Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-03-27T13:34:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 julianapacassinialves.pdf: 5428535 bytes, checksum: f6d7e4a8d4a8a913e181ca92eeebcd6d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-09T19:21:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 julianapacassinialves.pdf: 5428535 bytes, checksum: f6d7e4a8d4a8a913e181ca92eeebcd6d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-09T19:21:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 julianapacassinialves.pdf: 5428535 bytes, checksum: f6d7e4a8d4a8a913e181ca92eeebcd6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-14 / Esta tese focaliza a interface Linguagem e Teoria da Mente (ToM – do inglês Theory of Mind), buscando-se investigar as demandas cognitivas envolvidas no raciocínio de Crenças Falsas (CFs) por crianças de 5-6 anos em fase de aquisição do Português Brasileiro e de desenvolvimento da ToM. Verifica-se em que medida subclasses de verbos de estado mental encontram-se relacionadas, como o verbo factivo saber e os verbos epistêmicos pensar/achar, na realização de tarefas de CFs de 2ª ordem por crianças nessa faixa etária. Considera-se o conceito de ToM como a capacidade sociocognitiva de o indivíduo reconhecer seus próprios estados mentais e os dos outros e, a partir deles, predizer ações ou comportamentos (ASTINGTON & GOPNIK, 1988, 1991; WELLMAN, 1991, 2017). Assume-se uma concepção minimalista de língua (CHOMSKY, 1995 – atual) e, de forma mais específica, de faculdade da linguagem, nos termos de Hauser et al. (2002). Propõese uma investigação acerca da interface gramática-pragmática, adotando-se uma teoria pragmática formal de natureza cognitiva, conforme a perspectiva da Teoria da Relevância (SPERBER & WILSON, 2001; 2002). A hipótese que norteia este estudo é a de que perguntas prévias de compreensão e orientação, inseridas em testes clássicos de CF de 2ª ordem, minimizam a sobreposição de demandas cognitivas linguísticas e não especificamente linguísticas envolvidas nesses testes. Parte-se da proposta de de Villiers (2004, 2005 e 2007), para quem a sintaxe de complementação é um pré-requisito para o desenvolvimento da ToM, propondo-se a existência de outros fatores diretamente relacionados ao domínio dessa habilidade. O objetivo geral deste estudo é o de propor, em termos metodológicos, estratégias que permitam à criança organizar/recuperar informação disponível na memória e distinguir pontos de vista, habilidades cognitivas necessárias ao raciocínio de crenças falsas. Para tanto, foram elaborados dois conjuntos de experimentos, subdivididos em 4 etapas cada um, com vistas a investigar especificamente: (i) se a estrutura sintática da pergunta-alvo do teste clássico de CF de 2ª ordem, com um ou dois verbos epistêmicos, interfere no desempenho das crianças que realizam a tarefa; (ii) se o tipo de verbo epistêmico (pensar ou achar) da pergunta-teste, com apenas um encaixamento estrutural, contribui para a compreensão de CFs de 2ª ordem; (iii) se alterações metodológicas na aplicação da tarefa clássica, por meio da inserção de perguntas prévias à pergunta-teste, auxiliam o raciocínio de CF de 2ª ordem; e (iv) em que medida a factividade se correlaciona com a atribuição de crenças falsas. Os resultados sugerem que a adaptação da tarefa, com a inserção de perguntas de orientação, contribui para a condução do raciocínio de CF de 2ª ordem, havendo maior índice de acertos, sobretudo, no grupo que realizou o experimento com a pergunta prévia com o verbo factivo saber. Além disso, com base no desempenho melhor das crianças na tarefa realizada com o verbo pensar, quando comparado ao verbo achar, os resultados indicam que o verbo epistêmico pensar pode ser uma pista linguística eficiente à criança para a compreensão de diferentes pontos de vista. Esta pesquisa pretende contribuir para aprofundar as discussões acerca da relação entre Linguagem e Teoria da Mente, na medida em que apresenta uma proposta de modificação metodológica para as tarefas comumente realizadas como meio de investigação do desenvolvimento da ToM. / This thesis project focuses on the interface Language and Theory of Mind (ToM), seeking to investigate the cognitive demands involved in the reasoning of False Beliefs (FBs), conducted by children in the acquisition stage of Brazilian Portuguese and the development of the ToM. It is verified to what extent subclasses of mental state verbs