Les recours entre coobligés apparaissent en proie au désordre. Chaque fois que plusieurs codébiteurs sont engagés envers un même créancier, des interrogations semblables ressurgissent inlassablement lorsque l'un s'est acquitté de la dette. Dispose-t-il d'un recours? Quelle est la nature de ce recours? Contre qui? A hauteur de combien? Le droit positif n’apporte que des solutions disparates. La pluralité des recours en contribution - personnel, cambiaire et subrogatoire - et leur domaine d'application extrêmement large - droit civil, droit commercial droit des assurances, droit de la sécurité sociale - ne font qu'accroître ces incertitudes. Les impératifs de prévisibilité et de sécurité juridiques invitent à une systématisation des recours en contribution. Cette entreprise a nécessité un déplacement du terrain de la contribution à la dette vers celui de l'obligation à la dette, les recours ne sont qu'une conséquence de la qualité et des modalités d'engagement de leurs titulaires. Un système des recours s'appuyant sur une catégorie duale de coobligés a été mis en lumière. Les coobligés stricto sensu sont titulaires d'un recours personnel et d'un recours subrogatoire. Leurs critères d'identification résident dans l'obligation au tout qui les lient et dans l'absence de financement en vue d'un tel engagement. Ce sont les codébiteurs d'obligations solidaire, in solidum et indivisible. Les quasi-coobligés ne sont investis que d'un unique recours subrogatoire; ils se caractérisent par leur qualité d'organisme de socialisation du risque et par le financement de leur engagement. Il s'agit des assureurs, des fonds de garantie et de la Sécurité sociale. / Recourses between co-obligors appear to fail prey to disorder. Every rime several debtors undertake an obligation towards the same creditor, similar issues constantly arise if one of them pays the debt. Is he entitled to have recourse? What is the nature of this recourse? Against who? At what amount ? Positive law only provides US with disparate solutions. The diversity of recourses - personal, bill of exchange and subrogation recourses - and an extremely broad scope of application - civil law, commercial law, insurance law, and social security law - only increase these uncertainties. The necessities of predictability and legal certainty can upon the systemizing of contribution remedies. This task requites shifting the ground from contribution to the debt towards obligation to the debt: recourses are a mere consequence of the degree and terms of engagement of their beneficiaries. The present thesis highlights the system of recourses based on a dual category of co-obligors. The co-obligor, in the strict sense of the term, is entitled to a personal recourse and to a subrogation. The identification criteria of co-obligors reside in any binding obligation and in lack of funding for such an undertaking. The co-obligors are co-debtors of joint liability, in solidum and indivisible obligations. Quasi-obligors arc only entitled to a single subrogation; risk socialization and funding for their undertaking are the elements that characterize them. This category includes insurers, guarantee funds and Social Security.

<p>The purpose of this research has been to find out whether and how teachers stimulate and motivate well achievers in the elementary school to reach a higher level. To gather information I visited two different schools within the same county in Stockholm and on each school I met and interviewed with two teachers. The answers received from these interviews are presented in this study as my results. I found that the teachers feel that students that do well in the classroom many times work as role models for the other students. Often these students require extra material as they usually finish their workload ahead of others. The extra material has two purposes. On one hand the purpose is to help the children reach a higher academic level while on the hand the extra material is used as a distraction to keep the children busy. The seating arrangement in the classroom and ways of grouping the students is also tools to use for teachers to face all kind of children in school. The teachers often feel that the lack of time often forbid them to spend more time with each student. They also feel that the students that do well in school are the ones who suffer when they are the ones to receive the least amount of time as well as attention. To make all students develop equally on their individual levels it is necessary, according to the teachers interviewed, that the teachers find time for all students in the classroom. A lack of recourses always seem to be a problem in the school system but if the organization is well planed and the classrooms and the material is up to date this could help teachers spending their time on their students rather than the organization. In my opinion the teachers are ability to help all their students as well as the group constellation are crucial factors on how well students perform in school. Which seem to be a fact for all students, not only for the well achieving students.</p>

