Cette thèse s’est déroulée dans le cadre du projet EPEC (Epuration en Eau Courante) soutenu par le programme ECOTECH 2010 de l’ANR. Ce projet doit permettre d’aider à répondre aux exigences de la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau pour les petits cours d’eau en zone rurale. Deux voies ont été explorées i) la première vise à étudier et à proposer des moyens d’améliorer la capacité d’épuration au sein de systèmes naturels, en s’appuyant sur des observations réalisées sur deux cours d’eau en Lorraine (Brénon et St-Oger) ii) la seconde concerne la réduction des impacts sur le milieu récepteur des rejets de stations d’épuration en milieu rural par l’étude du fonctionnement de zones de rejet végétalisées (ou ZRV) à la sortie de ces stations. A l’échelle de la rivière, la caractérisation sur tout son cours permet de distinguer les zones les plus susceptibles de présenter des phénomènes d’autoépuration marqués. Cela a permis, en combinaison avec des caractérisations hydromorphologiques, de sélectionner pour chacun tronçon de taille plus réduite. Ces tronçons sont localisés en aval de zones urbanisées et présentent une succession de parties rectifiées et de parties naturelles. La réponse du tronçon naturel face aux polluants domestiques est différente selon le cours d’eau. Le tronçon naturel du Brénon, d’une longueur d’environ 6 km était efficace en termes d’abattement des matières organiques, de l’azote ammoniacal et des nitrates. Quant au St-Oger, les polluants ont été beaucoup moins influencés dans le tronçon naturel dont la longueur n’était que de 0.5 km. La troisième échelle s’est intéressée au compartiment hyporhéique dont le comportement est déterminé par les caractéristiques hydromorphologiques du cours d’eau, la composition du substrat et notamment sa porosité, et les conditions hydrologiques qui varient en fonction des aléas climatiques. A partir de prélèvements dans la zone hyporhéique (- 30 et -50 cm pour le Brénon et -20 et -30 cm pour le St-Oger), quatre types de fonctionnement ont été distingués en fonction de la disponibilité en oxygène dissous et des échanges possibles entre la zone hyporhéique et l’eau de surface : (1) les zones aérobies à échange hyporhéique important contribuent à la dégradation des matières organiques et à l’oxydation de l’azote ammoniacal ; (2) les zones anoxiques à échange hyporhéique moindre caractérisées par une épuisement rapide de l’oxygène dissous par le biais de métabolismes microbiens aérobies et par une réduction des nitrates ; (3) les zones anoxiques à faible échange hyporhéique caractérisées par une accumulation des sels en profondeur et une réduction des nitrates et sulfates et (4) les zones fermées caractérisées soit par présence du colmatage soit par une très faible conductivité hydraulique. Ces fonctionnements ont pu partiellement être reproduits au laboratoire dans un réacteur à lit poreux permettant de simuler la zone hyporhéique. Le terme de ZRV est utilisé pour décrire des espaces aménagés entre le point de rejet de station d'épuration en amont et le milieu récepteur en aval, dans le but de réaliser un traitement de finition des eaux résiduaires traitées. Ces ZRV ont montré une forte capacité à éliminer les nitrates et les phosphates en période estivale, mais une production de carbone organique dissous a aussi été notée lié à la décomposition des macrophytes (phragmites, lentilles d’eau, algues, etc). En plus, une forte production d’oxygène par la photosynthèse des algues a été observée au printemps. Cependant, cette production s’atténuait progressivement avec la vitesse de recouvrement de l’eau libre par de lentilles d’eau. Deux tests biologiques sur le potentiel de la dénitrification et de méthanisation des sédiments des zones humides ont été effectués en laboratoire pour corroborer les observations de terrain / The present PhD work was carried out within the project EPEC (Epuration en Eau Courante) funded by an ANR program, ECOTECH, in order to meet the requirements of Water Framework Directive for small streams, in particular in rural areas where domestic wastewater could be directly discharged by reason of lack of sewerage network and contribute to water quality degradation. Two study directions have been taken: i) the first aimed to study natural purification in stream systems and find out the way to improve water quality, and 2) the second concerned the reduction of the impact of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) discharge to receiving water bodies by installation of a free-surface constructed wetland between them. Three study scales were investigated within two rural streams of Lorraine, Brénon and St-Oger. At stream scale, characterization of water quality along its course allowed us to distinguish some segments where occurred naturel purification processes. The second study scale was on relevant stream sections presenting interesting hydromorphologic features. These sections were