The goal of this dissertation is to consolidate the theoretical foundation of variable-resolution (VR) methods in general and the partially-averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS) approach in particular. The accurate simulation of complex turbulent flows remains an outstanding challenge in modern computational fluid dynamics. High- fidelity approaches such as direct numerical simulations (DNS) and large-eddy simulation (LES) are not typically feasible for complex engineering simulations with cur- rent computational technologies. Low-fidelity approaches such as Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS), although widely used, are inherently inadequate for turbulent flows with complex flow features. VR bridging methods fill the gap between DNS and RANS by allowing a tunable degree of resolution ranging from RANS to DNS. While the utility of VR methods is well established, the mathematical foundations and physical characterization require further development. This dissertation focuses on the physical attributes of fluctuations in partially-resolved simulations of turbulence. The specific objectives are to: (i) establish a framework for assessing the physical fidelity of VR methods to examine PANS fluctuations; (ii) investigate PANS simulations subject to multiple resolution changes; (iii) examine turbulent transport closure modeling for partially-resolved fields; (iv) examine the effect of filter control parameters in the limit of spectral cut-off in the dissipative region; and (v) validate low-Reynolds number corrections with RANS for eventual implementation with PANS. While the validation methods are carried out in the context of PANS, they are considered appropriate for all VR bridging methods. The key findings of this dissertation are summarized as follows. The Kolmogorov hypotheses are suitably adapted to describe fluctuations of partially-resolved turbulence fields, and the PANS partially-resolved field is physically consistent with the adapted Kolmogorov hypotheses. PANS adequately recovers the correct energetics in instances of multiple resolution changes. Scaling arguments are used to determine the correct transport closure model for a partially-resolved field in a boundary layer. The need to modify the fε filter control parameter for cut-off in the dissipation range is highlighted. A low-Reynolds number near-wall correction was evaluated on a RANS model with the intent of adapting to it VR methods. Overall, PANS shows promise as a theoretically sound modeling approach, and this work lays the foundation for future PANS investigations.

Sporte kaip ir gyvenime konfliktai yra gana dažni. Pastebėta, jog ilgai trunkantys, dažni konfliktai mažina sportininko veiklos efektyvumą, žlugdo tarpasmeninius santykius. Jie tampa net pagrindine kliūtimi siekiant aukštų rezultatų. Darbe buvo bandoma išsiaiškinti kokie konfliktai vyrauja krepšinį žaidžiančių moksleivių ir studentų komandose. Kaip jų išvengti ir ar verta vengti, kokios galimybės spręsti įsiliepsnojusius konfliktus. Taigi tyrimo problema: kokie yra krepšinį žaidžiančių moksleivių ir studentų konfliktų ypatumai ir jų sprendimo būdai. Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti krepšinį žaidžiančių studentų ir moksleivių konfliktų ypatumus ir jų sprendimo būdus. Tikslui įgyvendinti buvo pasirinkti uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti vyraujančias krepšinį žaidžiančių moksleivių ir studentų konfliktų sprendimų strategijas. 2. Ištirti krepšinį žaidžiančių studentų ir moksleivių polinkį konfliktuoti. 3. Ištirti konfliktų, vyraujančių tarp krepšinį žaidžiančių moksleivių ir studentų ypatumus. Tyrimo hipotezė – nėra skirtumų tarp sportuojančių moksleivių ir studentų konfliktų sprendimo strategijų. Tyrimas buvo atliktas Kauno rajono Ežerėlio vidurinėje ir Zapyškio pagrindinėje mokyklose, bei LKKA. Jame dalyvavo 36 Ežerėlio vidurinės mokyklos mokiniai, 20 Zapyškio pagrindinės mokyklos moksleivių ir 60 LKKA Sporto Edukologijos ir Sporto Technologijų fakultetų studentų. (116 respondentų). Tyrimo metodai: literatūros šaltinių analizė; K. Tomaso metodika reakcijų į konfliktines situacijas tipų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In sport as well as in life conflicts are rather frequent. It has been observed that long-lasting and frequent conflicts reduce the effectiveness of activities of athletes and frustrate interpersonal relationships. The conflicts may even become the major retardation in seeking high results. In this paper it has been attempted to find out what kinds of conflicts prevail in the teams of students and pupils who play basketball; how to obviate conflicts and is it worth obviating them; what are the possible ways to solve these conflicts. Thus, the problem of the research is the following: what are the peculiarities of conflicts among students and pupils who play basketball and what are the possible ways to solve them. Aim of research – to reveal the peculiarities of conflicts among students and pupils who play basketball as well as the possible ways to solve them. To implement this aim the following goals were chosen: 1. To determine prevailing strategies in solving conflicts among students and pupils who play basketball. 2. To examine students and pupils’ who play basketball tendency to conflict... 3. To investigate the peculiarities of conflicts which prevail among students and pupils who play basketball. Hypothesis of research – there are no differences between students basketballers and pupils basketballers’ in solving conflicts. The research was carried out in Ezerelis and Zapyskis schools in Kaunas area and in LKKA. In this research participated 36 pupils from Ezerelis and... [to full text]

