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There has been an increase in reactionary racial violence in the past eight years following the presidency of Barack Obama, and in response to perceived threats to the racial and cultural order posed by movements for racial justice and the refugee crisis. Complicit to the spate of organized racial violence are passive white bystanders, who, through their inaction, have tolerated and given free reign to a resurgence of racial violence. Only a minority of whites have responded to calls for solidarity from Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC). This study set out to uncover how these minority of whites respond to racism. Drawing on narratives and questionnaires of thirty-eight white persons, I begin with an exploration of the frames that shape participants’ understanding of antiracism. Three frames are discussed: the (a) equality and human rights frame, (b) anti-oppression frame, and (c) whiteness-centered frame. The core of this study is on antiracism praxis. I discuss two categories of praxis: quotidian antiracism and organizational antiracism. In the former category are three types of antiracism strategies: (a) confrontation, (b) counterclaiming, and (c) covert and clandestine antiracism. The latter category consists of equality and equity focused strategies in education that I distinguish based on setting: (a) classroom antiracism and (b) administrative antiracism. This discussion is enriched by an investigation of the enablers and obstacles of antiracism and what respondents consider when deciding to engage in bystander action. In conversation with Frankenberg’s (1993) ‘race-cognizance’ concept, I present a subsidiary antiracism awareness that I call self-implication cognizance. I detail five ways participants stop themselves from ‘racing to innocence’ by implicating themselves in the hegemonic order of whiteness. This study contributes a typological model of frames and praxis and a situated picture of enablers of antiracism to the scholarship of white antiracism. It also offers insights for progressive whites and organizations interested in racial justice, equality and equity. Subject keywords: antiracism, activism, whiteness, white racial identity, racial awareness, frames, enablers, obstacles, racism / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of how Virginia counselors engage in social issues advocacy, specifically advocacy for Black/African American clients/students. Racial Identity (Helms, 1993) and Multicultural Social Justice Counseling Competencies (Ratts, Singh, Nassar-McMillan, Butler, and McCullough, 2016) are used as the framework. The researcher examined whether the work setting of a counselor impacts the amount and type of involvement with race-specific advocacy and how counselors are supported as advocates in that setting. Data was collected via information questionnaires including demographic and professional background, attitudes and beliefs captured by the Social Issues Advocacy Scale, and race-specific advocacy activity. The sample included Masters-holding professional counselors practicing in Virginia and who are members of professional organizations based in Virginia. Results indicate reasons for advocating, when applicable, with or on behalf of Black/African American clients/students and a relationship with workplace setting type. Findings show that counselors feel supported by their workplace to advocate on the basis of race, however the type of advocacy varies. / Ph. D.

Critical work on popular American women's fiction still has not reckoned adequately with the themes of interracialism present in these novels and with interracialism's bearing on the sentimental. This thesis considers an often overlooked body of women's popular sentimental fiction, published from 1860-1865, which is interested in themes of interracial romance or reproduction, in order to provide a fuller picture of the impact that the intersection of interracialism and sentimentalism has had on American identity. By examining the literary strategy of "miscegenated narration," or the heteroglossic cacophony of narrative voices and ideological viewpoints that interracialism produces in a narrative, I argue that the hegemonic ideologies of the sentimental romance are both "deterritorialized" and "reterritorialized," a conflicted impulse that characterizes both nineteenth-century sentimental, interracial romances and the broader project of critiquing the dominant national narrative that these novels undertake.

Counseling psychologists are tasked with understanding optimal psychological and cognitive functioning. Recent theoretical predictions (Crisp & Turner, 2011) and growing evidence suggest that cross-race interactions are important ways individuals might improve their cognitive and psychosocial functioning. However, the theoretical predictions from Crisp and Turner have not yet been tested in one model. Further, much of the empirical support for the theoretical predictions has been from studies using 1) undergraduate samples and 2) weak theory-measurement fit. The present study used an online, community survey (N = 270) to test Crisp and Turner’s (2011) predictions that cognitive flexibility would mediate the relationship between cross-race interactions and psychological well-being in both a White sample (N = 198) and a sample of Color (N = 70). Results supported the hypothesized mediational model, indicating that more frequent cross-race interactions were associated with greater psychological well-being, through greater cognitive flexibility. The findings are discussed in the context of Crisp and Turner’s model (2011). Implications for sociological, educational, and psychological professionals are also discussed. Recommendations for future studies include experimental, longitudinal, and intervention studies with strong theory-measurement fit.