are related, such as the factive verb saber (to know) and the epistemic verbs pensar/achar (to think), in the realization of the tasks of 2nd-order FBs by children in this age range. The concept of the ToM is understood as the sociocognitive capacity of an individual to recognize his/her own mental states and those of the others, and thus, to predict actions or behaviors (ASTINGTON & GOPNIK, 1988, 1991; WELLMAN, 1991, 2017). The theoretical perspective assumed is a minimalist conception of language (CHOMSKY, 1995 - present) and, more specifically, of language faculty according to Hauser et al. (2002). The Grammar Pragmatics interface is investigated based on a formal Pragmatics theory of cognitive nature, in line with the Relevance Theory (SPERBER & WILSON, 2001; 2002). The hypothesis that guides this study is that which previous comprehension and orientation questions, inserted in classic FB tests of 2nd-order, minimize the overlapping of linguistic cognitive demands and the ones not specifically linguistic involved in these tests. The starting point of the proposition of de Villiers (2004, 2005 e 2007), to whom the syntax of complementation is a pre-requisite for the development of the ToM, by proposing the existence of other factors directly related to the mastering of this ability. The aim of this study is to propose, in methodological terms, strategies that allow children to organize/retrieve information available in their memory, and distinguish points of view, cognitive abilities necessary to the reasoning of false beliefs. Therefore, two sets of experiments have been devised, divided into 4 stages each , in order to specifically investigate: (i) whether the syntactic structure of the target-question in the classic test of 2nd-order, with one or two epistemic verbs, interferes in the performance of the children who did the task; (ii) whether the kind of epistemic verb (pensar or achar) of the test-question, with only one structural nesting, contributes to the comprehension of FBs of 2nd-order; (iii) whether methodological changes in the application of the classic task, by inserting questions, previous to the test-question, help in the reasoning of FBs of 2nd-order; and (iv) to what extent the factivity correlates to the attribution of false beliefs. The results suggest that the adaptation of the task, along with the insertion of orientation questions, contributes to the conducting of the reasoning of 2nd-order FB, having a greater accuracy rate, especially in the group that performed the experiment with a previous orientation question with the factive verb saber. Besides, based on the better performance of the children in the task done with the verb pensar, when compared to the verb achar, the results indicate that the epistemic verb pensar can be an efficient linguistic clue to a child for understanding different points of view. This research intends to contribute to further the discussions about the relation between Language and the Theory of Mind, inasmuch as it presents a proposition of methodological change to the tasks usually performed as a means of investigating the development of the ToM.

The final chapter of Luke 24 exhibits a peculiar interest in the body of Jesus, which has historically led to theologians interpreting the passage as mainly concerned with christological matters. The phrase “body of Christ” can be understood in regard to the Eucharist meal, but also as employed by Paul to speak of the community of believers. Could the focus on the body in Luke 24, and its climactic recognition scene with Jesus breaking the bread, invoke symbolism related to the corporate community? If so, it could serve as an elegant narratological transition onto Acts. This paper presents a narrative–rhetorical analysis of Luke24:1–53 and a semantic–rhetorical analysis of Did 9:3–4, investigating the use of the symbolism and the ideas associated with the bread of the Eucharist as the body of Jesus. Both analyses are concerned with the historically situated author–reader and utilizes Relevance theory from the field of linguistics to help determine whether the suggested symbolism maybe at play in Luke 24. The study concludes that the bread of the Eucharist carries symbolism that communicates how God’s Wisdom is shared among, and existing within, the community of believers, and that this understanding underlies the entire narrative of Luke 24—adding an ecclesiological layer to the passage.