The purpose of this research has been to find out whether and how teachers stimulate and motivate well achievers in the elementary school to reach a higher level. To gather information I visited two different schools within the same county in Stockholm and on each school I met and interviewed with two teachers. The answers received from these interviews are presented in this study as my results. I found that the teachers feel that students that do well in the classroom many times work as role models for the other students. Often these students require extra material as they usually finish their workload ahead of others. The extra material has two purposes. On one hand the purpose is to help the children reach a higher academic level while on the hand the extra material is used as a distraction to keep the children busy. The seating arrangement in the classroom and ways of grouping the students is also tools to use for teachers to face all kind of children in school. The teachers often feel that the lack of time often forbid them to spend more time with each student. They also feel that the students that do well in school are the ones who suffer when they are the ones to receive the least amount of time as well as attention. To make all students develop equally on their individual levels it is necessary, according to the teachers interviewed, that the teachers find time for all students in the classroom. A lack of recourses always seem to be a problem in the school system but if the organization is well planed and the classrooms and the material is up to date this could help teachers spending their time on their students rather than the organization. In my opinion the teachers are ability to help all their students as well as the group constellation are crucial factors on how well students perform in school. Which seem to be a fact for all students, not only for the well achieving students.

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamas kolektyvinės sutarties motyvacinis aspektas UAB „Paslaugos tau“ žmogiškiesiems ištekliams. Daug dėmesio buvo skirta motyvacijos priemonių klasifikavimo principui analizuoti pagal D. Lipinskienę (2008) ir V. Gražulį (2005), t.y. materialinėms ir moralinėms skatinimo priemonėms, ir UAB „Paslaugos tau“ kolektyvinės sutarties nuostatų analizei, nes dalis anketos klausimų rėmėsi šių šaltinių informacija. Apklausoje dalyvavo 132 respondentai. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad materialinis ir moralinis skatinimas organizacijoje vyksta chaotiškai, nesistemingai, todėl tik mažumai darbuotojų kolektyvinė sutartis tarnauja kaip motyvavimo priemonė. Ekonominės krizės laikotarpiu didžiausias nepasitenkinimas (demotyvacija) kyla dėl įmonėje retai naudojamos materialinės skatinimo priemonės – priedų. Taip pat darbuotojų demotyvacijai įtakos gali turėti organizacijos nenoras dalytis informacija su darbuotojais apie veiklos rezultatus (moralinė skatinimo priemonė). Vertinant kolektyvinės sutarties nuostatas pastebėta, kad svarbiausia, labiausiai motyvuojanti nuostata įmonės darbuotojams yra „darbo apmokėjimas“, o mažiausiai svarbi - „mokymosi ir tobulėjimo“. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad organizacija turėtų tobulinti motyvacijos procesą. / In this final paper of bachelor the aim of research is motivational aspect of collective agreement in UAB "Paslaugos tau” human resources. Much attention has been given to analyse for D. Lipinskienė (2008) and V. Gražulis (2005) classification principle of motivation tools which formed of material and moral motivation tools. Provisions of UAB “Paslaugos tau” collective agreement has been analysed too, because the part of questions quote by these source of information. There were 132 respondents involved in this survey. The research observed that the stimulation of material and moral tools in organization is chaotic, non-systemic, so only a minority of employees are motivated by collective agreement. While in Lithuania is economic crisis, the employees feel the highest dissatisfaction (demotivation) for rarely paid extra (material motivation tool). Mostly moral dissatisfaction of employees are influenced of organization's unwillingness to share information with employees about organization activity. It was noticed that for employees the most important and the most motivated attitude is “Salary“, and the least important – “Learning and development". The results shows that organization should improve there motivation process.

