京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24873号 / 理博第4983号 / 新制||理||1711(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 北川 宏, 教授 有賀 哲也, 教授 堀毛 悟史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation examines the approach to statutory formalities in South African law. It focuses primarily on formal requirements which result in nullity in the event of non-compliance, and in particular, on those prescribed for alienations of land (section 2(1) of the Alienation of Land Act 68 of 1981) and suretyships (section 6 of the General Law Amendment Act 50 of 1956). To provide context, the study commences with a general historical overview of the development of formal requirements. It also considers the advantages and disadvantages of formalities. The conclusion is reached that an awareness of both is required if a court is to succeed in dealing with the challenges posed by statutory formalities. The dissertation then considers more specific aspects of the topic of formal requirements, including the difference between material and non-material terms. It also reveals that the current interpretation of statutory formalities is quite flexible and tends towards a conclusion of validity if reasonably possible. However, cases involving unnamed or undisclosed principals present particular challenges in this context, and the possibility of greater consistency, without the loss of theoretical soundness, is investigated. A discussion of what should be in writing, and with what exactitude, necessarily involves a consideration of the extent to which extrinsic evidence is admissible. The interaction between formal requirements and the parol evidence rule is therefore investigated. Special attention is paid to incorporation by reference. After an examination of the common-law approach to this topic, the conclusion is reached that room exists for developing this area of South African law, especially where a sufficient reference to another document is concerned. Rectification also enjoys detailed examination, due to the unique approach adopted in South African law. Where formalities are constitutive, a South African court first satisfies itself that a recordal complies with these requirements ex facie the document, before it will consider whether rectification may be appropriate. An analysis of both civilian and common-law judgments suggests that the South African approach is based on a misconception of the purpose of rectification. This leads to the further conclusion that the requirement of ex facie compliance should be abolished as a separate step and that a court should rather consider whether awarding a claim for rectification would defeat the objects of formalities in general. Finally, the remedies available to a party who performs in terms of an agreement void for formal non-compliance and the effect of full performance in terms of such an agreement, receive attention. An investigation of the remedies available in other legal systems reveals that the South African approach of limiting a party to an enrichment claim is unnecessarily restrictive. It is argued that local courts should reconsider their exclusion of estoppel in this context, particularly in cases where one party’s unconscionable conduct has led the other to rely on the formally defective agreement. In cases of full performance, no remedies are available, but it is argued that a distinction should be drawn between reciprocal and unilateral performances. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die benadering tot statutêre formaliteite in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg. Dit fokus hoofsaaklik op die formele vereistes wat lei tot nietigheid in die geval van nie-nakoming, en in die besonder dié wat voorgeskryf word vir die vervreemding van grond (artikel 2 (1) van die Wet op Vervreemding van Grond 68 van 1981) en borgstellings (artikel 6 van die Algemene Regswysigingswet 50 van 1956). Ten einde die nodige konteks te verskaf, begin die studie met ‘n algemene historiese oorsig van die ontwikkeling van formaliteite. Dit oorweeg ook die voor- en nadele van formaliteite. Die gevolgtrekking is dat ‘n bewustheid van beide vereis word indien ‘n hof die uitdagings wat deur statutêre formaliteite gestel word, suksesvol wil hanteer. Die proefskrif oorweeg dan meer spesifieke aspekte van formaliteite, insluitende die verskil tussen wesenlike en nie-wesenlike bedinge. Dit toon ook dat die huidige opvatting van statutêre formaliteite redelik buigsaam is en tot ‘n bevinding van geldigheid lei waar dit redelikerwys moontlik is. Gevalle van onbenoemde of versweë prinsipale bied egter besondere uitdagings in hierdie verband en die moontlikheid word ondersoek om ‘n meer konsekwente, maar tegelyk teoreties-gefundeerde benadering te volg. ‘n Bespreking van wat op skrif moet wees, en met watter mate van sekerheid, behels noodwendig ‘n oorweging van die mate waarin ekstrinsieke getuienis toelaatbaar is. Die interaksie tussen formaliteite en die parol evidence-reël word derhalwe ondersoek. Spesiale aandag word bestee aan inlywing deur verwysing. Na oorweging van die benadering in gemeenregtelike stelsels, word die gevolgtrekking bereik dat ruimte bestaan vir ontwikkeling op hierdie gebied, veral met betrekking tot ‘n voldoende verwysing na ‘n ander dokument. Rektifikasie word ook breedvoerig hanteer, vanweë die eiesoortige benadering in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg. Waar formaliteite konstitutief van aard is, sal ‘n Suid-Afrikaanse hof eers vasstel dat ‘n ooreenkoms ex facie die dokument aan die formaliteite voldoen, voordat dit sal oorweeg of rektifikasie moontlik is. ‘n Ontleding van sivielregtelike en gemeenregtelike beslissings dui daarop dat die Suid-Afrikaanse benadering op ‘n wanbegrip van die doel van rektifikasie gebaseer is. Dit lei tot die verdere gevolgtrekking dat die vereiste van ex facie nakoming as ‘n afsonderlike stap afgeskaf behoort te word en dat ‘n hof eerder moet oorweeg of die toestaan van ‘n eis vir rektifikasie die oogmerke van die formaliteite in die algemeen sou verydel. Laastens word aandag geskenk aan die remedies beskikbaar aan ‘n party wat presteer ingevolge ‘n ooreenkoms wat nietig is weens nie-nakoming van formaliteite, asook die effek van volle prestasie kragtens so ‘n ooreenkoms. In eersgenoemde geval beperk die Suid-Afrikaanse reg daardie party tot ‘n verrykingseis. ‘n Ondersoek van die remedies beskikbaar in ander regstelsels toon dat dit onnodig beperkend is. Dit word aangevoer dat Suid-Afrikaanse howe die uitsluiting van estoppel in hierdie konteks moet heroorweeg, veral in gevalle waar een party se gewetenlose optrede daartoe lei dat die ander party staat maak op die formeel-gebrekkige ooreenkoms. In gevalle van volledige prestasie is daar geen remedies beskikbaar nie, maar dit word aangevoer dat ‘n onderskeid getref moet word tussen wedersydse en eensydige prestasies.