This study aims at examining in detail the linguistic characteristics of sentential idioms (‘idiomatische Sätze’, IS) in German, e.g. Das kannst du dir an den Hut stecken.; Du hast wohl Tomaten auf den Augen!; Da lachen ja die Hühner!. In theoretically and empirically investigating their syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features and productive potential, it is shown that IS can only be described properly by looking at the interfaces between syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, and by systematically investigating pattern formation. In this respect, the study goes far beyond traditional phraseological research. As a theoretical background, the study refers to research on phraseology, sentence types and sentence mood, linguistic evaluation, morphological productivity, and the frameworks of Construction Grammar and Relevance Theory. Empirical evidence comes from a large corpus of written German, a linguistic experiment on productivity, and introspective data. With respect to syntax, the study shows that IS are bound to one or a few different sentence types, varying according to the degree of restriction of their speech act potential. The complex semantics of IS is shown to consist not only of a literal and an idiomatic, but also of a third, mediating representational level. The idiomatic meaning of IS is described as evaluative meaning. Pragmatically, IS are dependent on special contextual environments to obtain a proper interpretation. A context model is developed which makes use of certain categories of evaluation. Moreover, a relevance-theoretic approach is sketched in order to explain which functional advantages IS might have compared to non-idiomatic utterances. With respect to productivity, ten different idiomatic patterns of construction are identified and described in detail. It is experimentally demonstrated that these patterns are productive to a greater or lesser degree dependent on their internal syntactic, lexical, semantic and pragmatic features.

This study examines the functions of phrases with the word missverstehen in any inflected form in German discussion groups. The corpus consists of about 600 different messages with a phrase containing the verb missverstehen from all kinds of discussion groups speaking the German language. The hypothesis is that those phrases do not always refer to a factual misunderstanding in the communication. There is no such thing as total understanding in communication, since people cannot fully know how other people are thinking. Instead understanding is a social construct. Misunderstanding occurs when a group member cannot interpret a message so that it correlates with what the sender has meant. This understanding contains both the discussed theme as well as the relation between the group members. Relevance occurs when interpretable information is communicated through contextualization cues. Some cues carry information about the discussed theme, others communicate face work. A misunderstanding is caused by missing contextualization cues, i. e. the message is irrelevant. The study shows how the communicators can construct a disagreement as a misunderstanding, which it in turn has an impact on face work. The phrase is then being used together with added contextualization cues in order to construct a common understanding. Thereby the communicators can influence the interaction. This is done in a sequence in the discussion group. Hence the script theory (Schank/Abelson 1977) aims to describe the phenomenon of how a phrase with the word missverstehen can be used for different purposes. One script is defined for each purpose. The difference between the scripts is being maintained by the contextualization cue that carries the information about how the relations between group members are interacted.

The paper analyzes the translation of discourse markers from English into Lithuanian. Discourse markers are words or word combinations, who contribute little to the propositional meaning of an utterance but serve a variety of important conversational functions guiding interlocutors towards the intended interpretation of an utterance. The aim of the research is to prove the polyfunctional nature of discourse markers and the significance of rendering their meanings in translation from English into Lithuanian. The paper reviews the basic theoretical orientations within which discourse markers are analyzed and presents the list of defining and non-defining properties of discourse markers. Correct interpretation of discourse markers depend on the conversational function they serve in a particular situation rather than on lexical meaning of an item, therefore the functions of the discourse markers selected for the analysis (you know, I mean, well, okay, so, like, now) are reviewed as well. The empirical part is based on the analysis of the translation of discourse markers in two novels: John Irving’s 'A Widow for One Year' and Melvin Burgess’ 'Doing it'. / Darbe nagrinėjamas diskurso žymeklių vertimas iš anglų į lietuvių kalbą. Diskurso žymekliai - tai žodžiai ar žodžių junginiai, kurių leksinė reikšmė turi mažai įtakos sakinio prasmei, bet kurie atlieka daug svarbių funkcijų, padedančių pašnekovui teisingai interpretuoti pasakymą. Darbo tikslas – įrodyti diskurso žymeklių daugiafunkcinę prigimtį ir tų funkcijų perteikimo svarbą verčiant iš anglų į lietuvių kalbą. Darbe apžvelgiamos svarbiausios teorinės kryptys, kuriomis remiantis analizuojami diskurso žymekliai, ir pristatomi jų skiriamieji bei jiems būdingi bruožai. Kadangi teisinga diskurso žymeklių interpretacija priklauso ne nuo leksinės lingvistinio vieneto reikšmės, bet nuo jo atliekamos funkcijos, darbe taip pat aprašomos analizei pasirinktų žymeklių (you know, I mean, well, okay, so, like, now) funkcijos. Empirinė dalis pagrįsta diskurso žymeklių vertimu dvejuose romanuose: John Irving "A Widow for One Year" ir Melvin Burgess "Doing it".

