Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T13:54:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SHEILA CRISTINA ROCHA COELHO.pdf: 2573480 bytes, checksum: 6f1f6e5eb0894b2932a87af23dd137d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-16 / The present study is an outcome of qualitative research carried out at the Center for Reeducation and Social Inclusion of Convicted Women CRSICW/CRISMA in São Luis, State of Maranhão, Brazil in the period of 2009 to 2010. The aim of the study was to investigate how the reeducation character of private penalty is organized and manifested in that institution. The objective unfolds into secondary ones as follows: to discuss studies which approach the reeducation proposal as the goal to the private penalty release; to analyze what treatment provided to women in the prison system setting; to identify the effects of confinement on the social identity of convicted women; to show how re-educatingactivities are organized at the Center for Reeducation and Social Inclusion of Convicted Women CRSICW/CRISMA; to identify how educative practices developed at CRSICW/CRISMA are manifested; to identify how the inmates perceive the institution re-educative work, and in what level they consider it to contribute to their social inclusion. Since the present work presents as the central issue the reflection on re-education in the prison environment, the analyses performed by Thompson (2002), Zaffaroni (2001), Baratta (2002) on the goals of penalty, are pertinent because they approach the implications of the penalty rehabilitating objective designated indistinctively of regeneration, re-adaptation, re-socialization, and re-education, taking into account that the prison environment borders on complex power relationships in a space characterized by all sorts of contradictions. We also present the contributions by Luckmanand Berger (1985) when dealing with primary and secondary socialization processes, which are important aspects for understanding the premise of the present study. Thus, the understanding that human beings are socially built, his character being unfinished and constituted along his lifetime, is the endpoint foundation of an education intended for humanizing and answering to the challenges posed by the prison reality. The study endeavored to understand that the convicted women at CRSICW/CRISMA observed the identity of good prisoners as a necessity to survive in prison and as a way of resisting to the criminal stigma, since this roll-play is not compatible with the desire to re-claim their social spaces. It was also verified that the women attribute greater importance to work and professional qualification than to schooling, since for them qualification prepares them for the job market representing, besides the opportunity to earn a wage, there is the possibility of penalty redeeming. Semi-structured interviews were used with a prison warden, a teacher and the Institution General Supervisor, and the application of Focal Group technique to inmates, as well as the study of pertinent bibliography, state, national, and international (FOUCAULT, 2008b)devices dealing with criminal enforcement with respect to assistance guaranteed to prisoners, educational assistance in especial, where we sought mainly to reveal the gender inequality traits in those discussions with respect to treatment of incarcerated women. / O presente trabalho é resultado de pesquisa qualitativa realizada no Centro de Reeducação e Inclusão Social de Mulheres Apenadas (CRISMA) de São Luís entre 2009 e 2010 com o objetivo investigar como se organiza e se manifesta o caráter reeducativo da pena privativa de liberdade naquela instituição. Esse objetivo se desdobra em outros secundários tais como: discutir estudos que abordam a proposta de reeducação como finalidade da pena privativa de liberdade; analisar qual o tratamento dado à mulher no contexto do sistema prisional; investigar a identidade que a mulher tem de si mesma e aquela que lhe é dada por outros; identificar os efeitos do encarceramento sobre a identidade social da mulher apenada; mostrar como se organiza a oferta de atividades reeducativas no CRISMA; identificar como se manifestam as práticas educativas desenvolvidas CRISMA; identificar como as detentas veem o trabalho reeducativo da instituição e em que medida elas consideram que este contribui para sua inclusão social. Uma vez que este trabalho apresenta como questão central a reflexão sobre reeducação no espaço prisional, as análises realizadas por Thompson (2002), Zaffaroni (2001) e Baratta (2002) sobre os fins da pena são pertinentes por abordarem as implicações do objetivo reabilitador da pena, designado indistintamente de regeneração, readaptação, ressocialização e reeducação, considerando que o ambiente carcerário remete a relações de poder complexas de um espaço caracterizado por contradições de toda ordem. Apresentamos também as contribuições de Berger e Luckman (1985) ao tratarem dos processos de socialização primária e secundária, aspecto importante para compreensão do termo nesse trabalho. Logo, o entendimento de que o ser humano é um ser socialmente construído, do seu caráter de inconcluso e inacabado que se constitui ao longo da sua existência, é a fundamentação dos fins de uma educação que se propõe a humanizar e responder aos desafios que se colocam na realidade penitenciária. A pesquisa sinalizou para entender que as mulheres apenadas do CRISMA absorveram a identidade de boas presas como necessidade de sobrevivência na prisão e como forma de resistência ao estigma de criminosas, pois a representação desse papel é incompatível com o desejo de restabelecer os seus espaços de pertencimento social. Verificou-se também que as mulheres atribuem à qualificação profissional e ao trabalho maior importância que a instrução escolar, pois, para elas, a qualificação as instrumentaliza para o mercado de trabalho e representa além da oportunidade de remuneração, possibilidade de remir a pena. O ciclo da pesquisa deu-se mediante a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com uma agente penitenciária, uma professora e a supervisora geral da instituição e a aplicação da técnica Grupo Focal junto às detentas, bem como o estudo da bibliografia pertinente, exame dos dispositivos (FOUCAULT, 2008b) em âmbito internacional, nacional e estadual que norteia a execução da penal, no que se refere às assistências que são asseguradas à detenta, especificamente à assistência educacional, onde buscamos principalmente desvelar nesses discursos as marcas das desigualdades de gênero no tratamento da mulher encarcerada.