Transient simulations were performed with MATLAB Simulink on a mutual wind park topology, where three vertical axis wind turbines equipped with permanent magnet synchronous generators were connected to a mutual DC-bus through passive diode rectification. The aim with the work was to show the effects of two different kinds of loads on the system in respect to generator torque, rotor speed, produced power by the generators and the power on the DC-bus. The loads were a variable voltage source and a resistance with the value 2.0 Ω. It was shown that the transient behavior of the system in respect to both kinds of loads exhibited a high level of stability when the wind speed was altered. It was also shown that the system when equipped with a voltage source load began to oscillate with the natural frequency of a two mass rotating spring system if a sudden increase of the voltage made the DC-bus voltage larger than the peak of the internal induced voltage of the generators. Small variations of the DC voltage however exhibited a stable behavior.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

O tratamento térmico da madeira (ou termorretificação) é realizado com o aquecimento da madeira em faixas de temperaturas inferiores à carbonização, até 280ºC. O objetivo desta tecnologia é melhorar as propriedades da madeira e, desta forma, proporcionar a obtenção de produtos com maior valor agregado. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o comportamento em peças estruturais das espécies Eucalipto citriodora (Corymbia citriodora) e Pinus taeda, tratadas termicamente nas temperaturas de 160, 180, 200, 220 e 240ºC e, para o pínus, até a temperatura de 260ºC. Os ensaios experimentais realizados para a madeira tratada termicamente foram de classificação visual, obtenção de suas propriedades químicas, físicas, mecânicas (resistência e rigidez), entomológicas e com fungos. Quanto à análise química, foi identificado redução nos teores de extrativos e hemiceluloses, após termorretificação das amostras, e aumento no teor de celulose e lignina. A densidade aparente e a propriedade de inchamento das madeiras reduziram com o aumento da temperatura, e a permeabilidade a gás aumentou para o eucalipto. As mudanças nas propriedades colorimétricas das madeiras levaram ao escurecimento, devido à degradação dos seus principais componentes químicos, principalmente as hemiceluloses. De uma maneira geral, as propriedades de resistência (à compressão, à flexão, à tração e ao cisalhamento paralelo às fibras) das madeiras diminuiram e as propriedades de rigidez (módulo de elasticidade na compressão Eco e o MOE) aumentaram ao longo do tratamento com calor. A determinação dos valores característicos de resistência para cálculos estruturais foram adequados quando comparados à norma brasileira ABNT NBR 7190/97. O tratamento térmico proporcionou a proteção da madeira de Eucalipto citriodora quando ela foi exposta ao ataque de cupins subterrâneos Nasutitermes sp., de acordo com os ensaios de alimentação forçada, e das madeiras de E. citriodora e Pinus taeda, quando expostas ao fungo de podridão mole (Paecilomyces variotti). / Heat treatment of wood (or thermal rectification) is performed by heating wood below carbonization temperature, up to 280ºC. The aim of this technology is to improve the wood properties and thus to obtain products with higher added value. In this study, we evaluate the behavior of structural pieces of two species: Eucalyptus citriodora (Corymbia citriodora) and Pinus taeda, thermally treated at temperatures of 160, 180, 200, 220 e 240ºC, and pine up to the temperature of 260ºC. The experimental analyses to thermally treated wood were visual grading, chemical, physical, mechanical (strength and stiffness) and durability. Regarding chemical analysis, there was a reduction in the extractive and hemicellulose contents, while and the cellulose and lignin content increased; density and swelling properties decreased with increasing temperature, and the air permeability increased to eucalyptus. Changes in the colorimetric properties of wood caused the species in the study to become darker due to degradation of chemical components, mainly hemicellulose. In general, the strength properties (compression, bending, tension and shear parallel to the grain) of wood reduced and the stiffness properties (elasticity modulus by compression (Eco) and MOE) improved along thermal treatment. The determination of characteristic values of strength to structural calculations was adequate when compared to the Brazilian norm ABNT NBR 7190/97. It was observed that thermal treatment provided protection of wood of Eucalyptus citriodora from subterranean termites attack Nasutitermes sp., in the force-feeding test and Eucalyptus citriodora and Pinus taeda on soft rot fungi Paecilomyces variotti.