located at the downstream of urban areas and present a succession of rectified and naturel segments. The response of naturel sections to domestic pollutants was different for the two streams. The Brénon section length of about 6 km was efficient for organic matter, ammonium nitrogen and nitrates removal. Concerning the St-Oger stream, the pollutants were less influenced in the natural section long of only 0.5 km. The last study scale focused on the hyporheic zone where system function depends on hydromorphologic features of the stream, composition of streambed, especially its porosity, and hydrologic conditions which depends on climate. According to analysis on hyporheic waters sampled at -30 and -50 cm for Brénon and -20 and -30 cm for St-Oger, four functional zones were distinguished in relation with dissolved oxygen availability and possible water exchange between hyporheic zone and surface water: (1) aerobic zones at high hyporheic exchange showing contribution to organic matter degradation and oxidation of ammonium nitrogen; (2) Anoxic zones with less hyporheic exchange characterized by fast dissolved oxygen depletion by aerobic microbial metabolism and reduction of nitrates; (3) Anoxic zones with low hyporheic exchange characterized by accumulation of salts in deep layers and reduction of nitrates and sulfates and (4) “closed” zones characterized by clogged spaces or very low hydraulic conductivity. These functions could be partially reproduced in laboratory within a porous bed reactor simulating an hyporheic zone. Free-surface wetlands are spaces constructed between the discharge point of the WWTP and the receiving watercourse, here small streams in rural areas, with the aim to finish the waste water treatment. The wetlands had shown high capacity to remove nitrates and phosphates in summer periods. However a production of dissolved organic carbon was noticed and results from plant decomposition (reed, duckweed, algae, etc.). Algae contributed to high oxygen production through photosynthesis in spring. This production progressively decreased with the proliferation of duckweed on the water surface. Two biological tests on sediment's potentiality for denitrification and methane production were carried out at laboratory scale in order to corroborate the field observations

This master's thesis is focused on localization static (entering semester project) and moving acoustic sources (entering master's thesis) by the help of microphonic arrays. In the first part deal with common problems of localization. Further are here described types of microphonic arrays, simplifying possibilities which delimited this problems and general information about room acoustics. In the next part of this master's thesis are step by step mentioned methods localization of acoustic sources. In practical part were used algorithms: Steered-Beamformer-Based Locators and TDOA-Based Locators. Last part of this master's work includes results of these algorithms.

The Master´s Thesis deals with the posibility of receiving funding from the European Union. It contains a theoretical background about structural funds and an analysis of the present status of a selected company. The practical part focuses on selection of the most suitable endowment title, checking of financial health of a company as a fundamental prerequisite for applying for EU funds and on preparation of the project development application.

本論文では，電力利用率向上と需給バランス調整に寄与する蓄電池付太陽光PCSの新たな制御法について検討を行い，その有効性を確認している。受電点の潮流に応じてPCSの力率を制御することで，逆潮流時には系統電圧の上昇を抑制しつつ，順潮流時には負荷への電力利用率を向上する手法を提案し，フィールド試験により有効性を定量評価した。また，受電電力の制御目標値を可変とする制御を用い目標値を最適化することで，新たな機器を付加する必要なく上げ下げのDRに対応し需給バランスを調整する制御手法を提案し，その有効性をシミュレーションおよび実機により検証した。 / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

[pt] Este trabalho discute a aplicação e limites da defesa dos direitos do indivíduo, enquadrada na proteção diplomática e sustentada no exercício de interpretar e fazer cumprir a Convenção de Viena sobre Relações Consulares de 1963. A discussão focará situações onde migrantes são condenados a penas severas, até mesmo a pena de morte, como no caso de milhares de mexicanos nos Estados Unidos da América. Com este objetivo, serão discutidos os casos emblemáticos LaGrand, de 2001, e Avena, de 2003, apresentados à Corte Internacional de Justiça pela Alemanha e México, respectivamente. / [en] This paper discusses the application and limits of the defense of the rights of the individual, framed in diplomatic protection and sustained in the exercise of interpreting and enforcing the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. The discussion will focus on situations where migrants are sentenced to severe penalties, even the death penalty, as in the case of thousands of Mexicans in the United States of America. To this end, the emblematic cases LaGrand, from 2001, and Avena, from 2003, brought before the International Court of Justice by Germany and Mexico, respectively, will be discussed.

