Natural languages are systems of forms and meanings; language understanding and language production are processes of establishing mappings between linguistic forms and meanings. The principles and rules governing the mapping between semantic roles and syntactic positions have long been a fundamental topic in contemporary linguistics. Such a mapping is usually called argument realization, argument mapping or argument linking. On the basis of the previous language specific and cross linguistic researches on this issue, this thesis picks out two tasks. One is the empirical task of the investigating the principles and rules governing the mapping between semantic roles and linear syntactic positions in Mandarin Chinese. The other is the theoretical task of the exploration of how argument realization principles and rules play their roles in the live temporal linear comprehension and production of sentences. On the empirical side, this thesis mainly investigates the phenomenon of argument alternation, that is, the non-one-to-one mapping between semantic roles and syntactic forms (linear positions) in Mandarin and argues that alternative syntactic forms in which semantic roles are realized are not arbitrary but semantically motivated. More specifically, it proposes that alternative patterns of argument realization encode different types of events. This thesis concentrates on three major cases of argument alternation. The first is the argument alternation in the resultative verb construction (RVC) that involves two verbs and expresses a complex event consisting of a first (activity) subevent and a second (resultative) subevent. The arguments of the two verbs are mapped onto the subject and the object alternatively and the argument sharing between the verbs results from syntactically constrained pragmatic inference. The argument realization principles and rules of RVC are used to account for two puzzling cases of argument alternation in Mandarin, i.e. the locative alternation and the agentive alternation. This account of inverse argument realizations has the implication that argument alternations are semantically motivated rather than the result of arbitrary syntactic operation. To facilitate the discussion of how different semantic representations arise in different process of comprehension, I adopt Dynamic Syntax (Kempson et al 2001; Cann et al 2005) which provides a package of working hypotheses about human language grammars and the formal tools for representing how grammars work. It is hypothesized in Dynamic Syntax that the grammar of a natural language is a set of constraints over language comprehension; sentences are understood and produced in context through left-to-right word-by-word parsing processes. Parsing processes are driven by the axiomatic requirement of establishing complete logical forms that can be enriched to full propositions. Such processes have the characteristic of semantic underspecification, including underspecified semantic relationships and underspecified semantic contents; semantic underspecification can and must be updated through non-demonstrative inference implemented in linguistic and nonlinguistic contexts. Using the framework I hypothesize that in RVC constructions the first verb provides a condition on the sort of event expressed by the second verb, encoding this in terms of event semantics. It is argued that only the argument of the latter are required to be realized in the string (or be contextually strongly determined) through pro-drop. Those of the activity predicate, however, are inferred through pragmatic means given the arguments that are realized. This directly accounts for the attested patterns of argument realization in RVC and explain the apparent gaps. This analysis is extended to locative and agentive inversion constructions where it is hypothesized that there is null resultative predicate that explains why a non-agent can be realized as subject, even in the presence of a more agentive noun phrase in the string. This thesis thus maintains the hypothesis that the mapping between semantic roles and syntactic positions is direct though not one-to-one. Although there is no one-toone mapping between syntactic forms, the argument mapping rules can ensure efficient comprehension and production when they are applied in context. This thesis provides a uniform account of different argument alternation phenomena that have been seen as unrelated to each other in the literature. The successful uniform explanation of the ‘unrelated’ phenomena of argument alternation can be generalized as a methodology: a thorough semantic analysis of various alternative syntactic constructions can reveal the subtle semantic differences between them and the importance of these subtle semantic difference for a theorectic account of argumenty alternation has been largely underestimated in the literature. This constitutes the foundation of a uniform explanation of syntactic phenomena that seem to be unrelated to each other. This success lights the hope of seeking semantics-based uniform accounts of other different kinds of syntactic phenomena in a single language and across languages in future research.

The purpose of the study was to examine categories of self-actualization and specific biographical and developmental factors from the data on 225 individuals selected from top and middle management by psychologists with Rohrer, Hibler and Replogle, international firm of management consultants. The investigation was designed to determine if differences existed for the two groups.