Fenômenos de transporte constituem um dos grandes desafios teóricos da mecânica estatística fora do equilíbrio, uma vez que a compreensão dos mecanismos microscópicos que regem tais fenômenos não está completamente estabelecida. Conduzidos, portanto, pela motivação de melhor compreender esses mecanismos, propomos nesta tese o estudo dos fenômenos de transporte através de dois modelos microscópicos em dois contextos distintos: clássico e quântico. No contexto clássico, consideramos como modelo uma cadeia de osciladores harmônicos acoplados, sujeita a um potencial local (pinning) anarmônico quártico (conhecido como modelo phi4). A cadeia está em contato, através de suas extremidades, com dois reservatórios térmicos mantidos a temperaturas distintas, e sua dinâmica é dada por um sistema de equações de Langevin. Além disso, consideramos a inclusão de um ruído conservativo que inverte aleatoriamente o sentido da velocidade de cada partícula. Nesse sistema, estudamos dois fenômenos de transporte associados à condução de calor: a Lei de Fourier e a retificação térmica. Os resultados foram obtidos numericamente através da simulação do sistema usando-se métodos de dinâmica estocástica. A partir desses resultados pudemos concluir que, tanto a validade da Lei de Fourier, quanto a presença de uma retificação finita no limite termodinâmico, estão associadas à presença do ruído conservativo na dinâmica do sistema. No contexto quântico, utilizamos como modelo de trabalho uma cadeia de spins do tipo XX posta em contato, através de suas extremidades, com dois reservatórios mantidos a diferentes temperaturas e potenciais químicos. A interação com os reservatórios foi feita através de dissipadores de Lindblad presentes na equação mestra quântica que fornece a dinâmica do sistema. Esses dissipadores são acoplados aos modos normais do hamiltoniano do modelo de forma que, no equilíbrio, o sistema termaliza corretamente para o estado de Gibbs. Além de resultados numéricos, obtivemos através de um método perturbativo, expressões analíticas para os fluxos de energia e de partículas ao longo da cadeia, verificando que ambos possuem a estrutura da fórmula de Landauer. No regime em que o acoplamento com os reservatórios é fraco, verificamos ainda que as relações de reciprocidade de Onsager entre esses fluxos são satisfeitas. / Transport phenomena are one of the great theoretical challenges of out-of-equilibrium statistical mechanics since the understanding of the microscopic mechanisms governing such phenomena is not yet fully established. To better understand these mechanisms, we propose in this thesis the study of transport phenomena through two microscopic models in two distinct contexts: classical and quantum ones. In the classical context, we considered as a working model a chain of coupled harmonic oscillators, subject to a quartic anharmonic pinning (known as the phi4 model). The chain is in contact, through its ends, with two thermal reservoirs kept at different temperatures, and its dynamics is given by a system of Langevin equations. In addition, we considered the inclusion of a conservative noise that randomly reverses the direction of the velocity of each particle. In this system, we studied two transport phenomena associated with heat conduction: the Fourier Law and the thermal rectification. The results were obtained numerically by simulating the system using stochastic dynamics methods. From these results we concluded that both the validity of the Fourier Law and the presence of a finite rectification in the thermodynamic limit are associated with the presence of the conservative noise in the system dynamics. In the quantum context, we used as a working model the XX spin chain that was put in contact, through its ends, with two reservoirs kept at different temperatures and chemical potentials. The interaction with the reservoirs was modeled through Lindblad dissipators included in the quantum master equation that describes the system dynamics. These dissipators are coupled to the normal modes of the model Hamiltonian so that, in equilibrium, the system thermalizes correctly to the Gibbs state. In addition to numerical results, we obtained through a perturbative method, analytical expressions for the energy and particle fluxes along the chain, verifying that both have the structure of the Landauer formula. In the regime where the coupling with the reservoirs is weak, we also verified that the Onsager reciprocal relations between these fluxes are satisfied.