An attempt to save the city of Detroit, Michigan, and its existing buildings by giving it a new meaning and future. Cars and roads are eliminated. Tiger Stadium is converted into a city-wide freight receiving and shipping facility. A system of pneumatic tubes is implemented in each neighborhood, with a district tube router facility inside the LaFayette Tower. Apartments vitalize the landmark Fisher Building. A new multi-storey research/ education/ work station with more stairs then elevators fills in an old parking lot. / Master of Architecture

Background: Breast cancer (BC), the most common cancer affecting women, has consequences on physical and psychological health. Recent studies highlighted selfcompassions’-, and fear of receiving compassion's protective respectively detrimental effects on psychological health. This study explored the moderating role of fear of receiving compassion from others on the associations between self-compassion and psychological distress. Methods: Participants were 78 Portuguese women with non-metastatic BC. Participants completed self-report measures of self-compassion, fear of receiving compassion from others, and psychological distress. Moderation analyzes through PROCESS Macro in SPSS was conducted. Results: Fear of receiving compassion from others moderated the association between self-compassion and depressive symptoms. At moderate and high levels of the moderator, the association was significant, at low levels the association was nonsignificant. The associations of self-compassion with anxiety, and with stress were not moderated by fear of receiving compassion from others. Conclusions: To our knowledge this study is solitary in examining fear of receiving compassion from others as moderator of the associations between self-compassion and psychological distress. This study contributes to increased understanding of psychological distress among women with BC. The findings should direct future research towards longitudinal, intervention-based studies, targeting fear of receiving compassion, and self-compassion, through compassion-focused therapies. / Bakgrund: Bröstcancer (BC), den vanligaste cancerformen hos kvinnor, har konsekvenser för fysisk och psykologisk hälsa. Tidigare studier har belyst självmedkänsla och rädsla för att ta emot medkänslas skyddande, respektive skadliga effekter på psykologisk hälsa. Den här studien undersökte den modererande rollen av rädsla för att ta emot medkänsla från andra på sambandet mellan självmedkänsla och psykologiska besvär. Metod: Deltagarna var 78 portugisiska kvinnor med icke-metastaserad BC. Deltagarna genomförde självskattningar avseende självmedkänsla, rädsla för att ta emot medkänsla från andra och psykologiska besvär. Moderationsanalyser genomfördes i PROCESS Macro i SPSS. Resultat: Rädsla för att ta emot medkänsla från andra modererade sambandet mellan självmedkänsla och depressiva symtom. Vid moderata och höga nivåer av moderatorn var associationen signifikant, vid låga nivåer var associationen inte signifikant. Associationerna mellan självmedkänsla och ångest eller stress modererades inte av rädsla för att ta emot medkänsla från andra. Slutsatser: Såvitt vi vet är denna studie ensam att undersöka rädsla för att ta emot medkänsla från andra som moderator på sambandet mellan självmedkänsla och psykologiska besvär. Denna studie bidrar till ökad förståelse för psykologiska besvär hos kvinnor med BC. Resultaten bör rikta framtida forskning mot longitudinella, interventionsbaserade studier, inriktade på rädsla för att ta emot medkänsla och självmedkänsla genom compassionfokuserade terapier.