The aim of this study is to analyse the patterns of ancient myths that can be found in the novel Le Petit Prince by Antoine Saint-Exupery. In order to understand the culture and human behavior we will draw parallels to ancient myths and through the discovered myths in the novel, we will use the help of Carl Gustav Jung’s theory about the human psyche. The main questions are the following :  What are the patterns of ancient myths in the novel Le Petit Prince ? Do these myths carry any messages that we, as readers, can learn from ? In the introduction, a theorical backround is given which defines the concept of myth and explains briefly Jung’s theory. Our analysis shows that although myths differ from one another they all have the same roots. By this means, all characters in myths are archetypes that, according to Jung, are the same through history and in every culture. By studying the archetypes in this novel, like the divine child, Anima/Animus, the Sages etc., we are able to understand the plot more clearly. We are also aware of patterns that seem to repeat themselves through the generations. Our conclusion is that humans adapt easily to their surroundings and eventually lose their self-awareness. Therefore Saint-Exupery sends readers the message that we have to wake ourselves up to truly live our lives. Also we discovered that numerous archetypes that are present in all of myths, give us clues to self-realization, thus myths are necessary for people of all ages.

The term ‘snap’ can be defined as breaking under tension as well as a sudden sharp noise. Both definitions lend themselves to the content of this short story collection and its theme of self-realization (the awakening from an illusionary self-identity or ego). Snap is a progression of stories that revolves around waking up. Novels such as Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing, and Paul Auster’s The New York Trilogy have all examined the issue of finding identity through a breaking of the protagonist. In each case, the protagonists come to a point where they completely separate themselves from their identity, and thus are able to see themselves from a new perspective. Snap further explores the issue of finding identity. However, unlike many postmodern predecessors it tries to give answers. The collection reveals that while we are individuals engaged in an internal struggle we are also connected to one another.

Construction of buildings and their alterations Abstract This master's thesis is concerned with the analysis of the primary regulation of realization of structures and their alternations, which is a part of the public construction law. The topic of this thesis is up-to-date because of adoption of the second major amendment to the Building Act. The proclaimed goal of this amendment is a simplification and an acceleration of the processes and procedures. The main goal of this thesis is to identify problems associated with the current legal regulation of realization of general structures and their alternations, which, in selected cases, is followed by the effort to find their solution de lege ferenda. The secondary goal of this thesis is a critique of the second major amendment to the Building Act from 2017 and the identification of what problems it has brought including the assessment of whether is actually fulfilling its stated goal. The master's thesis is composed of six chapters. Chapter one deals with the sources of law and the fragmentation of implementing statues. Chapter two analyzes the basic concept of structure as well as other basic concepts related to the topic of this thesis. Chapter three contains an analysis of the organisation of building offices, selected issues related to the performance of...

Este trabalho é dedicado ao estudo da unitariedade em teoria de campos não comuta- tiva. Inicialmente, são apresentadas as ferramentas básicas para abordar o problema da unitariedade em teorias não comutativas, incluindo as regras de corte e uma introdução à não comutatividade. Em seguida, foi feita a análise do modelo Á3 não comutativo. Empregando o esquema perturbativo usual da teoria de campos, foi verificado que o modelo é unitário quando a não comutatividade envolve apenas o espaço. Por outro lado, quando a não comutatividade envolve o espaço e o tempo verificou-se uma violação da unitariedade, fato esse bem conhecido tratando-se de teorias não comutativas. Partimos então para uma abordagem proposta na literatura, em que a teoria de perturbação é adaptada para teorias não comutativas. Dentro desse esquema, o modelo Á3 foi estudado novamente verificando assim a unitariedade para um diagrama de um laço e segunda ordem na constante de acoplamento mesmo quando a não comutatividade envolve o espaço e o tempo. Baseado nesse método, estendemos a análise para uma teoria contendo além de um campo escalar um campo fermiônico, mais precisamente o modelo de Yukawa, no qual também foi verificada a unitariedade a um laço e segunda ordem na constante de acoplamento. / This work is dedicated to study unitarity in noncommutative field theory. Initially, the basic tools to handle the problem of unitarity in noncommutative theories are discussed, including the cutting rules and an introduction to noncommutativity. Then, we analised the noncommutative Á3 model. Using the usual perturbative framework of field theory, we verified that the model preserves unitarity when the noncommutativity is restrict to the spatial coordinates. On the other hand, when the noncommutativity includes both, space and time, we found a violation of the unitarity, a well known fact in noncommutative field theory. Next, we turn to an approach proposed in the literature, in wich perturbation theory is adapted for noncommutative field theory. Whitin this approach, the Á3 model was studied again and the unitarity was verified for one loop diagram and second order in the coupling constant even in the case when noncommutativity affects both space and time. Following this, we extended the analysis to a field theory with fermionic and scalar fields, namely, Yukawa\'s model, again verifing unitarity at one loop and second order in the coupling constant.

