ascribed patterns to Black, and the stories and the desires for overruns, Black protagonists arehighlighted, representing them as holders and producers of knowledge. In this context, literature is armament and poets begin to produce it, in a engaged way to the racial question. We conclude that the research data support our hypothesis. We point out the importance of studies that: I) pay attention to the role of Black women poets (minority) in the peripheral poetic circuit; and II) seek to identify the differences and similarities between contemporary poetic movements of Africa and the Black Diaspora. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral estudar as manifestações dos saraus de literatura periférica paulistanos, em suas intersecções com a temática racial, visando verificar as relações que poderiam ser estabelecidas entre identidade negra e as articulações desse movimento. Partindo do pressuposto de que os saraus periféricos construiriam significados positivos para as identidades de negros e periféricos, fizemos: um levantamento bibliográfico, com vistas a construir um aporte teórico, bem como obter materiais publicados sobre e pelo movimento; uma pesquisa de inspiração etnográfica nos saraus paulistanos, baseada em observações sistemáticas, cujas informações foram organizadas em diários de campo; entrevistas semiestruturadas com 19 ativistas de três saraus periféricos – Palmarino, Elo da Corrente e Poesia na Brasa –, entrevistas com o autor e poeta Fuzzil e, com dois participantes dos saraus mencionados; e, por fim, foram feitas análises temáticas e triangulação das informações, para elencarmos as unidades de análise. Verificamos que os saraus se inserem numa arena de disputa de poder, onde pleiteiam-se significados. Por meio desse movimento, dá-se visibilidade aos corpos negros e audiência a discursos produzidos para dar vazão às angústias advindas do trânsito pelo não- lugar e ao anseio de ser sujeito em primeira pessoa. A literatura funciona, assim, como veículo para desvelar-se tópicos e elementos suprimidos, bem como para salientar outros sentidos cabíveis a objetos cujos significados atribuídos historicamente foram negativos. Os cabelos crespos, as origens quilombolas, a vinculação com a periferia etc. passam a ser ganhos simbólicos. Forjam-se referências artísticas, intelectuais e políticas orientadas para a contestação dos marcos de exclusão impostos às periferias e aos negros, bem como para a produção de discursos e representações pos itivas de forma endógena. Ao transformar em rimas as artimanhas do racismo, a crespitude dos cabelos, a rejeição em aderir aos padrões socialmente imputados aos negros e, as histórias e os anseios por superações, evidencia-se os protagonistas negros, representando- lhes como detentores e produtores de saber. Nesse contexto, literatura é arma e os poetas passam a produzi- la de maneira engajada com a causa racial. Concluímos, assim, que os dados de pesquisa suportam nossa hipótese. Apontamos a necessidade de estudos que: I) atentem-se para o papel das poetisas negras (minoria) no circuito poético periférico; e II) busquem identificar as diferenças e similaridades entre os movimentos poéticos contemporâneos de países de África e da diáspora negra.