A cidade litorânea de Santos (SP), atualmente, passa por uma profunda transformação de seu espaço histórico e central por meio de políticas públicas, em níveis de poder diferenciados (municipal, estadual e federal), para a sua revalorização, entendida aqui no sentido de um enobrecimento deste fragmento de espaço, enfocando a reabilitação de sua infraestrutura urbana, a readequação do seu patrimônio histórico edificado e a tentativa fazer retornar em seu espaço central investimentos econômicos e comerciais. Esta profunda transformação se dá, neste fragmento a partir da produção de um espaço turístico na área de interface porto-cidade (antiga área portuária abandonada), enobrecimento das atividades comerciais e turísticas na área e também pela tentativa de solucionar diversos problemas de infraestrutura e moradia de grande da população trabalhadora local. / The coastal city of Santos (SP) is currently undergoing a profound transformation of its historical and central area due to public policies in different power levels (municipal, state and federal), for its revitalization, understood here as an ennoblement of a fragment of this space, focusing on the rehabilitation of its urban infrastructure, the upgrading of its historical buildings and the attempt to return to its central place in economic investments and trade. This profound transformation occurred in this fragment due to the production of a touristic space in the area of the interface cityharbour (the old abandoned harbour area ), ennoblement of business and touristic activities in the area and also by trying to solve several problems of infrastructure and housing from most of the working population.

As posições críticas dos estatísticos, que atuam em programas de melhoramento genético, referem-se à falta de uma análise criteriosa da estrutura da interação do genótipo com o ambiente (G x E) como um dos principais problemas para a recomendação de cultivares. Tradicionalmente, a análise dessa estrutura á superficial não detalhando os efeitos da complexidade da interação. Com isso, os ganhos genéticos podem ser diminutos, pela não seleção de genótipos superiores melhores indicados a um ambiente específico. A busca constante por novos métodos e algoritmos, visando eliminar ou minimizar esse problema, tem proporcionado uma inegável evolução científica, com a geração de tecnologias de ponta que envolvem grande capacidade de processamento computacional. Atualmente, a metodologia AMMI (additive main efects and multiplicative interaction analysis) propõe ser mais eficiente que as análises usuais na interpretação e compreensão da interação G x E. Entretanto, os principais pontos negativos dessa metodologia dizem respeito à dificuldade de se interpretar a interação quando há baixa explicação do primeiro componente principal; à dificuldade de se quantificar os escores como baixos, considerando estável os genótipos e/ou ambientes, além de não apresentar o padrão de resposta do genótipo, o que caracteriza os padrões de adaptabilidade. Nesse contexto, essa metodologia apresenta alguns inconvenientes de ordem estatística, fazendo com que suas interpretações sejam vistas com ressalvas. Assim, o objetivo desta tese foi o desenvolvimento de procedimentos estatísticos que minimizem esses problemas, tornando a metodologia AMMI mais precisa e confiável na caracterização da estabilidade e adaptabilidade fenotípica de plantas. Nesse sentido, foi desenvolvido uma metodologia via reamostragem "bootstrap", no modelo AMMI, que possibilitou as análises gráficas e numéricas, das estabilidades e adaptabilidades fenotípicas de 75 progênies de Eucalyptus grandis, procedentes de três localidades australianas, e implantadas em sete testes de procedências e progênies nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Os resultados indicaram comportamentos diferenciados dos genótipos e dos ambientes, sendo a interação G x E significativa ao nível de 1% de probabilidade. As interpretações das estabilidades e adaptabilidades fenotípicas foram melhores compreendidas com a realização da reamostragem "bootstrap". A metodologia "bootstrap" AMMI, eliminou as dúvidas relacionadas à quantificação dos escores como baixos, tornando a metodologia AMMI mais precisa e confiável, na predição da estabilidade fenotípica de genótipos e de ambientes. O coeficiente "bootstrap" de estabilidade (CBE), baseado na distância quadrada de Mahalanobis, sobre