The goal of this final thesis is to develop a methodology to diagnose the corporate culture and to verify it in a selected company in order to propose a management program to change the corporate culture. The object of this research is MS KART s.r.o. company. 22 respondents were examined. Theoretical information about the Corporate culture is summed up in the first part of this thesis followed by the description of the company and its history. To understand the corporate culture I have used the questionnaire research. The questionnaire was composed out of 28 questions. Each question is processed into a chart followed by results. On the basis of the results of research, the corporate culture seems to be relatively intense. Nevertheless, I would recommend to intensify acquaintance of workers about current events of the firm, to improve communication between production departments, to remind employees the positive approach of company to their suggestions, ideas, thoughts and to maintain personal development of employees.

This thesis{\crq}s purpose has been the specification and the evaluation of current state of a chosen firm{\crq}s Corporate culture and the proposition of suitable measurements for improvement in this area based on these findings. Object of this research was company GAMA GROUP, Inc., Plant 9. The research group was composed from 53 employees from the selected company. Theoretical information about the Corporate culture is summed up in the first part of this thesis followed by the description of the company and its history. Questionnaire Inquiry is the methodology used in this thesis. The questionnaire was composed out of 27 questions. Each question is processed into a chart followed by results and discussions. The results show that the culture of the evaluated company is not strong enough as is primarily visible in problematic communication and in the approach towards the company. The possible recommendations for further company{\crq}s development and Corporate culture{\crq}s strengthening are communication improvement, boosting employees{\crq} pride in working for the company and employees{\crq} identification with the company. Also to support the employees further development

This graduation thesis about possibilities of housing financing is focusing in the Czech Republic. The first part of this thesis describes current position on the housing market, different types of housing and their specific feature In the second part, I describe building saving and mortgages including selected products of banks and building savings and their analysis. In this part there is also referred to state support of financing housing.

Study analyzes the question of staff documentation administration: inadequacies are detected in Lithuanian enterprises and establishments that are relative to law acts regulating labour law. Peculiarities and factors that ease or aggravate the labour of staff are also detected. Gaining the goals of study the nonfiction about staff management, administration, and audit was examined. After nonfiction and the requirements of law acts concerning labour intercourse examination a table ant the chart of data that is used in staff documents is made. Furthermore comparative analysis of administration peculiarities is accomplished in public and private sectors. The requirements of labour law acts are explored. Much attention is focused on exploring the frequent breaches in enterprises and establishments of Lithuania. Questionnaire revealed: • Factors mostly disturbing administrative work, • Factors mostly easing staff work, • Electronic devices mostly used by enterprises workers for staff needs, • Etc. The analysis of questionnaire is throughout. The matrix of factors mostly creating the risk to staff administration is made.