Die Arbeit untersucht die kulturellen Bestimmungsfaktoren des Bildungserwerbs von Zuwandererschülern im Vergleich zu Schülern aus nichtgewanderten Familien. Genauer handelt es sich bei den untersuchten Migrantengruppen um ex-sowjetische (Spät-)Aussiedler in Deutschland und ex-sowjetisch jüdische Zuwanderer in Israel, die nach dem Zusammenbruch des Sowjetregimes ausgewandert sind. Den Ausgangspunkt der Arbeit bildet die Frage, ob sich Bildungsdisparitäten zwischen Migranten und Einheimischen sowie innerhalb einer Migrantengruppe auf Differenzen in den kulturellen Orientierungen der Zuwandererfamilien und auf die damit verbundenen kulturspezifischen Fertigkeiten der Schüler zurückführen lassen. Die bisherige soziologische Bildungsforschung klammert kulturelle Aspekte bei der Erklärung von Unterschieden im Bildungserwerb zwischen Schülern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund weitestgehend aus. Die Arbeit versucht auf theoretischer Ebene, die kulturelle Dimension ethnischer Bildungsungleichheiten zu erfassen. Zur systema-tischen Erschließung der kulturellen Dimension migrantenspezifischer Ungleichheiten im Bildungssystem werden im Theoriekapitel drei Theoriestränge – integrations- bzw. assimilationstheoretische Ansätze, der Kultureller Kapitalansatz, der Ressourcen-Investitionsansatz – miteinander verknüpft und daraus Hypothesen abgeleitet. Die aufgestellten Annahmen werden mit den Daten des Immigrants’ Children in the Educational System of Germany and Israel-Projekts (BMBF-Förderung, Laufzeit: 2006-2010) bei ex-sowjetischen Zuwanderern in Deutschland und in Israel empirisch überprüft. Die Arbeit liefert Befunde, wie die intergenerationale Übertragung kultureller und kulturspezifischer Fertigkeiten in Migrantenfamilien im Vergleich zu einheimischen Familien verläuft und welche Bedeutung der Kultur des Herkunftslandes im Vergleich zu der des Aufnahmelandes beim Bildungserwerb von Migranten zukommt. Zusätzlich stellt die Arbeit die konträren Argumente der assimilationstheoretischen Ansätze gegenüber und fragt nach der empirischen Gültigkeit der theoretischen Ansätze.

隨著社群網路不斷快發展而使得上社群網站成為使用者每日生活的一部分，而社群商務也因此蓬勃發展。社群商務是社群網站使用者因社交活動而彼此交換分享產品或服務資訊的行為。根據Forrester Research在2011年的報告，預測至2015年時社群商務的產值將達300億美金。因此社群商務將隨社群網站不斷的發展，將越來越重要。 因此，本研究文獻回顧及焦點訪談藉由社群網站行為-參與及瀏覽二種行為、社會資本-結合型社會資本(親密朋友)及橋接型社會資本(普通朋友)來預測社群網站使用者採用社群商務-給予及接受二種意願。 本研究以社群網站臉書的使用者為研究對象，研究以紙本及線上二種方式來搜集使用者問卷。紙本問卷主要以北部某大學生為主要搜集對象，線上問卷則以在電腦教室的大學生、社群網站臉書的線上使用者及BBS-批踢踢實業坊的使用者同時也是社群網站臉書上的使用者為主。有效問卷970份。經由信度分析、效度分析及共同方法變異分析，確認本研究之信效度，並採用偏最小平方法(Partial Least Square,PLS)，來進行結構方程模式(Structural Equation Modeling, SEM)研究模型分析。 總體研究一開始先進行分析社群網站行為、線上社會資本及採用社群商務三者主構面皆為二階構面之間的關係。結果發現社群網站行為對線上社會資本及線上社會資本對採用社群商務三個主構面皆是顯著正向的關係。接著本研究模型整體分析社群網站行為-參與及瀏覽、線上社會資本-結合型(親密朋友)及橋接型(普通朋友)對使用者採用社群商務的意願-給予及接受皆有正向顯著的影響。因此本研究並繼續在就個別研究子構面進行探討。 參與行為和瀏覽行為皆對結合型(親密朋友)社會資本有顯著的正向影響，但瀏覽行為對於結合型(親密朋友)社會資本的正向影響程度大於參與行為對於結合型(親密朋友)社會資本的正向影響程度。參與行為和瀏覽行為皆對橋接型(普通朋友)社會資本有顯著的正向影響，但瀏覽行為對於橋接型(普通朋友)社會資本的正向影響程度大於參與行為對於橋接型(普通朋友)社會資本的正向影響程度。 參與行為對採用社群商務意願（給予）有顯著的正向影響，但瀏覽行為對採用社群商務意願（給予）沒有影響。參與行為和瀏覽行為皆對採用社群商務意願（接受）皆有顯著的正向影響，但參與行為與瀏覽行為二種行為對於採用社群商務意願（接受）沒有顯著的不同。 結合型(親密朋友)及橋接型(普通朋友)社會資本對採用社群商務意願（給予）皆有顯著的正向影響，且橋接型(普通朋友)社會資本對於採用社群商務意願（給予）的正向影響程度大於結合型(親密朋友)社會資本對於採用社群商務意願（給予）的正向影響程度。結合型(親密朋友)及橋接型(普通朋友)社會資本對採用社群商務意願（接受）皆有顯著的正向影響，但結合型(親密朋友)及橋接型(普通朋友)二種社會資本對於採用社群商務意願（接受）沒有顯著的不同。 綜上所述，總體而言，瀏覽行為對於社會資本優於參與行為對於社會資本的影響。參與行為對於採用社群商務意願優於瀏覽行為對於採用社群商務意願。橋接型(普通朋友)社會資本對於採用社群商務意願優於結合型(親密朋友)社會資本對於採用社群商務意願。 此外，在經由量化分析研究，本研究獲得全部研究假設分析的結果，接著本研究並採用事後質性分析(Post Hoc Qualitative Analysis)，利用半結構式深度訪談，對象包括大學部1-4年級的學生及上班族來做事後質性分析。