o modelo AMMI2, obtidos através da região de predição para o vetor nulo, permitiu classificar os genótipos e ambientes em cinco escalas de estabilidade, e, conjuntamente com as representações gráficas das regiões de confiança para a estabilidade e gráficos de dispersões dos escores bootstrap", em biplot AMMI2, apresentaram melhores qualidades para predições das estabilidades fenotípicas, do que o método tradicional AMMI, com representação gráfica em biplot. / Reliable evaluation of the stability of genotypes and environment is of prime concern to plant breeders, who have Undertaken much research into the development of methods for studying in detail the structure of genotype-environment interaction. The lack of a comprehensive analysis of the structure of the GEI interaction has been a stumbling block to the recommendation of cultivars. Traditionally, the analysis of that structure was superficial and stopped short of detailing the efects of the complexity of the interaction. However, recent advances in computer science have allowed the development of interactive systems of data processing with fast and precise algorithms. Consequently, statistical methods are being developed to study in detail the structure and stability of GEI interaction. At the moment, the Additive Main Efects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) Model promises to be more eficient than the usual analyses in the interpretation and understanding of the GEI interaction. The main drawbacks of the AMMI methodology are the dificulty of interpreting the interaction when there is a poor explanation of the first principal component; the dificulty of determining low scores, which relates to the statistical stability of the genotypes and/or environments; and the lack of presentation of the pattern of response of the genotype, which characterizes the adaptability patterns of the groups formed through significant parameters. Thus care needs to be exercised in the interpretation. The present contribution proposes the use of bootstrap re-sampling in the AMMI Model, and applies it to obtain both a graphical and a numerical analysis of the phenotypic stability and adaptability of 75 progenies of Eucalyptus grandis from Australia that were planted in seven environments in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil. The results show diderential behavior of genotypes and environments, the genotype x environment interaction being significant (p value < 0.01). The interpretation of the phenotypic stability through graphical analysis of the AMMI biplot is better understood with the aid of the bootstrap. The bootstrap coeficient of stability based on the squared Mahalanobis distance of the scores bootstrap, shows that genotypes and environments can be diferentiated in terms of their stabilities. The AMMI bootstrap proposal thus provides better and more precise predictions of phenotypic stability and adaptability of the geno- types than the traditional AMMI analysis, and eliminates the doubts related to the identification of the low scores.

Spotify is a music service that offers on-demand streaming and is available in several countries worldwide. As the company and the interest for it grows, more and more parties are involved and those involved, including the record labels want to control and get an overview of their products. They want to be able to see, for example, when a product is available on Spotify and in which countries. Spotify is in May 2013 in process of developing a to be used by administrators on Spotify in order to meet the record labels with the information requested. The new software intends being used by administrators but also by the record labels so that they will be able to overview their products availability. We were asked by one of the developers to conduct user interviews and tests to result in a design proposal on how the display page of information about a product could be visualized more clearly so that it suits both record labels and employees at Spotify. The results of our contextual interviews were translated into a prototype with two display pages. One of them in list format to satisfy administrators and their work and a the other one in shape of a map primarily intended to accommodate the record labels. We made use of contextual design and its working models and interviewing techniques and worked iteratively with several prototype testing.

