During cell division, chromosome segregation takes place on bipolar, microtubulebased spindles. Here, C. elegans is used to analyze spindle organization under both mitotic and meiotic conditions. First, the role of SAS-4 in organizing centrosome structure was analyzed. Partial depletion of SAS-4 in early embryos results in structurally defective centrioles. The study of this protein sheds light on the poorly understood role of the centrioles in dictating centrosome size. Second, the ultrastructure of wild-type mitotic spindle components was analyzed by electron tomography. This 3-D analysis reveals morphologically distinct microtubule end morphologies in the mitotic spindle pole. These results have structural implications for models of microtubule interactions with centrosomes Third, spindle assembly was studied in female meiosis. Specifically, the role of the microtubule severing complex katanin in spindle organization was analyzed. Electron tomography reveals fragmentation of spindle microtubules and suggests a novel katanin-dependent mechanism of meiotic spindle assembly. In this model, relatively long microtubules seen near the meiotic chromatin are converted into numerous short fragments, thus increasing the total number of polymers in an acentrosomal environment. Taken together, these results provide novel insights into the three-dimensional organization of microtubules during spindle assembly. / Die Segregation der Chromosomen während der Zellteilung wird duch bipolare, von Microtubuli-aufgebauten Spindlen gewährleistet. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird C. elegans zur Analyse der Spindelorganisation unter mitotischen und meiotischen Bedingungen herangezogen. Erstens wird die Rolle von SAS-4 in der Organisation von Zentrosomen untersucht. Die partielle Depletierung von SAS-4 in frühen Embryonen führt zu strukturell defekten Zentriolen und wirft somit Licht auf die wenig verstandene Rolle der Zentriolen in der Bestimmung der Zentrosomengröße. Zweitens wird die Ultrastruktur der mitotischen Spindelkomponenten im Wildtyp durch Elektronentomographie untersucht. Diese 3-D-Analyse zeigt, dass im mitotischen Spindlepol unterschiedliche Morphologien der Mikrotubulienden zu finden sind. Diese Ergebnisse haben strukturelle Implikationen für Modelle der Mikrotubuli-Zentrosomen-Interaktionen. Drittens wird der Aufbau der Spindel in der weiblichen Meiose, speziell die Rolle des Mikrotubuli-schneidenden Kataninkomplexes in der Spindelorganisation, untersucht. Die Elektronentomographie zeigt hier eine Fragmentierung der Spindelmikrotubuli. Basierend auf diesem Ergebnis wird ein neues Katanin-abhängiges Modell der Formierung der Meiosespindel entwickelt, in dem relativ lange Microtubuli in Nähe des meiotischen Chromatins in zahlreiche kurze Mikrotubuli “zerschnitten” werden. Dies erhöht die Anzahl der verfügbaren Polymere in dieser azentrosomalen Situation. Zusammenfassend bringen diese Ergebnisse neue Einsichten in die räumliche Organisation der Mikrotubuli während des Spindelaufbaus.

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Purpose – While single theoretical approaches related to visual humanities research and in particular digital 3D reconstruction – as the virtual, interpretative 3D modeling and visualization of historical objects – are widely described in compendia like Wikipedia, and various publications discuss approaches from certain disciplinary perspectives, a comprehensive and multidisciplinary systematization is still missing. Against this background, the research activity described within this article is intended to gain a wide and multidisciplinary overview for research approaches, theories, and methods which are relevant to investigate or explain knowledge-related phenomena in the context of visual humanities research and education. Design/methodology/approach – To meet these interests we intend to set up a Wiki resource as a structured repository. The content will be based on (a) interactive workshops held at conferences to collect and structure knowledge assets on visual knowledge involving experts from different domains. Moreover, (b) a student seminar starting in early 2017 is designated to describe some typical research designs as well as amend related methods and theories in the Wiki resource based on Wikipedia articles. A content structuring principle for the Wiki resource follows the guidelines of Wikimedia as well as plans for the results to be populated again in Wikipedia. Originality/value – While Wiki approaches are frequently used in the context of visual humanities, these resources are primarily created by experts. Furthermore, Wiki-based approaches related to visualization are often focused on a certain disciplinary context as, for example, art history. A unique aspect of the described setting is to build a Wiki on digital 3D reconstruction including expertise from different knowledge domains – i.e. on perception and cognition, didactics, information sciences, as well as computing and visual humanities. Moreover, the combination of student work and assessments by experts also provides novel insights for educational research. Practical implications – The intended product is a comprehensive and multidisciplinary structured repository on digital 3D reconstruction research approaches, methods, theories, publication bodies, and good practice examples. The editing of the project results into the Wikipedia will lead to a wide dissemination and visibility of group activities and outcomes as well as enhance competencies of all contributors on collaborative work.