事後質化分析的結果是將量化分析的所支持的假設加以驗証及探究更深一層的說明，並提供解釋量化分析所不支持假設的可能原因。 本研究理論貢獻在於採用社群網站行為-參與及瀏覽及線上社會資本-結合型(親密朋友)及橋接型(普通朋友)來預測採用社群商務-給予及接受之意願。較少研究採用社群網站行為及社會資料理論來解釋社群商務。管理意涵在於社群網站的營運者，應思考如何藉由社群網站來增加對使用者的〞黏性〞及提昇使用者瀏覽網站的流量，並依據使用者之前瀏覽的記錄，來推測並提供使用者所喜好的内容。更進一步來說，為增加使用者的參與行為可依照使用者彼此間的互動來分析使用者社群網站上的行為以推薦使用者加入其有興趣的粉絲團及社團，以增加親密朋友及普通朋友之使用者彼此的互動，同時增加線上結合型及橋接型社會資及使用者採用社群商務的意願。此外，本研究建議社群網站經營者應努力發展線上朋友介紹功能，並藉由大數據的資料分析擴大使用者的交友範圍。對於使用者線下的朋友，希望將其成為本身結合型(親密朋友)或橋接型(普通朋友)的社會資本。對於使用者線上不認識的朋友，希望能其成為橋接型(普通朋友)的社會資本，因為他們可能加入同一粉絲團或社團，以促進社群網站的使用者採用社群商務的意願。 / Following the fast growing of social network sites (SNS) such as Twitter, LinkedIn and Facebook in the cyber world recently, the social commerce has become an important emerging issue in these SNS. According to the Forrester Research (2011) predicted the total value of output for social commerce will reach US$30 billion in 2015. Because the development of social commerce will follow the continueous growing of SNS, the social commerce will play a pivotal role in the e-commerce. According to the literature review and focus group discussions, the study explored and applied SNS behavior including participating and browsing, social capital theory including bonding (close friends) and bridging (ordinary friends) to predict SNS users to adopt giving and receiving social commerce intention (SCI). The study applied an empirical research on SNS users i.e. FB users to be research target samples. The data collection were applied by paper_based and online_based as two way to collect sample data. With regard to sample data from paper_based survey, the study adopted undergraduate students of a university located in northen Taiwan was the research main collection samples for paper_based survey. As to online_based survey, the study utilized undergraduate students, who are the same as paper_ based survey in the same university with computer lab classes, FB users of researchers’ friends and Taiwan largest Bulletin Board System-PTT who are also FB users to collect online users’ data. The total valid samples are 970 from online_based and paper_based survey. After reliability analysis, validity analysis and common method variance testing, the study confirmed that reliability and validity of study samples met the requirement of each statistical testing and were qualified for testing the study whole research model. Then, the study adopted partial least square (PLS) to proceed with structural equation modeling (SEM) research model testing. As to whole model research testing, in the beginning the study was testing the relationship among SNS behavior, online social capital and SCI. The three constructs are second order constructs. The testing results show the effects of SNS behavior on online social capital and the effects of online social capital on SCI are significantly positive. Hence, the research continues to proceed with the research model testing. The research findings of whole research model testing have shown SNS behavior as a second order construct of participating and browsing, online social capital-bonding and bridging are both significantly positive influence to adopt social commerce intention as a second order construct as SCI (giving and receiving). Hence, the study will continue to explore the relationships between each sub-construct in the research. Participating and browsing behavior are both significantly positive on bonding social capital. Moreover, browsing behavior is more significantly positive associated with bonding social capital than participating behavior is associated