På vilka sätt kan ett företag profilera sig och vad kan effekterna komma att bli? Hur uppfattas ett företag vid en drastisk imageförändring? Denna rapport går igenom skaparprocessen över en re-design av en webbsida och framtagning av en presentationsfilm för att se om företaget Ligistfilm kan uppfattas på ett nytt sätt. Från en svart, mörk och maskulin webbsida till en ljus, modern och frigjord tillsammans med en presentationsfilm över hur Ligistfilm arbetar, tittar vi närmare på hur besökarnas syn på företaget kan förändras. Förändringen innefattar även ett skifte i fokus, från en webbsida med fokus på företaget Ligistfilm till en webbsida med fokus på individuella regissörer. Användartester som utförts visar hur Ligistfilm uppfattas utifrån den gamla webbsidan jämfört med den nya webbsidan tillsammans med presentationsfilmen. / How can a company brand themselves and what may the effects of this be? How is a company perceived by a drastic change of image? This essay describes the creative process of a re-design of a website and the development of a presentation movie to see if the production company Ligistfilm can be perceived in a new way. From a black, dark and masculine website into a bright, modern and open-minded website along with a presentation film about Ligistfilm and their work, we will look into how the visitors perception of the company can change. The change of the website includes also a shift of focus. From being a website focusing on Ligistfilm as a company into a website focusing on their directors individually. User tests showed how Ligistfilm are perceived by the old website compared to the new one together with the presentation film.

L'objectif de ce travail est de mettre au point des catalyseurs bimétalliques Re-Pd/TiO2 actifs et suffisamment robustes en milieu hydrothermal pour hydrogéner sélectivement l'acide succinique (SUC) en 1,4-butanediol (BDO). Dans un premier temps, des catalyseurs monométalliques 2%Pd/TiO2 sont préparés et caractérisés par diverses techniques physico-chimiques. Les résultats montrent l'importance d'un certain nombre de paramètres sur les propriétés des catalyseurs et leurs performances catalytiques. Les catalyseurs à base de palladium sont très sélectifs en γ-butyrolactone mais très peu en BDO. Différentes teneurs en rhénium sont ensuite déposées sur les catalyseurs 2%Pd/TiO2 (par imprégnation successive (IS) et par réduction catalytique (RC)). L'existence d'une interaction entre les deux métaux Pd-Re est mise en évidence par plusieurs techniques de caractérisation (chimisorption H2, réaction modèle de déshydrogénation du cyclohexane, RTP, XPS, MET-EDX). L'ajout de rhénium permet d'augmenter la vitesse de la réaction de transformation du SUC et améliore la sélectivité en BDO. Pour les catalyseurs préparés par IS, des quantités importantes de rhénium (3-4%) sont nécessaires pour avoir un effet optimum, alors que le dépôt par la méthode RC doit être limité à des teneurs plus faibles (< 1%). Néanmoins, les catalyseurs préparés par IS conduisent à une meilleure activité et sélectivité en BDO. / The objective of this work is to synthesize bimetallic catalysts Re-Pd/TiO2 active and strong enough in hydrothermal environment to hydrogenate selectively the succinic acid (SUC) to 1,4-butanediol (BDO). At first, monometallic 2%Pd/TiO2 catalysts are prepared and characterized by various physico-chemical methods. The results show the importance of several parameters on the catalyst properties and catalytic performances. Palladium catalysts are very selective to γ-butyrolactone but few to BDO. Various rhenium contents are then deposited on 2%Pd/TiO2 catalysts (by successive impregnation (SI) and catalytic reduction (CR)). The existence of an interaction between both Pd-Re metals is revealed using several techniques of characterization (H2 chemisorption, model reaction of cyclohexane dehydrogenation, TPR, XPS, TEM-EDX). Adding rhenium both allows enhancing the reaction rate of SUC transformation and improving the selectivity to BDO. For catalysts prepared by SI, important quantities of rhenium (3-4%) are needed for optimal effect, while the deposit must be limited to lower contents (< 1%) when using the CR method. Nevertheless, catalysts prepared by SI lead to better activity and selectivity to BDO.