Little thought has been given to asyndeton in modern texts, including the translated text. In fact, if manuals on French-to-English translation even mention this troublesome case of punctuation, they almost certainly warn the student translator against replicating it in English, even in literary translation. Writing norms would forbid it, they warn. It would be taken as merely a sloppy case of comma use. Although asyndeton is typically considered a faux pas in English, replicating it may not always be a mistake. Inspired by Québécoise author Catherine Harton’s Traité des peaux (an especially asyndetic collection of short stories published in 2015), this thesis aims to study how asyndeton may be successfully translated from French into English in literary texts. To do so, it adopts Sperber and Wilson’s relevance theory, noting how this theory not only accounts for poetic effects but also provides a principle that can guide translators as they seek to replicate these effects. This thesis then uses relevance theory to analyze cases of asyndeton drawn from three stories in Harton’s collection. The study concludes that there are at least six cases where asyndeton may be effectively translated as asyndeton in literary texts.

The current study has explored the language of 30 non-commercial advertisements, both quantitatively and qualitatively, within the framework of pragmatics. The main incentive was to conduct an investigation into how the advertiser working with such a philanthropic genre employs attention-seeking, informing and persuading functions when she communicates with her audience. Orbiting around key notions of Relevance Theory (1986; 1995; 2012) and Tanaka’s pragmatic approach to advertising (2005), the study attempted to determine whether non-commercial advertising differs from its commercial counterpart in terms of informing and persuading intentions, and to examine the extent to which non-commercial advertising relies on internal and external contexts in its explicit and implicit language. The findings show that non-commercial advertising utilises attention-seeking, informing and persuading functions in a variable fashion since they can be incorporated into complex arrangements in which they sometimes overlap or collaborate. This fuse appears to enable the advertiser to achieve her intended meaning at the same time as she can make efficient use of space and time. The study also found that there are non-commercial advertisements that completely lack persuasion. By excluding explicit and implicit imperative speech acts, conjunctive adjuncts and pronouns that involve the audience, such advertisements appear to be solely objective and informative. In turn, these findings suggest that the informing function in non-commercial advertising is not always subordinated to the persuading function, which contrasts with the informing-persuading hierarchy in commercial advertising. Finally, since the creator of non-commercial advertising frequently exposes her audience to weak relevance, she requires them to locate and solve explicatures and implicatures with help from both internal and external contexts, which strengthens Tanaka’s (2005) claim that advertisers treat their audience as potentially creative and resourceful once attention has been attracted and sustained.