with bonding social capital. Participating and browsing behavior are both significantly positive on bridging social capital. Browsing behavior is more significantly positive associated with bridging social capital than participating behavior is associated with bridging social capital. Participating behavior is significantly positive on adopting SCI (giving). However, browsing behioavr is no significant influence on adopting SCI (giving). Participaiting behavior and browsing behavior both have significantly positive influences on SCI (receiving). However, there are no significant differences between participating behavior and browsing behavior on adopting SCI (receiving). Bonding and bridging social capital are both significantly positive on SCI (giving). Moreover, bridging social capital is more significantly positive associated with SCI (giving) than bonding social capital is associated with SCI (giving). Bonding and bridging social capital are both significantly positive on SCI (receiving). However, there are no significant differences between bonding and bridging social capital on adopting SCI (receiving). To Sum up, generally speaking, browsing behavior is better on social capital than participating behavior is on social capital. Participating behavior is more suitable on adopting SCI than browsing behavior is on social capital. Bridging social capital is more appropriate on adopting SCI than bonding social capital is on adopting SCI. Besides, after quantitative data analysis, the study proceeds with the post hoc qualitative analysis. Utilizing semi-structured in-depth interviews with undergraduate students and working persons to continue post hoc qualitative analysis. The aim of post hoc qualitative analysis is to validitate and provide insight for the hypotheses which are supported by quantitative analysis. Moreover, it provides the explainations for the hypotheses which ae not supported by the quantitative analysis. The theory contributions of the study are applying SNS behavior including participating and browsing, social capital theory including bonding and bridging to predict SNS users to adopt SCI (giving and receiving). Seldom researches SNS behavior and social capital theory to explain social commerce individually. With regard to managerial implications are for SNS operators to think how to utilize SNS to increase users stickiness and raise users’ browsing quantities - following the users’ accumulated browsing behaivors history to predict and provide the contents which users may have interest. Moreover, regarding the interacting behavior for SNS users of participating behavior is to analyze the behaviors of SNS users and to recommend uers to join the fan pages or clubs that they may be interested in. Doing so is to increase the interactions with close friends and ordinary friends to enhance online bonding and bridging social capital and the users’ intentions to adopt SCI simotenously. In addition, the study recommends SNS operators to adopt friends introducing functions thoroughly and apply big data statistical analysis to enlarge the users’ friends rang to make more SNS friends. For the SNS offline friends, the study wish to let SNS users’ offline friends to become their online bonding or bridging social capital. For the SNS online unknown friends, the study wish to let SNS users’ online unkown friends to become their online bridging social capital because they may join the same fan pages or clubs to enlarge and accelerate SNS users to adopt SCI.

No description available.