56 Abstract The purpose of this work is to introduce the concept of Alternative Dispute Resolution as a full alternative to civil judicial proceedings. Emphasis is placed on the utilization of the alternative procedures in the Czech legal environment and on contemporary Czech legislation as well as its possible future development. The thesis was elaborated using primarily domestic professional literature, while a significant portion of the resources was represented by legal enactments including the relevant legislative history. This thesis only deals with foreign approaches to Alternative Dispute Resolution marginally, which is reflected in the choice of resources - foreign resources have been used to a very limited extent. Following the initial overview of the topic and the introduction of the author's relationship to the concept of Alternative Dispute Resolution, this thesis presents the theoretical classification of these methods and collectively enumerates the legal regulations pertaining thereto. This is followed by an elaboration on the most frequently used forms of Alternative Dispute Resolution, namely mediation at first and arbitration second. For each of the named forms of Alternative Dispute Resolution, the thesis describes the differentiating characteristics of each method, the process of the...

Este estudo propÃe a discussÃo sobre EquaÃÃes AlgÃbricas, objetivando realizar um estudo sobre as demonstraÃÃes das fÃrmulas, abordando desde aspectos histÃricos atà os diversos mÃtodos de resoluÃÃo de problemas, neste caso, os mÃtodos trabalhados foram o AlgÃbrico, o GeomÃtrico e o Computacional. Esta pesquisa se baseou num estudo bibliogrÃfico sobre as dificuldades de realizar as demonstraÃÃes das fÃrmulas trabalhadas nos conteÃdos de matemÃtica, bem como nas demonstraÃÃes propriamente ditas, aliadas a diversos exemplos resolvidos. A anÃlise do material bibliogrÃfico permitiu distribuir este estudo atravÃs do MÃtodo AlgÃbrico de resoluÃÃo de problemas, em que se discutiu a demonstraÃÃo e aplicaÃÃo das fÃrmulas resolutivas das equaÃÃes polinomiais de 1Â, 2Â, 3 e 4 graus, e ainda citando a impossibilidade da existÃncia de fÃrmulas para equaÃÃes de grau n > 4. No estudo sobre o MÃtodo GeomÃtrico, percebeu-se como a geometria està eficientemente presente na resoluÃÃo de problemas e que as soluÃÃes sÃo possÃveis apenas atravÃs de rÃgua e compasso, neste tÃpico foram abordados mÃtodos para resoluÃÃo de equaÃÃes polinomiais de 1 e 2 graus. Sobre o MÃtodo Computacional, foi enfatizado o estudo sobre os mÃtodos iterativos de resoluÃÃo, que sÃo processos de aproximaÃÃes sucessivas, para o cÃlculo de zeros da funÃÃo, neste item foram discutidos os mÃtodos de Newton, bisseÃÃo, secante, cordas e ponto fixo, de modo que ao final do tÃpico foram comparados os mÃtodos sob os aspectos de garantia e agilidade de convergÃncia e esforÃo computacional. Os resultados conseguidos indicaram a importÃncia do tema de resoluÃÃo de problemas com Ãnfase nas demonstraÃÃes das fÃrmulas, e que a contextualizaÃÃo histÃrica pode contribuir para desmitificar o processo de criaÃÃo e humanizaÃÃo da matemÃtica. / This study proposes a discussion of Algebraic Equations, aiming to conduct a study on the statements of the formulas, addressing the historic aspects to the various methods of problem solving, in this case, the methods were worked Algebraic, Geometric and Computational. This research was based on a literature study of the difficulties of performing demonstrations of formulas worked in the contents of mathematics as well as in the statements themselves, together with many worked examples. The analysis of the bibliographic material allowed to distribute this study by the method Algebraic problem-solving, in which they discussed the demonstration and application of resolving formulas of polynomial equations of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th grades, and even citing the impossibility of the existence of formulas equations above 4 degree. In the study of the geometric method, we noticed how this geometry efficiently present in solving problems and those solutions are possible only by ruler and compass, this topic was discussed methods for solving equations of 1st and 2nd grade. About Computational Method, the study on the iterative resolution methods that are processes of successive approximations for the calculation of zeros of the function, this item was discussed methods of Newton, bisection, secant, and ropes fixed point was emphasized in so that at the end of the topic the methods under warranty and agility aspects of convergence and computational effort were compared. The achieved results show the importance of the topic of problem solving with emphasis on the statements of the formulas, and the historical context can help to demystify the process of creating and humanization of mathematics.