Verwandte Sprachen besitzen Wörter gleichen Ursprungs. Im Laufe der Geschichte ändern diese Wörter ihre Gestalt und lassen sich heute in ähnlicher Form in verschiedenen Sprachen als Kognate wiederfinden. In dieser Arbeit wird ein formales Modell zur Beschreibung dieser Änderungen mit Hilfe von kodierten, lexikalischen Wortlisten entwickelt. Das Modell ist geeignet, automatisch und objektiv die Evolution idealisierter Sprachen mit Hilfe eines Sprach-Phylogeniebaumes abzubilden. Dabei werden die einzelnen Buchstabenveränderungen verwandter Wörter und die rekonstruierten Protoformen untersucht. Insbesondere interessieren solche Buchstabenveränderungen, die für mehrere Wörter einer Sprache synchron stattgefunden haben. Ein weiterer Bestandteil des evolutionären Modells ist die Identifikation von Kognaten, um die möglichen Buchstabenersetzungen zwischen den verwandten Wörtern untersuchen zu können. Für die Rekonstruktion linguistisch plausibler Buchstabenveränderungen und Kognatzuweisungen entlang einer Sprachphylogenie wird ein parsimonisches Kostenmodell verwendet, welches die verschiedenen Sprach- und Transformationsverläufe bewertet. Die Suche nach der plausibelsten Lösung ist NP-vollständig, so dass für den enorm großen Suchraum ein Annäherungsverfahren vorgeschlagen wird. Ausgehend von einer geeigneten Rekonstruktion wird durch sukzessives und minimales Verändern einzelner Transformationen oder Kognatzuweisungen mit Hilfe eines speziell entwickelten Approximationsverfahrens nicht nur eine lokal maximale Lösung, sondern eine global beste Lösung angenähert. Mit dem gewählten umfassenden Ansatz des untersuchten Rekonstruktionsmodells ist eine Sprachentwicklung für kleine Wortlisten in angemessener Zeit berechenbar. Als großer Vorteil ist die Nachvollziehbarkeit aller Einzeltransformationen für den linguistischen Diskurs anzusehen. Insbesonders die Identifikation regulärer Buchstabenersetzungen mit möglicher Interpretation als Lautwandel früherer Sprachen ist hierbei von Bedeutung. / Related languages contain words of the same origin. Through time these words change. Remaining similarities between these words can be detected in different languages. In this work, transformations across lexical wordlist are used to model these changes. To reconstruct the possible pathways of language change an algorithm is choosen that calculates the phylogeny, the appropriate protolanguage and the cognate sets. An evaluation function detects plausible evolutions. Because of the enormous amount of possible solutions an approximative method is proposed that continuously modifies and improves possible solutions.

