The thesis provides a multidimensional view of the development of the external relations of the European Communities and the European Union (EU) with the developing countries divided into four geographic regions -- the Mediterranean; the Africa, Caribbean, Pacific Group; Latin America and Asia. The thesis is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, the thesis aims to examine the importance and efficiency of the external relations of the EU and the difference between non-reciprocal and reciprocal approach in trade relations between countries on a theoretical level. The second chapter consequently demonstrates differences between non-reciprocal and reciprocal approach on the development of the external relations of the EU towards developing countries and on the latest changes carried out within the external relations of the EU as well where the 90s of the 20th century are considered as the decisive period in this sense. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of the shift towards reciprocal cooperation and on the main causes of this process. Moreover, it analyzes the existence of the potential analogy in the approach of the EU towards developing regions in particular and perspectives of the external relations of the EU towards developing countries in the future.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta dissertaÃÃo à sobre a forma como prÃticas policiais sÃo forjadas com base nos contextos situacionais locais do patrulhamento ostensivo da PM no CearÃ. Procuro articular a produÃÃo das prÃticas policiais com as interaÃÃes e relaÃÃes mantidas entre polÃcia e populaÃÃo de bairros considerados âproblemÃticosâ, em alusÃo ao grande contingente de ocorrÃncias policiais incididas no local. Especial atenÃÃo à dada à tessitura conflituosa que permeia a execuÃÃo do âserviÃo de ruaâ pelos PMs. Tal dimensÃo alimenta a produÃÃo de prÃticas reflexivas e manobras morais mediadas pelas maneiras de fazer, ver e dizer dos PMs e moradores da Zona de Policiamento Noir, nome fictÃcio adotado para uma Ãrea de OperaÃÃes (AO) do programa de policiamento Ronda do QuarteirÃo em Juazeiro do Norte - CE. A polÃcia à investigada, aqui, sob uma perspectiva etnogrÃfica, objetivando descrever e analisar as dinÃmicas relacionais da vida social dos policiais e moradores com base na implicaÃÃo do patrulhamento ostensivo, realizado abordo de uma das Viaturas do Programa de Policiamento Ronda do QuarteirÃo em Juazeiro do Norte - CE, no cotidiano do local. Este recorte construiu-se com base na minha participaÃÃo abordo da viatura junto aos PMs do referido programa durante a realizaÃÃo do patrulhamento da Ãrea no perÃodo de 2011 à 2013. Os dados, produzidos na etnografia, explicitaram os processos atrelados Ãs dinÃmicas relacionais de polÃcia e populaÃÃo, desencadeadas pela circulaÃÃo da polÃcia diuturnamente nos bairros, convertidos em Ãrea de operaÃÃes, durante a realizaÃÃo do patrulhamento. HÃ, aqui, a abertura para pensar as formas como a polÃcia realiza seu trabalho a partir das especificidades locais e como os moradores, a partir de seus contextos, acionam a PM em suas tramas cotidianas atravÃs dos chamados realizados à polÃcia. A etnografia explora como estas relaÃÃes estÃo permeadas por disputas agonÃsticas, relaÃÃes de poder reificadas por zonas de penumbras entre a legalidade e a ilegalidade construindo reciprocidades conflituosas entre polÃcia e populaÃÃo. / This dissertation is about how police practices are forged based on local situational contexts of Military Police (PM) ostensive patrolling in CearÃ, Brazil. I analyze how the production of police practices are linked to the interactions and relationships maintained between police and population of neighborhoods considered âproblematicâ, in allusion to the large contingent of police occurrences in the place. Special attention is given to the conflictual network that permeates the execution of âstreets patrolâ by PMs. This dimension influences the production of reflective practices and moral maneuvers mediated ways of making, seeing and saying of the PMs and residents of âZona de Policiamento Noirâ, fictitious name adopted for the Area of Operations (AO) of the policing program âRonda do QuarteirÃoâ in the Juazeiro do Norte city. The police are investigated here under an ethnographic perspective, aiming to describe and analyze the relational dynamics of police and residents in social life based on the implication of the ostensive patrolling performed aboard one of the Policing Program Cars âRonda do QuarteirÃoâ in Juazeiro do Norte City, in everyday life in the place. This focus was built based on my participation on board the vehicle with the PMs of this program during the course of patrols in the area in the period 2011 to 2013. The data produced from the ethnography clarified the processes linked to the possibilities of relationships between police and residents, triggered by the police daily presence in the neighborhoods, converted into an area of operations, while performing patrols. There is, here, the opening to think about the ways police work from local specificities and how residents, from their contexts, request the police in their everyday plots performed through reports at police. The ethnography explores how these relationships are permeated by agonistic disputes, power relations reified by zones of shadows between legality and illegality building conflictive reciprocity between police and population.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-05T19:03:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Marlon Ferreira Corsi.pdf: 1024630 bytes, checksum: b658b25c24b2a05e620598b506dc2907 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-05T19:03:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Marlon Ferreira Corsi.pdf: 1024630 bytes, checksum: b658b25c24b2a05e620598b506dc2907 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-28 / In Recent years, various mathematical tools were developed to solve problems involving the mechanics of linear elastic fracture to static Cases and to Dynamic Case. The Boundary Element Method, the technique of double Reciprocity and a Green Function Numerical has been successfully applied to problems with field actions (for example: Gravitational forces, transient Problems with speeds and accelerations). With these basic tools, this work presents Complementary Studies using the Boundary Element Method, a numerical Green function technique, along with the technique of Dual Reciprocity. This work numerically analyzing the e?ect of a concentrated load in a particular beam, the field of action with the self-weight and load applied both in the positive and in the negative direction of the Cartesian axis y. / Nos ?ltimos anos, v?rias ferramentas matem?ticas foram desenvolvidas para se resolver problemas que envolvam a mec?nica da fratura linear el?stica (MFLE) tanto para casos est?ticos quanto para casos din?micos. O M?todo dos Elementos de Contorno (MEC), a t?cnica da Dupla Reciprocidade e a Fun??o de Green Num?rica tem sido aplicado com sucesso ? problemas com a??es de dom?nio (por exemplo: for?as gravitacionais, problemas transientes com velocidades e acelera??es). Com base nessas ferramentas, este trabalho apresenta estudos complementares utilizando o M?todo do Elemento de Contorno (6), a t?cnica da Fun??o de Green num?rica (9), junto com a t?cnica da Dupla Reciprocidade (11). Esse trabalho analisa numericamente o efeito de uma carga concentrada em uma determinada viga, a a??o do dom?nio com o peso pr?prio, e o carregamento aplicado tanto no sentido positivo quanto no sentido negativo do eixo cartesiano y.

