Thesis (M.S.)-- Springfield College, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, University of Utah, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [122]-133).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Utah, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [122]-133). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M. A.)--Brock University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-103). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2004. / Advisor: J.L. Starkes. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via World Wide Web.

Denna studie hade som syfte att undersöka vilka orsaker till stress svenska elitfotbollsdomare upplever samt hur domarna hanterar den upplevda stressen. Vidare syfte var att undersöka hur stressen påverkar domarnas hälsa, och vilken påverkan stressen har på beteendet hos domarna. Urvalet till denna studie bestod av 10 svenska elitfotbollsdomare, både män och kvinnor, med domaruppdrag inom Allsvenskan eller Superettan säsongen 2011. En semistrukturerad intervjuguide användes under antingen telefon- eller personliga intervjuer. Intervjuerna analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet som framkom i denna studie ligger huvudsakligen i linje med den tidigare forskningen som har gjorts inom området. Vidare visar även resultatet att de deltagande domarna i huvudsak inte upplever en negativ påverkan av stressen på deras hälsa. De resultat som framkom i studien diskuteras vidare i samband med tidigare forskning inom detta område och runt de metodologiska frågor som framkom av studien. Förslag för framtida forskning samt hur resultatet av studien kan appliceras praktiskt ges. / The purpose of the present study was to examine what Swedish soccer referees perceive as stressful and how the referees cope with the perceived stressors. Further purposes were to examine how the perceived stress affect the health of the referees and what affect it has on the behavior of the referees. In the study 10 Swedish elite soccer referees, both males and females, with refereeing assignments in the Allsvenskan or Superettan in the 2011 season participated. A semi structured interview guide was used during either telephone- or personal interviews. The interviews were analyzed through a qualitative content analysis. The results are primarily in line with previous research of this field. Further, the results show that the participating referees does not experience a great deal of negative influence on their health stemming from stress. The results of the study are further discussed in regards to previous research in the field as well as in conjunction with the methodological questions that arose during the study. Suggestions for future research and practical applications of the results are also given.

Yes / Officiating in football depends, at least to some extent, upon adequate visual function. However, there is no vision standard for football officiating and the nature of the relationship between officiating performance and level of vision is unknown. As a first step in characterising this relationship, we report on the clinically-measured vision and on the perceived level of vision in elite-level, Portuguese football officials. Seventy-one referees (R) and assistant referees (AR) participated in the study, representing 92% of the total population of elite level football officials in Portugal in the 2013/2014 season. Nine of the 22 Rs (40.9%) and ten of the 49 ARs (20.4%) were international-level. Information about visual history was also gathered. Perceived vision was assessed using the preference-values-assigned-to-global-visual-status (PVVS) and the Quality-of-Vision (QoV) questionnaire. Standard clinical vision measures (including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and stereopsis) were gathered in a subset (n = 44, 62%) of the participants. Data were analysed according to the type (R/AR) and level (international/national) of official, and Bonferroni corrections were applied to reduce the risk of type I errors. Adopting criterion for statistical significance of p<0.01, PVVS scores did not differ between R and AR (p = 0.88), or between national- and international-level officials (p = 0.66). Similarly, QoV scores did not differ between R and AR in frequency (p = 0.50), severity (p = 0.71) or bothersomeness (p = 0.81) of symptoms, or between international-level vs national-level officials for frequency (p = 0.03) or bothersomeness (p = 0.07) of symptoms. However, international-level officials reported less severe symptoms than their national-level counterparts (p<0.01). Overall, 18.3% of officials had either never had an eye examination or if they had, it was more than 3 years previously. Regarding refractive correction, 4.2% had undergone refractive surgery and 23.9% wear contact lenses when officiating. Clinical vision measures in the football officials were similar to published normative values for young, adult populations and similar between R and AR. Clinically-measured vision did not differ according to officiating level. Visual acuity measured with and without a pinhole disc indicated that around one quarter of participants may be capable of better vision when officiating, as evidenced by better acuity (≥1 line of letters) using the pinhole. Amongst the clinical visual tests we used, we did not find evidence for above-average performance in elite-level football officials. Although the impact of uncorrected mild to moderate refractive error upon officiating performance is unknown, with a greater uptake of eye examinations, visual acuity may be improved in around a quarter of officials. / Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the framework of the Strategic Funding UID/FIS/04650/2013.