Le nombre important de campagnes de numérisation mises en place ces deux dernières décennies a entraîné une effervescence scientifique ayant mené à la création de nombreuses méthodes pour traiter et/ou analyser ces images de documents (reconnaissance d’écriture, analyse de la structure de documents, détection/indexation et recherche d’éléments graphiques, etc.). Un bon nombre de ces approches est basé sur un apprentissage (supervisé, semi supervisé ou non supervisé). Afin de pouvoir entraîner les algorithmes correspondants et en comparer les performances, la communauté scientifique a un fort besoin de bases publiques d’images de documents avec la vérité-terrain correspondante, et suffisamment exhaustive pour contenir des exemples représentatifs du contenu des documents à traiter ou analyser. La constitution de bases d’images de documents réels nécessite d’annoter les données (constituer la vérité terrain). Les performances des approches récentes d’annotation automatique étant très liées à la qualité et à l’exhaustivité des données d’apprentissage, ce processus d’annotation reste très largement manuel. Ce processus peut s’avérer complexe, subjectif et fastidieux. Afin de tenter de pallier à ces difficultés, plusieurs initiatives de crowdsourcing ont vu le jour ces dernières années, certaines sous la forme de jeux pour les rendre plus attractives. Si ce type d’initiatives permet effectivement de réduire le coût et la subjectivité des annotations, reste un certain nombre de difficultés techniques difficiles à résoudre de manière complètement automatique, par exemple l’alignement de la transcription et des lignes de texte automatiquement extraites des images. Une alternative à la création systématique de bases d’images de documents étiquetées manuellement a été imaginée dès le début des années 90. Cette alternative consiste à générer des images semi-synthétiques imitant les images réelles. La génération d’images de documents semi-synthétiques permet de constituer rapidement un volume de données important et varié, répondant ainsi aux besoins de la communauté pour l’apprentissage et l’évaluation de performances de leurs algorithmes. Dans la cadre du projet DIGIDOC (Document Image diGitisation with Interactive DescriptiOn Capability) financé par l’ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche), nous avons mené des travaux de recherche relatifs à la génération d’images de documents anciens semi-synthétiques. Le premier apport majeur de nos travaux réside dans la création de plusieurs modèles de dégradation permettant de reproduire de manière synthétique des déformations couramment rencontrées dans les images de documents anciens (dégradation de l’encre, déformation du papier, apparition de la transparence, etc.). Le second apport majeur de ces travaux de recherche est la mise en place de plusieurs bases d’images semi-synthétiques utilisées dans des campagnes de test (compétition ICDAR2013, GREC2013) ou pour améliorer par ré-apprentissage les résultats de méthodes de reconnaissance de caractères, de segmentation ou de binarisation. Ces travaux ont abouti sur plusieurs collaborations nationales et internationales, qui se sont soldées en particulier par plusieurs publications communes. Notre but est de valider de manière la plus objective possible, et en collaboration avec la communauté scientifique concernée, l’intérêt des images de documents anciens semi-synthétiques générées pour l’évaluation de performances et le ré-apprentissage. / In the last two decades, the increase in document image digitization projects results in scientific effervescence for conceiving document image processing and analysis algorithms (handwritten recognition, structure document analysis, spotting and indexing / retrieval graphical elements, etc.). A number of successful algorithms are based on learning (supervised, semi-supervised or unsupervised). In order to train such algorithms and to compare their performances, the scientific community on document image analysis needs many publicly available annotated document image databases. Their contents must be exhaustive enough to be representative of the possible variations in the documents to process / analyze. To create real document image databases, one needs an automatic or a manual annotation process. The performance of an automatic annotation process is proportional to the quality and completeness of these databases, and therefore annotation remains largely manual. Regarding the manual process, it is complicated, subjective, and tedious. To overcome such difficulties, several crowd-sourcing initiatives have been proposed, and some of them being modelled as a game to be more attractive. Such processes reduce significantly the price andsubjectivity of annotation, but difficulties still exist. For example, transcription and textline alignment have to be carried out manually. Since the 1990s, alternative document image generation approaches have been proposed including in generating semi-synthetic document images mimicking real ones. Semi-synthetic document image generation allows creating rapidly and cheaply benchmarking databases for evaluating the performances and trainingdocument processing and analysis algorithms. In the context of the project DIGIDOC (Document Image diGitisation with Interactive DescriptiOn Capability) funded by ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche), we focus on semi-synthetic document image generation adapted to ancient documents. First, we investigate new degradation models or adapt existing degradation models to ancient documents such as bleed-through model, distortion model, character degradation model, etc. Second, we apply such degradation models to generate semi-synthetic document image databases for performance evaluation (e.g the competition ICDAR2013, GREC2013) or for performance improvement (by re-training a handwritten recognition system, a segmentation system, and a binarisation system). This research work raises many collaboration opportunities with other researchers to share our experimental results with our scientific community. This collaborative work also helps us to validate our degradation models and to prove the efficiency of semi-synthetic document images for performance evaluation and re-training.