Bakgrund: Internationellt humanitärt arbete är ett område där sjuksköterskor är aktiva. Att delta i internationella humanitära insatser innebär emellertid att arbeta i miljöer annorlunda från de normala med andra förutsättningar. Miljön där sjuksköterskan arbetar påverkar också omvårdnaden och det ingår tillika i sjuksköterskans yrkeskunskap att ha kunskap om den miljön där arbetet äger rum. Tidigare forskning visar att sjuksköterskor inte känner sig tillräckligt förberedda inför arbetet i dessa sammanhang. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av miljön i internationella humanitära insatser samt hur upplevelser av arbetet i denna miljö, kommer till uttryck i egna berättelser. Metod: Kvalitativ textanalys, enligt Holme och Solvang, av 18 narrativa artiklar skrivna av sjuksköterskor, eller i enstaka fall intervjuer med sjuksköterskor, som deltagit i internationella humanitära insatser. Resultat: Genom analys av de narrativa artiklarna framkom fyra huvudteman: Bristande resurser, Utsatthet, Emotionella möten, samt Coping. I temat Bristande resurser beskrivs miljön. Miljön präglades av resurssvaghet, något som påverkade sjuksköterskornas arbete. Utsatthet skildrar hur sjuksköterskorna utsattes för risker och faror under uppdragen. Under temat Emotionella möten återfinns sjuksköterskornas beskrivningar av betydelsefulla möten med lokalbefolkningen. Coping berör sjuksköterskornas beskrivningar av strategier för att hantera svårigheter, teamets betydelse samt hur uppdragen upplevdes som givande. Slutsats: Resursbristen i arbetet upplevdes som svår. Arbetet i de internationella uppdragen hade stora variationer. Kreativitet, flexibilitet och förståelse var viktiga för att hantera svårigheter i arbetet under uppdragen. Genom att sätta in resultatet av studien i en klassificeringsmodell av omvårdnadsvetenskapens områden kan internationellt humanitärt arbete konceptualiseras utifrån ett omvårdnadsvetenskapligt perspektiv. Klinisk betydelse: Resultatet från denna studie kan användas för att förbättra utbildningen för sjuksköterskor i internationella humanitära insatser. / Background: International humanitarian aid work is a field where nurses are active. Yet, to participate in international humanitarian action is to work in an environment different from what is normal with unlike circumstances. The environment where nurses work also has an effect on the nursing care and it is a part of the nurses’ professional knowledge to have insight of the environment in which the work takes place. Earlier research suggests that nurses feel inadequately prepared for the work in this context. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore in which way nurses’ experiences of the environment in international humanitarian aid work and how experiences of the work in such environment, are expressed in their own narrated texts. Methodology: Qualitative textual analysis, according to the way of Holme and Solvang, of 18 narrated articles written by nurses, or in a few cases interviews with nurses, whom have all participated in international humanitarian aid work. Result: Four main themes emerged from the analysis of the material: Lack of resources, Vulnerability, Emotional meetings, and Coping. The theme Lack of resources describes the environment. The environment was characterized by resource weakness, which affected the nurses' work. Exposure depicts how nurses were exposed to hazards and dangers during the missions. In the theme Emotional meeting the nurses descriptions of meaningful encounters with the locals is to be found. Coping relates to the nurses descriptions of strategies to address difficulties, the importance of the team and how the missions were experienced as meaningful. Conclusions: Lack of resources was perceived as difficult. The work of the international commissions had wide variations. Creativity, flexibility and understanding were important to address difficulties during the missions. By inserting the results of the study in a classification model of nursing science areas, international humanitarian aid work can be conceptualized from a nursing science perspective. Clinical impact: The results of this study can be used to improve education for nurses in international humanitarian aid work.