Due to intense competition, retail stores are today forced to come up with exciting new sales promotional ideas to remain a relevant choice for customers. Gift giving is a sales promotional tool which has previously demonstrated to increase customer satisfaction and spending - an ideal situation for any retailer. However, gift giving has only been researched and confirmed for retailers that offer consumable goods. It has yet to be measured in a context where it is of greater difficulty for the customer to spend more than planned. This research fills that void by conducting a field experiment at a retail store offering durable shopping products.The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect gift giving has on gratitude, obligation, satisfaction, impulsive buying, and spending at a retail store offering durable shopping products. Through a field experiment, the study tests the effect on these variables of both small and large gifts and explore whether customer spending increases alongside the gift’s monetary worth.To complete the purpose of the study, a case company representing a durable shopping products retailer was selected. A field experiment was setup with two experimental groups and one control group. The results from the manipulation were collected through questionnaires which included questions pertaining to the study’s five variables. The collected data was then analysed through the statistics program SPSS.The only emotion that is affected from providing gifts in this retail environment is obligation, a negative emotion, which in turn decreases customer satisfaction. Since giving a gift only evokes negative emotions, it is concluded that a durable goods retailer should not use gift giving as a sales promotional tool. Additionally, when given a large gift, customer spending decreases considerably. This could imply that gift giving does not work in this retail environment, or that an extraneous variable affected the experiment’s outcome.