Un débat perdure toujours entre les partisans du relativisme linguistique et ceux qui penchent plutôt pour l’universalisme. Depuis Whorf, plusieurs expériences ont été menées pour déterminer si la langue avait une influence sur l’esprit d’un individu, mais très peu ont porté sur la pragmatique. Je propose d’explorer le relativisme linguistique selon la perspective de la pragmatique du langage. Deux approches théoriques en pragmatique s’opposent sur la question du relativisme : l’ethnopragmatique et la théorie de la pertinence. En utilisant des modèles de l’interaction culturelle en anthropologie, en particulier les idées de Bourdieu et le concept d’assemblage, je démontre que la flexibilité de la théorie de la pertinence permettrait d’y intégrer une composante relativiste, et ce, sans avoir à la dénaturer. Pour illustrer cette possibilité, j’introduis l’Identité Cognitive qui agit comme composante relativiste tout en permettant une interaction avec la pertinence universaliste du modèle. / There is a strong division between those who believe in linguistic relativity and those who tend more towards universalism. Since Whorf, many experiments were conducted to determine how and if language could influence thoughts, but not often they were focussed on pragmatics. I revisit the debate on linguistic relativism by considering pragmatics only. There are two different theoretical models in pragmatics at the time, and they support opposing views on relativism: ethnopragmatics and relevance theory. Using models of cultural interaction from anthropology, in particular the ideas of Bourdieu and the concept of assemblage, I show that relevance theory is flexible enough to be able to incorporate a relativistic component, without having to modify its core principles. To illustrate this necessary transformation, I introduce the Cognitive Identity that could interact with the universalistic relevance of the model and still be relativistic itself.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wander Marques Vieira.pdf: 365765 bytes, checksum: c55c0e41b245a722c00a793495aa131c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-09 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / Opinion articles have an important symbolic function of, seemingly, sharing the paper s opinion by covertly bolstering up the assertion that the other sections, conversely, are pure facts or reports . Once signed, they not necessarily represent the paper ideological stance (O Estado de São Paulo); however, Kitis & Miliapes (1996) claim that by being in it, they allow the readership to invest them with the same authority and reliability ascribed to the newspaper. In so being, we can use for the opinion article the very same Fowler s words (1991), when he claims that what distinguishes an editorial is not the expression of values and beliefs, but the textual strategies being used to stand out the speech acts of values and beliefs . This work analyses Gaudêncio Torquato s articles, published on a weekly basis, in O Estado de São Paulo, from the viewpoint of the Critical Linguistics , which proposes that analysis using appropriate linguistic tools, and referring to relevant historical and social contexts, can bring ideology, normally hidden through habitualization of discourse, to surface for inspection , Fowler (1991: 89). While the focus of the traditional analysis discourse is on the meanings established between sentences and utterances, in CDA the focus is on the selections which are made in constructing texts, on factors that constrain and determine these selections, and on their effect. According to Charteris-Black (2004), metaphor is one of these conscious linguistic choices that conceals underlying social processes, and metaphor analysis can aid in the identification of implicit textual content, and metaphor constitutes verbal evidence for an underlying system of ideas or ideology . Kress & Hodge (1993: 15) propose that ideology involves a systematically organized presentation of reality . With this is mind, the authors claim that metaphor is vital in creating such a presentation of reality. Stemming from a corpus of five opinion articles, the aim of this research is, by means of a metaphor-based study, to understand the functioning of this linguistic resource. It is through metaphor that the author expresses his attitudinal position on x the country s political developments, and manages at the same time to directly avoid threatening the face of the people involved, send out his message and persuade his readership. In my analysis, I resort basically to the Systemic-Functional Linguistics (Halliday, 1985; 1994), and its contributors, the Relevance Theory (Sperber & Wilson (1986; 1995), the Goatly s notions (1997) and the developments the theories have been receiving. According to Eggins (1994), what differentiates the SFL is that it seeks to develop a theory of language as a social process and a methodology which allows detailed and systematic description of linguistic patterns. The SFL is considered the more suitable theory-methodological approach to Critical Discourse Analysis (Fowler, 1991); Fairclough, 1992). On the other hand, Charteris-Black (2004) and Fairclough (1999a) analyse metaphor