Modernising discourses of intellectual disability have brought innovative social technologies that promote participation and freedom for people so labelled. This thesis argues there is a key experiential contradiction between these discourses as operationalised in neo-liberalism and the ways that people with intellectual disability embrace self-advocacy and become political actors in their own right. Through its inherently moral claims, self-advocacy supports the experiential voice of the 'other' and reveals itself as a sustaining and enduring pillar in the struggle against human injustice and inequity. These other discourses, in contrast, intensify individualisation, ignore power relations and depoliticise self-advocacy as a politics of resistance. The first part of the thesis critically examines the emergence of intellectual disability as a dimension of human difference and examines how forms of knowledge shape social and policy responses to such people. The second part presents a collaborative action research methodology and a reflective study which challenges the bio-medical, positivist and psycho-reductionist styles of research that have objectified people with intellectual disability. Using this methodology, the voices and experiences of two groups of self-advocates, one in England and the other in Australia are interpreted. Contemporary professional and other governmental interventions demand individual competencies in the pursuit of self-determination. These discourses of empowerment and citizenship are in constant tension with historically conditioned structures which shape the material and social lives of people with intellectual disability. The thesis finds similarities in the ways that self-advocates and their allies interpret these political realities and work within, across and beyond their contradictory trajectories of constraint and freedom. The study suggests that self-advocacy is a complex and sophisticated practice aimed at recognition of the unique lived experience of intellectual disability and the legitimacy of claims to self-representation. It also operates at a deeper level as an emotional process of transformation. Its powerful recuperative character sustains liberated identities for people with intellectual disability, many of whom have experienced lives of abuse, neglect and mis-recognition. Such practices have the potential to contribute to transforming both the centres of policy-making and power and subaltern selves.

This report introduces an implemented scheme for generating target- language sentences using a compositional representation of meaning called lexical conceptual structure. Lexical conceptual structure facilitates two crucial operations associated with generation: lexical selection and syntactic realization. The compositional nature of the representation is particularly valuable for these two operations when semantically equivalent source-and-target-language words and phrases are structurally or thematically divergent. To determine the correct lexical items and syntactic realization associated with the surface form in such cases, the underlying lexical-semantic forms are systematically mapped to the target-language syntactic structures. The model described constitutes a lexical-semantic extension to UNITRAN.

The purpose of this essay is to examine whether and how labor consultants, job coaches, guidance counselors promote the possibility of self-realization of the clients they encounter in their work. By analyzing, based on the theoretical framework, six semi-structured interviews of people having the chosen professions answer the questions "Do counselors promote client's opportunities for self-realization in their work?" and "If so: how is this practiced?". In the theoretical framework three important concepts are addressed: "identity", "recognition" and "self-realization". These are explained with the help of works by including Emma Engdahl, Anthony Giddens, Axel Honneth and Allison Weir. Other influential theorists appearing are George H. Mead, Erving Goffman, Michel Foucault and Charles Taylor. The results show that respondents' practices are different but there is a similarity in the goals they are trying to achieve. The goal is that clients should have received tools to be free to set long-term goals and achieve them. Guidance and counseling is, according to the results of the essay, to create awareness for the clients of their own roles (mostly as job seekers) and enable the development of these.

In order to achieve entire impact on personal culture, artistic education has to be based on anthropocentric orientation process self–realization. The process, stimulating a person’s activity and determining its aspect, is closely related to motivation. Musical performance may become a factor that generates the necessary motivation, if everyone who learns to play a musical instrument would interrelate the playing in concerts with self–realization. That is the problem from the educational point of view. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of musical performance on learning to play a musical instrument. The object of the study was the motivation of the students of 4–6 grades from music schools. They play different instruments and participate in concerts. Methods. The research for this study was conducted with the help of a questionnaire specially prepared for this research. 178 students of 4-6 grades from the music schools from Marijampole, Kaisiadorys and Raseinai participated in the study. They all learn to play different musical instruments. The questionnaire tested how the musical performance influences motivation, the students’ attitude towards participation in concerts, the factors determining their attitudes. Results. The results of the study showed that theoretically valid and empirically tested stimulus of playing in concerts with the chosen musical instrument influences the motivation of learning. The author of this study has produced a set of... [to full text]