The Colossi of Memnon are a prominent feature of the constructed landscape at ancient Thebes (modern day Luxor, Egypt). They were built on the West Bank during the later years of Amenhotep III reign and they stood in front of his royal cult temple, Mansion of Millions of Years, known today colloquially as Kôm el-Hetan. There is no consensus on the purpose of the statues and it is plausible that they were meant to represent multiple things. However, what all the theories surrounding their purpose have in common is that they are all reliant on the visibility of the statues. The Theban Harbours and Waterscapes Survey led by Angus Graham (Uppsala University) discovered that the royal cult temple and colossi statues was built on top of an elevated area of what is believed to be have been a pre-existing wadi fan (Toonen et al.2018; 2019). To the east of the temple, a minor channel of the Nile river was also discovered. The aim of this thesis was to analyse the visibility and visual experience of the Colossi of Memnon during the 18thDynasty. By analysing the boreholes from the Theban Harbours and Waterscapes Survey, I have (re)constructed the geological features of the surrounding landscape in a game engine (Unity). The visual analysis was done by a combined GIS spatial analysis and a VR based phenomenological approach. I concluded that the levees of the minor channel of the Nile were not elevated high enough to create any substantial blocking of the view from the floodplain or from inside of the channel during the low season. It was only when you got up close to the levees and kneeled on the ground that you would lose sight of parts of the colossi. As the surface level of the Nile rose during its annual cyclethe, it would be easier to observe the statues from any part of the minor channel. As for the visual experience of observing the Colossi of Memnon from different parts of the model, the experience only changed slightly from viewing the statues from the view of the floodplain or the channel. What changed the experience drastically was if you approached the statues from the front of from the side. As you approached the statues from the front you had the statues standing symmetrically in front of the temple and they are in turn facing you. Being in front of the Colossi statues creates a feeling of being part of the statues’ experience. Not only where the humans meant to see the statues, I believe that the statues were meant to see us. This as the most ideal location to observe and visually experience the statues, is where we are in the view of both the Colossi of Memnon. The experience of the statues fades as you approach them from their side where you become the observer rather than the observed. The visual experience from the side also results in that you do not get to fully take part in the experience that both statues provide. This is because one of them becomes slightly blocked by the other. / <p>På grund av pandemi utfördes opponering på distans över Zoom</p>

Als Ausgangspunkt für die denkmalpflegerische Rekonstruktion der Katholischen Schlosskapelle des Schlosses Weesenstein informiert der Autor in seinem Aufsatz über den Forschungsstand zum Kapellenflügel, das historische Umfeld, die Einrichtung der Kapelle anhand der Quellenlage, die bauliche Anlage und baugeschichtlichen Beobachtungen. Fotografien, Grundrisse und Planzeichnungen unterstützen die Erläuterungen. Als Ergebnis wird der sanierte Kapellenflügel als Raumkunstwerk des 19. Jahrhunderts präsentiert.

Ein Forschungsprojekt von SBG und TU Dresden erarbeitete ab 2007 eine Visualisierung der Planungs- und Baugeschichte des Dresdner Zwingers. Viele Bauphasen wurden virtuell dreidimensional modelliert und verdeutlichen die Ideen der einst weitaus größer geplanten Anlage. Die Ergebnisse sollen Teil der neuen Baugeschichtsausstellung in der Bogengalerie des Zwingers sein.