長久以來，我們的研究文獻忽視了原住民社會的失序問題：如酗酒、雛妓、少年逃學及兇殺等。本研究企業以問卷調查法和田野訪問觀察，對原住民社會之一－烏來泰雅族之少年偏差犯罪行為之盛行率、類型及因素，進行資料之收集整理分類。 這是Hirschi社會鍵理論（Social Control Theory）首次在本土少數民族社會之部分驗證研究，除了利用該理模式為分析架構，以問卷調查方式對烏來鄉福山、烏來與忠治三個村落少年兒童犯罪與偏差行為成因進行橫面的統計分析考驗外，並以田野訪談方式，藉助附著理論、互惠觀點與人類基本需求觀點，從社會文化歷史變遷脈絡與個案進行縱面與深度的分析探討烏來泰雅社會文化轉化的特質。 量的研究結果發現：（一）烏來泰雅少年偏行百分比雖然男性都比女性高；但與大社會相較，性別比率接近顯得很突出，介於1.2與2.7之間；女性少年吸香煙盛行率高達34.%。（二）個人重要屬性如年齡、父母社經地位與所屬村落均需透過社控機構而影響少年偏行為。家庭成員：和雙親、單親或其他家人同住少年的偏差行為平均數值差異不大，只有再生家庭的平均數值較高。（三）對社控機構認同父母與附著學校對偏行產生直接影響。偏行與父母監督及社區附著的相關性很低，與社會鍵理論的假設較為不同。（四）偏行與社會控制機構之關係不受族群認同影響，但偏行與偏行友伴高度相關。父母認同、父母監督、附著學校及附著社區等社控變項與族群認同及附著偏差同輩團體等中介變項之間未達到顯著相關。 質的研究結果發現：（一）歷史社會變遷過程：日據時代與光復後外來政治干預，部落被迫遷徏，人口流動大，族群趨向異質化，鬆動社控力量，家庭社經地位日趨低落，福山部落物質生活普遍為匱乏狀態，兒童少年為幫忙家計打工賺錢或滿足生理需求，而影響在逃學與偷竊等與生計相關之偏行發展。（二）家庭變異與社化方式變遷因素，促使親屬關係發生變質，影響孩子偏行發展。（三）變遷後的部落組織變遷鮮能提供滿足成員基本需求的互惠功能，凝聚力薄弱，社控鍊條鬆弛，並且反應在孩子偏差行為的類型的與頻率上。（四）在文化脈絡下個案之探討，發現兒童“逃家”所反應的意義有：控制自我、化解身心挫折與壓力的機制，返回自己所認同的家的一種手段，以及反應社會支持網絡薄弱。 根據上述研究結果提出建議如下：（一）政府在改革硏制少數民族社會之學校教育與社會教育時，能突破教育行政體系的封閉性，活用教育與其他社會資源，並兼顧原住民社會的普同性與差異性，從聚部落之社會控制力量出發，以部落來重建部落與成員的互惠機制。（二）後續研究可繼續實施本土之誇文化研究，建構出質量兼具的研究模式，俾使地區少年偏差行為之調查研究成為分析社區文化的工具之一，並藉以找出重建該社區社會控制力量的機制，以達到理論與實踐兼善目的。

The dissertation deals with political culture in the Age of Liberty as it is manifested in the uprising in Dalarna in 1743. The object of the study is the political repertoire used by the peasants – a combination of utilisation of political institutions and different forms of protest such as tax boycotts and a march from Dalarna to the capital. Emphasis has been placed on the interactive aspects of the movement. Thereby, the repertoire used by central authorities to suppress the movement is equally important. Results show that the peasants formed their actions in close connection with the reactions they were met with by the authorities. Initially, the attempts to demobilise the peasants’ movement actually facilitated its mobilisation. As the peasants’ political repertoire is uncovered, it has been possible to study the movement’s mobilisation process through the use of mobilising structures, political opportunities, and interpretative processes. Hence, the significance of the uprising to the protesters is clarified. The protesters viewed their actions as part of an ongoing political debate, legitimised by the government’s neglect of its obligations towards the people, rather than as a subversive uprising. The Dalarna uprising of 1743 was an integral part of political culture in the Age of Liberty through its combined use of formal and informal political institutions and arenas. The uprising is an eloquent expression of the increasing political assertiveness among the peasantry and the peasant estate in Sweden in the eighteenth century.

The dissertation deals with political culture in the Age of Liberty as it is manifested in the uprising in Dalarna in 1743. The object of the study is the political repertoire used by the peasants – a combination of utilisation of political institutions and different forms of protest such as tax boycotts and a march from Dalarna to the capital. Emphasis has been placed on the interactive aspects of the movement. Thereby, the repertoire used by central authorities to suppress the movement is equally important. Results show that the peasants formed their actions in close connection with the reactions they were met with by the authorities. Initially, the attempts to demobilise the peasants’ movement actually facilitated its mobilisation. As the peasants’ political repertoire is uncovered, it has been possible to study the movement’s mobilisation process through the use of mobilising structures, political opportunities, and interpretative processes. Hence, the significance of the uprising to the protesters is clarified. The protesters viewed their actions as part of an ongoing political debate, legitimised by the government’s neglect of its obligations towards the people, rather than as a subversive uprising. The Dalarna uprising of 1743 was an integral part of political culture in the Age of Liberty through its combined use of formal and informal political institutions and arenas. The uprising is an eloquent expression of the increasing political assertiveness among the peasantry and the peasant estate in Sweden in the eighteenth century.