This research is part of the line Education and Arts (LP4) Program Graduate Education / UFSM and integrates the research group FAPEM: training, action and research in music education (CNPq). The musical training of teachers in early childhood education has been the focus of research, due to the possibility that significant work to develop a professional music with children. Since the approval and enforcement of Law No. 11.769/08, there was an increase in supply and demand for continuing education courses in music, in order to expand and qualify the practice in the school and to enforce that law. Whereas continuing education can be a special area of research on the learning of teaching, this study aimed to investigate how to represent and reconstruct the knowledge of music and educational music-teacher teachers in early childhood education from an area of continuing education organized in school. The weekly educational meetings were used for the development of continuing education activities that sought to know which knowledge of music and music-teaching can be mobilized in a formative space like this, and understand the group's role in each teacher's professional development. Eight meetings were held with the group of teachers EMEI Borges, which addressed specific issues of teaching music in kindergarten. Qualitative, this research used as methodological resources focus group discussions, story-interview and impressions of the researcher on the development of continuing education and teachers. Based on studies of Ferry (2004), Josso (2010), Mizukami (2008), Mizukami et al (2002), Pivetta and Isaia (2009) and Bolzan (2009), we felt an awareness of teachers about each function that develops in the learning process of teaching. From this moment, the group constitutes a space of exchange and shared learning. In addition, the teachers have advanced the understanding of music as a specific area of knowledge and began to develop more practical musical intentionality and safety with children. / A presente pesquisa faz parte da linha Educação e Artes (LP4), do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação/UFSM, e integra o grupo de pesquisa FAPEM: formação, ação e pesquisa em educação musical (CNPq). A formação musical de professores unidocentes tem sido foco de pesquisas, em função da possibilidade desse profissional desenvolver um trabalho significativo de música com as crianças. A partir da aprovação e efetivação da lei n° 11.769/08, houve um aumento na oferta e na procura por cursos de formação continuada em música, no intuito de ampliar e qualificar as práticas presentes na escola e de se fazer cumprir a referida lei. Considerando que a formação continuada pode ser um espaço privilegiado de investigação sobre a aprendizagem da docência, este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar como se constituem e se reconstroem os conhecimentos musicais e pedagógico-musicais de professores unidocentes, a partir de um espaço de formação continuada organizado na escola. As reuniões pedagógicas semanais foram utilizadas para o desenvolvimento das atividades de formação continuada que buscaram conhecer quais conhecimentos musicais e pedagógico-musicais podem ser mobilizados em um espaço como este, além de compreender a função do grupo no desenvolvimento profissional de cada professor. Foram realizados oito encontros com o grupo de professoras da EMEI Borges de Medeiros, nos quais foram tratados temas específicos do ensino de música na Educação Infantil. De caráter qualitativo, esta investigação utilizou, como recursos metodológicos, discussões de grupo focal, entrevistas narrativas e as impressões da pesquisadora sobre o desenvolvimento da formação continuada e das professoras. Com base nos estudos de Ferry (2004), Josso (2010), Mizukami (2008), Mizukami et al (2002), Pivetta e Isaia (2009) e Bolzan (2009), percebeu-se uma tomada de consciência das professoras sobre a função que cada uma desenvolve em seu processo de aprendizagem da docência. A partir deste momento, o grupo se constituiu em um espaço de trocas e aprendizagens compartilhadas. Além disso, as professoras avançaram na compreensão da música como área específica do conhecimento e passaram a desenvolver práticas musicais com maior intencionalidade e segurança com as crianças.