Background: Since its beginning, sports have been defined by men for men, but nowadays women are welcome in to the sport-sphere. Women in sports are first and foremost active themselves and not as officials or volunteers of any kind, an area dominated by men. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how girls who are football referees experience the environment of their officialdom, both at ordinary games and in an educational environment at courses. Literature: The theories supporting this study are Hirdmans gender contract (2003) and Butlers heterosexual matrix (2007). Method: To conduct this study, a qualitative method of semi-structured interviews has been used. Six girls who have gone through the course at the tournament Sverigecupen and are or have been active as referees the latest years participated in the study. Result: The analysis of the interviews showed that the respondents didn’t take damage by the rough climate girls who are referees meet in their profession. Although they still thought that courses for girls only could be good for younger referees. Difficulties at the girls’ ordinary games outside of tournaments were also mentioned. Discussion: Altogether the girls thought that a girls only-course would be a good complement to the courses of today, and that a lot can be done by initiating role modeling in the daily occupation of female referees.

El presente trabajo se creó con la finalidad de impulsar un nuevo modelo de negocio de servicios de arbitraje. Por ello, se observó detalladamente la necesidad que muestran las distintas empresas al momento de buscar personas que realicen sus diferentes eventos deportivos internos; también tenemos que mencionar a los árbitros de distintas categorías que averiguan nuevas oportunidades para ganar una mayor experiencia, y obtener ingresos adicionales. A partir de esta realidad, encontramos una solución similar a la que se presentan países de Europa, lo cual consideramos que es una nueva propuesta en el mercado peruano donde podríamos tener un buen porcentaje de aceptación por dichas empresas. Con todo lo mencionado, nuestro objetivo es brindar una facilidad, al tener nuestra propia plataforma para ofrecer un excelente servicio de arbitraje, esto se realizará a partir de evaluaciones de desempeño hacia nuestros socios (árbitros), donde le otorgaremos nuevas oportunidades de crecimiento a las personas que están comenzando en el mundo de arbitraje y mejorar el desempeño de los árbitros que han podido tener experiencia. De esta manera, como autores del proyecto queremos lograr una fuerte fidelidad con las diferentes empresas de eventos deportivos que existe en Lima Metropolitana y poder posicionarnos en el mercado peruano. / This work was created with the aim of promoting a new business model for arbitration services. Therefore, the need that different companies show when looking for people to carry out their different internal sporting events was observed in detail; We also have to mention the referees from different categories who find new opportunities to gain more experience, and earn additional income. Based on this reality, we found a solution similar to the one presented in European countries, which we consider to be a new proposal in the Peruvian market where we could have a good percentage of acceptance by these companies. With all the aforementioned, our objective is to provide a facility, since we have our own platform to offer an excellent arbitration service, this will be done based on performance evaluations towards our partners (arbitrators), where we will grant new growth opportunities to the people who are starting in the world of arbitration and improve the performance of arbitrators who may have had experience. In this way, as authors of the project we want to achieve strong loyalty with the different sports event companies that exist in Metropolitan Lima and to position ourselves in the Peruvian market. / Trabajo de investigación

Background: Football is a sport defined by men for men. The number of performers is higher, men have better benefits and they get more attention than women. Additionally, the football referees are represented by men as well. In the current situation, there are 139 referees in football placed in Västerbotten. 18 are women and 121 are men, which means that women only represent 13 % of the referees in the county. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine which factors that contribute the fact that female football referees are few. Following research questions were stated: why do female referees quit? What obstacles and abilities do female referees face in their profession?What do they believe needs to be done to change the conditions in Swedish football to encourage women to become referees? Method: To conduct this study, a qualitative method of semi-structured interviews has been done. Six active and two non-active referees from Västerbotten and Västernorrland participated in this study. Result: The result indicated that female quit judging due to several reasons. For example, lack of support, insults and disrespectful treatment. Norms and perceptions about the woman make it hard for them to get respect and belief. Women also have to face sexual harassment. The respondents believe that right type of recruitment, specific female coaches, education for women and better support are solutions to attract more women to the profession.