The alarming rate at which we see the decline in biodiversity due to human activity has raised concerns about the well-being of our planet. Butterflies which serve as pollinators are an essential part of many ecosystems and sensitive indicators of environmental changes and can provide valuable insight into how ecosystems function and evolve. This thesis aims to create phylogenetic trees based on DNA sequences from butterflies and compare different nucleotide substitution models and methods in order to better understand butterflies' evolution and genetic relationships. Our approach was to use Markov theory to investigate how the four nucleotides are evolving. In regard to the comparison of models, the General Time Reversible model with more degrees of freedom was found to be better than the K80 model. Although the Maximum Likelihood and Pairwise Distance methods were found to have different transition rate matrices, the tree reconstructions had no registered differences. Interestingly, the Q matrix was found to be similar across butterfly families. These findings can suggest that it is possible to have a standard Q matrix when estimating or inferring evolutionary relationships among butterflies, and probably other animal groups. This should improve the accuracy of estimations within phylogenetics when dealing with small data sets. The information helps with reconstructing evolutionary relationships and species, therefore contributing to preserving biodiversity and thereby the ecosystems to whom they belong - and in addition humankind. / Den oroväckande takten med vilken vi ser en minskning i biologisk mångfald på grund av mänsklig aktivitet har väckt rädsla för vår planets fortsatta välbefinnande. Fjärilar som är en väsentlig del av många ekosystem fungerar som pollinatörer och indikatorer för miljöförändringar, vilket ger värdefull insikt om ekosystemens funktion och utveckling. Fjärilar fungerar som pollinatörer och är en viktig del av många ekosystem. Därmed är de känsliga indikatorer på miljöförändringar och kan ge värdefull insikt om hur ekosystem fungerar samt utvecklas. Detta kandidatexamensarbete syftar till att skapa fylogenetiska träd baserade fjärilars DNA-sekvenser och jämföra olika modeller för nukleotid substitution och metoder för att bättre förstå fjärilars utveckling och genetiska relationer. Vårt tillvägagångssätt var att använda Markovs teori för att undersöka hur de fyra nukleotiderna utvecklas. När det gäller jämförelsen av modeller visade sig General Time Reversible-modellen med fler frihetsgrader vara bättre än K80-modellen. Fastän Maximum Likelihood och Pairwise Distance metoderna visade sig ha olika övergångsmatriser fanns det inga registrerade skillnader i trädrekonstruktionerna. Ytterligare ett intressant resultat var att Q-matrisen var liknande oberoende av fjärilsfamilj. Detta kan tyda på att det är möjligt att ha en standard Q-matris när man uppskattar eller drar slutsatser om evolutionära samband mellan fjärilar och förmodligen andra djurgrupper. Vidare studier behövs men detta skulle förbättra noggrannheten av uppskattningar inom fylogenetiken när man hanterar små datamängder. Sammanfattningsvis hjälper nämnda insikter till att rekonstruera evolutionära relationer bland arter och bidrar därför till att bevara den biologiska mångfalden, tillhörande ekosystem och dessutom mänskligheten.

Advances in scanner technology have made it possible to obtain high resolution (6000 dpi) images of tree samples. Due to the images’ increased capability of resolving anatomical wood structures, the new technology could be of benefit to dendroclimatology.  This study attempts to expand on Rydval et al.’s (2017) previous 800 years reconstruction of Scottish summer temperatures by assessing whether a higher image resolution of samples has the ability to improve the accuracy of the region’s temperature reconstruction. Two independent blue intensity (BI) chronologies, based on differing image resolutions (6000 dpi and 2400 dpi) of Scots pine samples, were developed and subjected to standard detrending procedures. Raw data from Rydval et al.’s (2017) prior study was used to develop the chronology which was based on the 2400 dpi images. On the other hand, newly acquired data was utilized for the other chronology. In order to resolve the primary question that this paper explores, the characteristics and strength of the two BI chronologies’ climatic signals were compared. In addition, the newly acquired data was used to develop a 318 years reconstruction of mean July/August temperatures for Scotland.  Calibrations against meteorological data indicated that the improved image resolution did not generate a positive effect on the chronology’s ability to retain a reliable climatic signal. The study’s findings were thus inconclusive in showing that a higher image resolution of Scots pine samples improves the accuracy of temperature reconstructions for Scotland. Future studies are encouraged to investigate the applicability of dendroclimatic computer softwares (i.e. CooRecorder) with regard to a high image resolution.  