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:32:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Lucia Prado Catao.pdf: 964165 bytes, checksum: 57b3278e63364ae7fe030b5808595c6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study addresses Conflict Mediation as an institutionalising field, in close relation with judicial practices. Mediation is known as an alternative dispute resolution method, systematised in the US in the 1970 s. Along with Conciliation and Arbitration, it s becoming more widespread in Brazil, specially in the juridical field, being adopted as a political strategy in the reform of Judicial System. Mediation tends to be presented by mediators as a practice where one can find psychological and juridical knowledge and doings, but distinguished from both psychology and law fields. Considering this context, our research intended to identify and analyse Brazilian Mediation territory institutionalisation from two emphases: the relationship established between Mediation and Judiciary and the subjectivation process on judicial practices. That s what we have called psy-juridical borders. We have approached these themes through institutional analysis from a French perspective (René Lourau) and with some Michel Foucault theoretical supports. In chapter 1 we have scanned the field, showing the territory under construction and emphasising where Mediation and Judiciary reach each other. In chapter 2 we have focused articles written by psychologists and lawyers and their formulations about Mediation, showing its senses and effects on subject and society. In chapter 3 we have explored the experience of subjectivity produced in judicial Mediations − normalisation and ethical constitution of the subject were found. With Foucault perspective we were able to problematise the ethical-political choice which institutionalise such practices in Judiciary / Este estudo trata da Mediação de Conflitos enquanto campo de saber-fazer em institucionalização, em estreita relação com as práticas judiciais. Conhecida como um meio alternativo de resolução de conflitos sistematizado nos EUA, por volta dos anos 1970, a Mediação, ao lado de práticas como a Conciliação e a Arbitragem, vem se mostrando cada vez mais presente e divulgada no Brasil, sobretudo no âmbito jurídico, onde foi adotada como uma das estratégias políticas da Reforma do Judiciário. Apresentando-a como prática na qual confluem, sobretudo, saberes e fazeres da psicologia e do direito, mediadores tendem a atribuir-lhe contornos de um campo de saber-fazer que se distingue tanto do direito como da psicologia. Tendo em conta esse contexto, o objetivo de nossa pesquisa foi identificar e analisar a institucionalização do território da Mediação no Brasil por meio de dois vetores principais: como se estabelece a relação Mediação e Judiciário e como se configura a tematização dos processos de subjetivação no âmbito das práticas jurídicas, o que chamamos de fronteiras psijurídicas. Nossa abordagem foi a da análise institucional na perspectiva da escola francesa (René Lourau) e valemo-nos de aportes teóricos de Michel Foucault. Articulamos esta dissertação em três movimentos. No capítulo 1, adotamos uma postura de rastreio do campo-tema, pela qual evidenciamos atores e arenas que o constróem e explicitamos os lugares em que Mediação e Judiciário se encontram. Nesse território pudemos perceber a enorme força instituinte de sua relação com o Judiciário. No capítulo 2, aproximamo-nos das formulações em torno da Mediação presentes em artigos de psicólogos e operadores do direito de forma a explicitar os sentidos evocados e os efeitos nos sujeitos e na sociedade pretendidas com tal prática. No capítulo 3, propusemo-nos pensar a prática da Mediação tendo em vista as experiências de subjetividade que produziria. Aqui, contrapuseram-se possíveis experiências de normalização ou de constituição ética do sujeito. A perspectiva foucaultiana adotada nos permitiu problematizar a escolha ético-política que institucionaliza essa ou aquela prática no Judiciário