based on Halliday s Functional Linguistics (1985; 1994) / Os artigos de opinião têm uma função simbólica importante, parecendo partilhar da opinião do jornal, ao sustentar implicitamente a asserção de que as demais seções, por contraste, sejam puros fatos ou reportagens . Como são assinados, não necessariamente representam a posição ideológica do jornal (O Estado de São Paulo); contudo, o simples fato de estarem nele, permite aos leitores investi-los com a mesma autoridade e credibilidade que se atribui ao jornal, notam Kitis & Milapides (1996). Assim, podemos utilizar para o artigo de opinião as mesmas palavras de Fowler (1991), quando ele diz que, o que distingue o editorial não é a oferta de valores e crenças, mas o emprego de estratégias textuais que salientam o ato de fala de oferta de valores e crenças . A presente dissertação analisa os artigos de Gaudêncio Torquato, publicados dominicalmente no jornal O Estado de São Paulo, do ponto de vista da Lingüística Crítica , que propõe que a análise, usando instrumentos lingüísticos próprios e com referência a contextos históricos e sociais relevantes, pode trazer a ideologia, normalmente escondida através da habitualização do discurso, à superfície para inspeção (Fowler, 1991: 89). Enquanto o foco da análise do discurso tradicional está nos significados estabelecidos entre sentenças e enunciados, na Análise Crítica, o foco está na seleção que é feita na construção dos textos e em fatores que restringem e determinam essas escolhas e em seu efeito. Segundo Charteris-Black (2004), a metáfora é uma dessas escolhas lingüísticas conscientes que esconde processos sociais subjacentes, e a análise da metáfora pode ajudar a identificar o conteúdo textual implícito, uma vez que ela se manifesta como evidência verbal para um sistema subjacente de idéia ou ideologia . Kress & Hodge (1993: 15) propõem que a ideologia envolve uma apresentação sistematicamente organizada da realidade . Com isso em mente, os autores afirmam que a metáfora é vital na criação dessa apresentação da realidade. Partindo de um corpus constituído por cinco artigos de opinião, o objetivo desta viii pesquisa é, por meio de estudo apoiado na metáfora, compreender o funcionamento desse recurso lingüístico. É através da metáfora que o autor expressa seu posicionamento atitudinal em relação aos acontecimentos políticos do País, conseguindo assim, ao mesmo tempo em que evita ameaçar diretamente a face da(s) pessoa(s) envolvida(s), envia sua mensagem e persuade seu leitor. Em minha análise, recorro basicamente à Lingüística Sistêmico-Funcional (LSF), de Halliday (1985; 1994) e seus colaboradores, à Teoria da Relevância, de Sperber & Wilson, (1986, 1995), e às noções de Goatly (1997), bem como às ampliações e contribuições que as teorias têm recebido. O que distingue a LSF, segundo Eggins (1994), é que ela procura desenvolver uma teoria sobre a língua como um processo social e uma metodologia que permite descrição detalhada e sistemática dos padrões lingüísticos. A LSF tem sido considerada como a abordagem teóricometodológica mais adequada à Análise Crítica do Discurso (Fowler, 1991; Fairclough, 1992). Por outro lado, Charteris-Black (2004) e Fairclough (1999a) analisam a metáfora com base na Lingüística Funcional de Halliday (1985; 1994)

Un débat perdure toujours entre les partisans du relativisme linguistique et ceux qui penchent plutôt pour l’universalisme. Depuis Whorf, plusieurs expériences ont été menées pour déterminer si la langue avait une influence sur l’esprit d’un individu, mais très peu ont porté sur la pragmatique. Je propose d’explorer le relativisme linguistique selon la perspective de la pragmatique du langage. Deux approches théoriques en pragmatique s’opposent sur la question du relativisme : l’ethnopragmatique et la théorie de la pertinence. En utilisant des modèles de l’interaction culturelle en anthropologie, en particulier les idées de Bourdieu et le concept d’assemblage, je démontre que la flexibilité de la théorie de la pertinence permettrait d’y intégrer une composante relativiste, et ce, sans avoir à la dénaturer. Pour illustrer cette possibilité, j’introduis l’Identité Cognitive qui agit comme composante relativiste tout en permettant une interaction avec la pertinence universaliste du modèle. / There is a strong division between those who believe in linguistic relativity and those who tend more towards universalism. Since Whorf, many experiments were conducted to determine how and if language could influence thoughts, but not often they were focussed on pragmatics. I revisit the debate on linguistic relativism by considering pragmatics only. There are two different theoretical models in pragmatics at the time, and they support opposing views on relativism: ethnopragmatics and relevance theory. Using models of cultural interaction from anthropology, in particular the ideas of Bourdieu and the concept of assemblage, I show that relevance theory is flexible enough to be able to incorporate a relativistic component, without having to modify its core principles. To illustrate this necessary transformation, I introduce the Cognitive Identity that could interact with the universalistic relevance of the model and still be relativistic itself.