O gerenciamento de recursos materiais na área hospitalar tem assumido destaque principalmente com os avanços tecnológicos ocorridos nas últimas décadas. A incorporação de tecnologia sofisticada pode ser percebida pelo aumento da complexidade das práticas assistenciais e dos desafios que os gestores de instituições públicas e privadas enfrentam diante do aumento da oferta de produtos, que visam maior segurança aos pacientes e equipe de profissionais que lhes assistem, e do consumo dos materiais médico-hospitalares, com consequente elevação dos custos na prestação de serviços. A Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) tem como atribuição a regulamentação e regulação dos produtos para a área da saúde como forma de promover a vigilância em saúde e subsidiar as instituições quanto ao controle dos produtos na fase de pós-comercialização. Compete à Gerência de Risco Hospitalar o controle dos produtos das áreas de Tecnovigilância, Hemovigilância e Farmacovigilância. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o processo de notificação da queixa técnica de material de consumo de uso hospitalar no contexto do gerenciamento de recursos materiais em um hospital universitário público, no período de 2007 a 2009. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, documental com abordagem quantitativa. Compreende a análise de 409 Impressos de Notificação, enviados para a Seção de Parecer Técnico, utilizados na instituição para formalizar o relato da ocorrência de queixa técnica. Destes, 260 preenchem os critérios de inclusão, constituindo-se na população investigada. As notificações analisadas estão agrupadas de acordo com sua finalidade, formando-se três grupos: material médico-hospitalar, material para higiene pessoal e material para uso no processo de esterilização. A construção do fluxograma do encaminhamento do Impresso de Notificação para material padronizado evidencia que a sequência de trabalho possibilita a caracterização da ação dos profissionais e das instâncias de decisão. No conjunto dos anos em análise, o mês de junho apresenta o maior número de notificações (36). Em relação à queixa técnica evidenciam-se os maiores índices no grupo de material médico-hospitalar. Os produtos identificados com maior frequência de notificação são representados pela luva cirúrgica, dispositivo de acesso venoso, equipo, seringa, papel toalha interfolha, fralda e embalagem para processo de esterilização. De acordo com a categoria de queixa técnica (embalagem, estrutura e aspecto alterado) destaca-se a presença das questões de estrutura nos três grupos de material. A participação da equipe de enfermagem é marcante, em especial a do profissional enfermeiro, totalizando 211 notificações; destas 69 enviadas pela Divisão de Centro Cirúrgico e 51 pela Divisão Materno Infantil. Em relação ao turno de trabalho, predomina o período diurno. Um dos objetivos do monitoramento das notificações de queixas técnicas é subsidiar informações para o sistema de Notificações em Vigilância Sanitária (NOTIVISA); sendo assim, foi possível a contribuição desta instituição com 20 notificações pertinentes à área de Tecnovigilância. Conclui-se que o Impresso de Notificação é uma ferramenta importante no gerenciamento de recursos materiais na área hospitalar. Através desse feedback é possível realizar o monitoramento da qualidade dos produtos na pós-comercialização, preservando a segurança para o paciente e equipe de saúde. / The management of material resources in the nosocomial field has gained prominence mainly due to the technological advances that have occurred in recent decades. The incorporation of sophisticated technology can be perceived by the increase in the complexity of care practices and the challenges that the managers of public and private institutions face due to both the increase in the supply of products that aim at greater safety for the patients and the team of professionals who assist them, and the consumption of medical-nosocomial material, with a consequent increase in costs in the provision of services. The National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) is in charge of the rules and regulation of products for the health care area to promote health surveillance and assist the institutions as to the control of the products in the after sales phase. The Hospital Risk Management is in charge of the control of products in the areas of Tecnovigilância, Haemovigilance and Pharmacovigilance. This research aims to analyze the notification process of technical complaints about consumption material for hospital use in the context of material resources management in a public university hospital, in the period from 2007 to 2009. This is a documentary retrospective descriptive study with a quantitative approach. The analysis comprises 409 Notification Forms sent to the Section on Technical Advice, used by the institution to formalize the report of technical complaint occurrences. Of these, 260 met the inclusion criteria, thus composing the investigated population. The notifications under analyzes have been categorized according to their purpose, forming three groups: medical and nosocomial material, material for personal hygiene and material for use in the sterilization process. The construction of a flow chart of Notification Forms Reference for standardized material shows that the work sequence enables the characterization of the actions of professionals and decision-makers. In all the years under review, the month of June presents the greatest number of notifications (36). In relation to the technical complaints this research reveals that the group of medical nosocomial products received the highest indices. The products identified with increased notification rates are surgical gloves, devices for venous access, hoses, syringes, interfolha paper towels, diapers and packaging for the sterilization process. According to the category of technical complaints (packaging, structure and altered appearance), structure stands out in all three groups. The participation of the nursing team is notable, especially the professional nurses, totaling 211 notifications, 69 of which sent by the Surgical Center Division and 51 by the Infant Maternal Division. In relation to work shift, the day shift prevails. One of the objectives of monitoring technical complaints notifications is to feed the Sanitary Surveillance Notification System (NOTIVISA) with information. Thus this institution contributed with 20 pertinent notifications to the area of Tecnovigilância. It is concluded that the Notification Form is an important tool in material resources management in the nosocomial area. Through this feedback it is possible to carry out the monitoring of the quality of the products after sale while preserving the safety for the patient and the health care team.