From a broader perspective, this study contributes to setting climate change in a more accurate long term spatiotemporal context. This is crucial in predicting future climate variability, as well as understanding the role and extent of anthropogenic forcing. / Framsteg inom skannerteknik har gjort det möjligt att få bilder av trädprover med hög upplösning (6000 dpi). På grund av bildernas ökade förmåga att lösa anatomiska träd strukturer kan den nya tekniken vara till nytta för dendroklimatologi.  Denna studie strävar mot att utveckla Rydval et al.s (2017) tidigare 800 års rekonstruktion av skotska sommartemperaturer genom att bedöma om en högre bildupplösning av prover har förmågan att förbättra noggrannheten för regionens temperaturrekonstruktion. Två oberoende blåintensitet (BI) -kronologier, baserade på olika bildupplösningar (6000 dpi och 2400 dpi) av skotska träprover, framtogs och utsattes för standardförfaranden. Rådata från Rydval et al.s (2017) tidigare studie användes för att utveckla kronologin som baserades på 2400 dpi-bilderna. Å andra sidan användes nyförvärvade data för den andra kronologin. För att besvara den primära frågan som denna studie undersöker jämfördes egenskaperna och styrkan hos de två BI-kronologins klimat signaler. Dessutom används de nyförvärvade uppgifterna för att utveckla en 318 års rekonstruktion av genomsnittliga juli/augusti temperaturer för Skottland.  Kalibreringar mot meteorologiska data indikerade att den förbättrade bildupplösningen inte genererade en positiv effekt på kronologins förmåga att behålla en pålitlig klimat signal. Studiens resultat var således otvetydiga när de visade att en högre bildupplösning av skotsk tallprover förbättrar noggrannheten i temperatur rekonstruktioner för Skottland. Framtida studier uppmuntras att undersöka användbarheten av dendroklimatiska datorprogram (dvs CooRecorder) med avseende på en ultrahög bildupplösning.  Ur ett bredare perspektiv bidrar denna studie till att placera klimatförändringarna i ett mer exakt långsiktigt rumsligt tidsmässigt sammanhang. Detta är avgörande för att förutsäga framtida klimatvariationer samt förstå rollen och omfattningen av antropogen tvingande.

Den 19 april 1996 stod den kulturhistoriska byggnaden Stocksundstorps Gård i lågor. Historiskt hade tillägg från rivningsobjekt införts i byggnaden. Bland annat väggmålerier från Gustav III:s Opera; element som nu stod i riskzon att gå förlorade. Återuppbyggnadsprocessen fokuserade på att återskapa den ursprungliga utformningen. Återvunnet material applicerades, upptäckta historiska skikt återinfördes liksom de konserverade elementen som överlevde branden. Uppsatsen syftade till att forma en förståelse för vilka aspekter som formar en återuppbyggnadsprocess då byggt kulturarv har brandskadats. Därigenom undersöktes aktörers delaktighet och urval i representationer och bevarande av historiska tidsskikt, metoder och materialval. Genom studier av arkivmaterial; som arbetsbeskrivningar, ritningar, artiklar och foton, formades en uppfattning om processen. Platsbesök och en intervju utfördes, vilka gav en vidare förståelse om återuppbyggnadsprocessen och dagens syn på den. Resultatet redogjorde för ett pluralistiskt förhållningssätt kring hantering av olika principer, metoder och olika historiska skikt kopplat till 1990-talets restaureringsideologier och bevarandeprinciper, samt kulturvårdens utveckling i Sverige under 1900-talets andra hälft. Fallet Stocksundstorp redogör för hur en brandskadad privatbostad har hanterats och belyser därmed en mindre beforskad aspekt. / On the 19th of April 1996 the listed building Stocksundstorps Gård was in flames. Historically, elements from demolished historical buildings had been integrated to the building, such as murals from Gustav III’s Opera; elements that now were at risk of being lost. The reconstruction process focused on recreating the original design. Recycled materials were applied, discovered elements were re-introduced as well as restored elements that survived the fire.  The purpose of this study was to form an understanding regarding which aspects form a reconstruction process when listed buildings, built heritage, have been fire-damaged. This case study examplifies actors’ participation and selection regarding representation and preservation of historical layers. Through study of archival material; such as descriptions, drawings, articles and photos, an idea of the case was formed. Site visits were carried out, and an interview, which gave a wider understanding of the reconstruction process and today’s view of it. A pluralistic approach to the management of different preservation methods was regarded as a result of this study. Methods and management of different historical layers were linked to restoration ideologies and preservation principles of the 1990’s, as well as the development of preservation and conservation in Sweden during the second half of the 20th century. Furthermore, the object of study highlights a less researched area: when a historical, but private, building is reconstructed.