Syftet är att undersöka Läns-SLAKO, samrådsorganet inom vård- och omsorgsområdet mellan kommunerna och landstinget i Östergötland. Målsättningen är att ge kunskap om de bakomliggande orsakerna till uppbyggnaden av Läns-SLAKO, att ge kunskap om hur samrådet fungerar idag samt möjliga förklaringar till varför samverkan fungerar eller inte. Fokus ligger på att undersöka vilken betydelse tillit mellan de ingående parterna har, för att åstadkomma en fungerande samverkan. Syftet är också att undersöka huruvida graden av tillit påverkar legitimiteten för Läns-SLAKO som politiskt organ.   Studien har utförts som en fallstudie med Läns-SLAKO som enda undersökningsobjekt. Det är en lämplig metod när syftet är att undersöka en nutida företeelse på djupet och i dess verkliga sammanhang. Den empiriska undersökningen bygger på skriftlig dokumentation, huvudsakligen sammanträdesprotokoll, och på samtalsintervjuer.   Undersökningen visar ett klart samband mellan parternas ömsesidiga förtroende för varandra och en fungerande samverkan som kommer medborgarna till del. Nödvändigheten av att nå konsensus i Läns-SLAKO försvåras av att såväl kommuner som landsting är komplexa organisationer med sinsemellan olika styrlogiker. Statliga beslut inom vård-och omsorgsområdet påverkar såväl vilka uppgifter Läns-SLAKO arbetar med som hur väl samrådet fungerar och detta har varierat över tid. För närvarande står frågan om överflyttning av hemsjukvården från landstinget till kommunerna på agendan. Om Läns-SLAKO misslyckas att finna en konsensuslösning kan det få allvarliga följder för den fortsatta samverkan. Om tilliten försvinner mellan parterna kan processen att återuppbygga den bli både lång och mödosam. / The purpose was to examine Läns-SLAKO as a model for cooperation in healthcare issues for municipalities and the County Council of Östergötland, Sweden. The study aimed at increasing the knowledge concerning the forming and development of Läns-SLAKO. The study also aimed at finding relevant factors to explain why or why not the cooperation is successful. The study focuses on evaluating if the      organization of the network   the      degree of trust and reciprocity the      link between trust and legitimacy are factors of relevance. The study was designed as a case study. The method is suitable for an empirical study investigating a contemporary phenomenon in depth and within its real-life context. The empirical study is based on interviews with key-persons and mainly on meeting protocols.   The study suggests a clear connection between reciprocity and trust and successful cooperation. The influence of the precondition to reach consensus highly increases complexity. The participants need to have the same weight of mandate within their own organizations. With a lower degree of trust and reciprocity the cooperation may be at risk although the participants know they may benefit. The trust and reciprocity is currently under pressure by the central decision to transfer part of the responsibility for the home based care from the county council to the municipality. The government has left the organizations to find an agreement. If Läns-SLAKO fails a severe lack of trust may result. This may impact future cooperation. To loose trust may be a quick process. To regain trust takes time.

This thesis undertakes to explore silence as it functions in relation to intimacy in Clarice Lispector’s last narrative. It asks how silence, when perceived as a generative force, may cultivate intimacy between men and women, opening up a horizon of equality and exchange between the sexes. Using Lispector’s work as a symbolic location for asking larger questions about the role of Eros in contemporary literature, the first chapter is dedicated to introducing her work as it relates to the critical canon. After examining silence and intimacy as each have been conceptualized by thinkers from various philosophical traditions, I incorporate the recent work of Luce Irigaray, which has integrated Western discourse and Eastern mystical concepts of the intimate to articulate a new kind of male/female reciprocity. I apply Irigarayan theory to Lispector’s text as a way of enriching the academic scholarship regarding Lispector.

The purpose of our study is to examine the bloggers‟ influence on the brand‟s image to see whether and if so in what way the blogging trend affects the brands. We also want to analyze how companies use bloggers in their marketing. This is a subject that has attracted our interest and that experience has not been touched in a higher extent. Our purpose has led us to the following research questions; Which relationships occur in collaborations between businesses and bloggers from a marketing perspective? In what way in terms of reciprocity can relations be described? To what extent can the credibility through blogs be affected in terms of how brands are presented in the blog? In this study we have used a qualitative method with an abductive nature to create a deeper understanding of our chosen subject. We have conducted an empirical study consisting of sixteen interviews with bloggers, PR agencies and companies. These are the three perspectives that have contributed to a deeper understanding of our analysis and the fulfillment of our purpose. From this study we found that popular bloggers have an influence on the brand's image, which can have both positive and negative effects. Based on our empirical study, we can see that bloggers have a strong impact on the brands as they are seen as opinion leaders who influence readers. Relationships occur mainly between companies and bloggers, but companies can collaborate with PR agencies, which act as an intermediary in the relationship between businesses and bloggers. It is important to establish and maintain good relations in order for all parties to benefit and preserve reciprocity in the relationship. We have come to the conclusion that bloggers can affect the credibility by how they choose to present the brand in their blogs.