The aim of this study is to measure and analyze vibrations on a fast response brushless exciter (FRBE) at a real hydropower plant and identify vibration origins through frequency analysis. Moreover, the observed vibrations are evaluated in relation to generator vibration standards and estimated tangential eigenfrequencies of the studied FRBE. It is concluded that the pulsations in the air gap torque, originating from the rotating thyristor bridge rectifier, is the source of the strongest vibrations. Some additional vibration sources are also identified. The requirements of the generator vibration standards are mostly fulfilled and no tangential eigenfrequencies are triggered in the vibration recordings. For further studies it is recommended that alternative control strategies and optimization of the FRBE mechanical design, with respect to its ability to withstand vibrations, should be investigated.

Pendant ce travail de thèse, nous avons réalisé deux microscopes originaux qui combinent le contraste novateur lié au domaine THz (de 0,1 à 10 THz), aux techniques super-résolvantes de la microscopie optique de champ proche.<br />Tout d'abord, nous avons développé un instrument dont l'originalité réside dans l'illumination qui est assurée par une source locale IR/THz générée in situ par rectification optique. Plusieurs échantillons métalliques et diélectriques ont alors été imagés, mettant en évidence une résolution sub-longueur d'onde dans le domaine THz. Parallèlement, une étude théorique a permis de comprendre les mécanismes de formation des images dans le microscope.<br />Une autre version du microscope optique de champ proche, fonctionnant dans un mode dit sans ouverture a aussi été élaboré. Cette configuration a permis d'atteindre une résolution inférieure au micron dans le domaine THz, grâce à l'ajout d'une pointe métallique fonctionnant comme un diffuseur des ondes évanescentes.

A computational grid is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides dependable, consistent, pervasive, and inexpensive access to high-end computational capabilities. This talk is divided into three parts. Firstly, we give an overview of the main issues in grid computing. Next, we introduce ALiCE (Adaptive and Scalable Internet-based Computing Engine), a platform independent and lightweight grid. ALiCE exploits object-level parallelism using our Object Network Transport Architecture (ONTA). Grid applications are written using ALiCE Object Programming Template that hides the complexities of the underlying grid fabric. Lastly, we present some performance results of ALiCE applications including the geo-rectification of satellite images and the progressive multiple sequence alignments problem. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

We discuss a new approach to the construction of software systems. Instead of attempting to build a system that is as free of errors as possible, the designer instead identifies key properties that the execution must satisfy to be acceptable to its users. Together, these properties define the acceptability envelope of the system: the region that it must stay within to remain acceptable. The developer then augments the system with a layered set of components, each of which enforces one of the acceptability properties. The potential advantages of this approach include more flexible, resilient systems that recover from errors and behave acceptably across a wide range of operating environments, an appropriately prioritized investment of engineering resources, and the ability to productively incorporate unreliable components into the final software system. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)