Master of Science / Department of Apparel, Textiles, and Interior Design / Melody LeHew / The purpose of this study was to explore how African American women think and feel about their bodies. Specifically, this study examined how Black women define beauty by means of variables such as body shape, skin complexion, and hair texture; whether African American women ages 18-30 compared themselves to media images; and if so, did comparison to these media images impact African American women’s body satisfaction. In addition, this study explored if African American women felt pressure to adopt beauty standards attributed to the dominant culture, as well as the role of racial identity in forming beauty standards and social comparison behavior. Twelve African American women were interviewed and findings of this exploratory research illustrated that the Black community has different standards than the traditional beauty standards of the U.S. Even though interviewees articulated standards of beauty for women in the Black community, there was a lack of uniformity in how these women felt about their own attractiveness: some identified with the Black beauty standards, while others did not. In addition, opinions varied regarding Black women’s engagement in social comparison behavior and whether it was related to racial identity or body satisfaction. Limitations of study included: how Black women define social comparison behavior and racial identity, self-identification of participants, and the lack of Caucasian women included in this study. However, this research still provided rich data exploring Black women’s perceptions of beauty among other issues within the Black community. Future research is required to better understand influences shaping standards of beauty within this subculture of the United States and recommendations are provided in the last chapter.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-11-07T15:00:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Cristina Reis Conceição Rodrigues_.pdf: 1745527 bytes, checksum: be8c61c46823490ebcd75bddeec91fb4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-07T15:00:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Cristina Reis Conceição Rodrigues_.pdf: 1745527 bytes, checksum: be8c61c46823490ebcd75bddeec91fb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-20 / Nenhuma / O texto desta dissertação destaca a potencialidade da Escola de Educação Infantil como ambiente de socialização e reconhecimento das diferenças étnico-raciais. Consistirá na retomada da aplicação efetiva da lei 10.639/03 CNE 03 através de atividades que fazem as crianças refletirem sobre a cultura negra e desmistificar preconceitos criados na sociedade. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas escolas municipais localizadas no município de São Leopoldo, sendo denominadas como Escola A e Escola B. Participaram da pesquisa duas turmas de faixa etária de 5 anos, compostas por 27 e 21 crianças. A metodologia qualitativa foi utilizada no processo de elaboração da pesquisa, realizando a coleta de dados a partir de observações do grupo focal, entrevistas com seis professores da escola A e quatro da escola B e dois e relatos das professoras que receberam a pesquisadora em suas turmas, tendo como objetivo principal analisar as representações sociais e raciais da criança negra na educação básica. Foram levados em consideração os seguintes questionamentos: De que forma o ambiente educacional influencia na formação da identidade étnico-racial da criança afrodescendente? Quais as implicações da falta de visibilidade no ambiente escolar na aprendizagem e autoestima da criança negra na educação infantil? Diante da formação educacional adquirida, como esse sujeito se manifesta na realidade social e racial debatida nesses últimos tempos? Os resultados da pesquisa foram os seguintes: melhor socialização das crianças; diminuição de conflitos gerados por situação de preconceito e exclusão; melhora da autoestima das crianças afrodescendentes; alegria e representatividade das crianças negras através da consciência da existência de princesas, príncipes, super-heróis, e guerreiros negros, no imaginário das crianças; conscientização das professoras que prosseguiram com a inserção de histórias que favoreçam a representatividade e visibilidade da criança negra no ambiente escolar, bem como possibilitando uma educação antirracista baseada na equidade e do respeito pelas diferenças. / The dissertation will highlight the potential of the School of Early Childhood Education as an environment of socialization and recognition of ethnic-racial differences. It will consist of the resumption of effective application of Law 10.639 / 03 CNE 03 through activities that make children reflect on black culture and demystify prejudices created in their environment. The research was realized in two municipal schools located in São Leopoldo, being denominated as School A and School B. Two groups of age group 5, composed of 27 and 21 children, participated in the study. The qualitative methodology was used in the process of elaboration of the research, performing the data collection from observations of the focus group, interviews with 6 teachers from school A and 4 from school B and 2 and reports from the teachers who received the researcher in their classes with the main objective of analyzing the social and racial representations of the black child in basic education. The following questions were taken into account: How does the educational environment influence the formation of the ethnic-racial identity of the Afrodescendant child? What are the implications of the lack of visibility in the school environment in the learning and self-esteem of the black child in early childhood education? In front of the educational formation acquired how is this subject manifested in the social and racial reality debated in recent times? The following results were obtained in this research: better socialization of the children; reduction of conflicts generated by situations of prejudice and exclusion of the black children; improvement in the self-esteem of Afro-descendant children; joy and representativeness of black children through the awareness of the existence of princesses, princes, superheroes and warriors in the children's imagination; awareness of the teachers who continued with the insertion of stories that favor the representativeness and visibility of the black culture in the school environment, as well as enabling an antiracist education based on equity and respect for the differences.