This study explores teachers’ understanding and implementation of the multi-faith Religious Education curriculum in Botswana junior secondary schools. The multi-faith curriculum resulted from an educational policy change in 1996 that saw a move from a Christian-based RE to a multi-faith Religious Education (RE) curriculum. This study is based on qualitative case studies and draws data from classroom observations, interviews with four RE teachers, five RE education officers, eight RE in-service teachers and three groups of RE students. The main participants are two groups of teachers, those who taught the multi-faith curriculum and those who taught both the Christian based RE and the multi-faith Religious Education. In this study, documents such as the syllabus document, end of month tests, end of term examinations and end of three year junior secondary school national examinations papers were used to further highlight the classroom practices of RE teachers. Furthermore, the study adopts the teachers’ professional knowledge landscape as the theoretical framework, a view that is espoused by Clandinin and Connelly (1995), that stresses the importance of teachers’ knowledge. The following themes emerge in the study; teachers’ understanding of the multi-faith RE, teachers’ classroom practices in terms of their content and pedagogical knowledge, their classroom management, and especially discipline. The study reveals that there are no marked differences between these two groups of teachers in terms of their understanding of the curriculum and their classroom practices. It further reveals that there are various factors that impact on the practices of teachers such as their view of the multi-faith philosophy, assessment skills, use of students’ textbooks, mentoring and tracking of RE graduates from teacher training institutions. The study suggests that teachers need to have an adequate understanding of students’ environment, in terms of their personal experiences and social background. The study recommends that teachers in general and RE teachers in particular need to be involved on an occasion of any curriculum change because they are the main implementers. In addition, teachers need extended periods of professional in-service training on occasions of curriculum reforms. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

Dans le cadre du dragage de Port-Camargue (projet national ECODREDGE-MED), l'objectif principal des travaux de thèse a été d'étudier la re-sédimentation des sédiments ré-immergés et d'appréhender les transferts de matière (particulaires et moléculaires) associés. Une approche expérimentale de caractérisation a été réalisée pour appréhender ces phénomènes, aux échelles macroscopiques (mécanismes de sédimentation), mésoscopiques (transferts de matière particulaires) et moléculaires (phénomènes de sorption). Les travaux ont porté sur l'étude de cinq sédiments et de leurs fractions granulométriques. Une méthode de séparation granulaire a donc été développée et optimisée en ce sens, soulignant l'importance de vérifier la qualité de la séparation lorsque les développements portent sur les fractions granulaires. L'approche morpho-granulaire utilisée dans la caractérisation de ces systèmes a permis, dans un premier temps, de mettre en évidence le comportement cohésif des sédiments et d'identifier différents types d'agglomérats. Elle a ensuite été utilisée pour proposer une méthode de classification simple et rapide des sédiments, basée essentiellement sur la détermination, par granulométrie laser, du rapport volumique limon/sable.En second lieu, le comportement à la re-sédimentation a été appréhendé en étudiant la stabilité physico-chimique des particules dans la colonne de sédimentation grâce à un analyseur de suspensions concentrées, le Turbiscan MA2000. Cette stratégie apporte de nouvelles connaissances, notamment sur les mécanismes de sédimentation et l'impact de certains paramètres comme le rapport limon/sable, la salinité ou la fraction volumique sur ces mécanismes. Combinée à l'analyse du Carbone Organique Total (COT), des transferts de matière ont été identifiés dans la colonne de sédimentation, via les phénomènes interparticulaires (agglomération/dispersion) et les phénomènes de sorption (adsorption/désorption). / In the framework of Port-Camargue dredge (ECODREDGE-MED project), the main objective was to study the dredged sediment re-sedimentation and matter transfers (particular and molecular matter). An experimental characterization approach was realized in order to study these phenomena working at different scales : macroscopic (sedimentation mechanisms), mesoscopic (particular matter mobilization) and molecular (sorption phenomena). These research works focused on study of five sediments and their granular fractions. A dispersion granular method was developed and highlighted the importance to verify dispersion quality of processes concerning study of granular fractions. Morpho-granular approach used in theses works permitted to highlight cohesive aspect of sediments and to identify different agglomerate types. This approach was also used to propose a classification method of sediments, based on limon/sand ratio determination by laser granulometry.Secondly, re-sedimentation behavior was investigated studying physico-chemical stability of particles in the water column with a suspension analyszer (Turbiscan MA2000). The results contributed knowledge on sedimentation mechanisms and parameter (limon/sand ratio, salinity and volume fraction) influence. With the use of TOC analyze (Total Organic Carbone), matter transfers were identified in water column, via interparticular phenomena (agglomeration/dispersion) and sorption phenomena (adsorption/désorption).