La stratégie d’anticipation procédurale en matière civile permet d’effectuer un choix approprié entre les différentes règles existantes en fonction du but poursuivi. L’anticipation du procès et la stratégie au cœur de l’action dessinent en creux le champ de la liberté individuelle laissée au justiciable dans le procès civil. En anticipant la survenance du litige ou en envisageant les modalités de résolution de ce dernier, la technique contractuelle fait de l’évitement du recours juridictionnel une stratégie d’anticipation. Une fois le litige né, le choix d’agir en justice suppose l’évaluation des chances de succès de l’action par rapport au résultat escompté. Seront parfois préférés les modes amiables de règlement des différends, voire le recours à un juge privé en la personne de l’arbitre. Mais si l’action est diligentée, le justiciable devra nécessairement soulever un certain nombre de questions nécessaires à l’élaboration de la stratégie qu’il retiendra pour son affaire. Pour réduire l’aléa judiciaire, plusieurs paramètres doivent être pris en compte tels que l’évolution du droit, de la jurisprudence, la réaction de l’adversaire ainsi que l’office du juge. L’efficacité de la stratégie d’anticipation varie selon le degré de prévisibilité de ces différents éléments qui forment l’objet de cette étude. / The civil procedural assessment strategy allows for a proper choice between the various existing rules depending on the aim. The assessment of the trial and the strategy at the heart of the lawsuit sets aside the scope of individual liberty that the defendant is entitled to during the civil trial. During the assessment of the origin of the dispute or the consideration of the methods for resolving it, the contractual technique is a matter of avoiding judicial recourse as part of an assessment strategy. Once the litigation has been entered into, the choice of suing involves assessing the chance of success of the lawsuit compared to the expected result. Sometimes what is preferred is alternative dispute resolution methods, or even recourse to a private judge (arbitrator). But if a lawsuit is entered into, it will be necessary to provide the defendant with answers to a certain number of questions that are necessary for developing the strategy that he will use throughout the case. In order to reduce legal risk, several parameters must be taken into account, such as the current state of legislation, jurisprudence, and opponents’ responses as well as those of the Office of Justice. The effectiveness of the assessment strategy will vary depending on the degree of predictability of the different elements which form the subject of this study.

L'analyse de la microstructure osseuse joue un rôle important pour étudier des maladies de l'os comme l'ostéoporose. Des nouveaux scanners périphériques haute résolution (HR-pQCT) permettent de faire des acquisitions de la micro-architecture osseuse in-vivo sur l'homme. Toutefois la résolution spatiale de ces appareils reste comparable à la taille des travées osseuses, ce qui limite leur analyse quantitative. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer de nouvelles approches jointes super-résolution/ segmentation pour une analyse quantitative plus fine des images HR-pQCT in-vivo de la structure osseuse trabéculaire. Dans une première étape nous nous sommes concentrés sur des méthodes 2D de super-résolution avec régularisation par variation totale (TV) puis par variation totale d'ordre plus élevé (Higher Degree TV), avec minimisation par un algorithme ADMM (Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers). Ensuite, nous avons proposé une méthode itérative combinant le principe de Morozov et la méthode de Newton pour estimer le paramètre de régularisation TV. Comparé à la méthode UPRE (Unbiased Predictive Risk Estimator), la méthode proposée est plus rapide et ne requiert pas un balayage exhaustif des valeurs des paramètres. Nous avons développé dans une deuxième étape une méthode de super-résolution/segmentation conjointe avec un a priori basé sur la Variation Totale et une relaxation convexe (Tvbox), qui permet d'améliorer les paramètres quantitatifs de l'os et de la connectivité 3D. La méthode a été validée sur des images expérimentales micro-CT déteriorées artificiellement. Finalement, en vue de l'application à des images réelles HR-pQCT, nous nous sommes intéressés à une approche conjointe semi-aveugle super-résolution/segmentation qui vise à estimer à la fois l'image binaire super-résolue et le noyau de convolution. Des résultats sur des images micro-CT et HR-pQCT sont présentés. En conclusion, notre travail montre que les méthodes d'optimisation basées sur la régularisation TV sont prometteurs pour améliorer la quantification de la micro-architecture osseuse sur des images HR-pQCT. / The investigation of trabecular bone micro-architecture provides relevant information to determine the bone strength, an important parameter in osteoporosis investigation. While the spatial resolution of clinical CT is not sufficient to resolve the trabecular structure, the High Resolution peripheral Quantitative CT (HR-pQCT) has been developed to investigate bone micro-architecture in-vivo at peripheral sites (tibia and radius). Despite this considerable progress, the quantification of 3D trabecular bone micro-architecture in-vivo remains limited due to a lack of spatial resolution compared to the trabeculae size. The objective of this thesis is to propose new joint super-resolution/segmentation approaches for improving the quantitative analysis of in-vivo HR-pQCT images of the trabecular bone structure. To begin with, we have investigated 2D super-resolution methods based on Total Variation (TV) and Higher Degree Total Variation (HDTV) and Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) minimization. Afterwards, an iterative method combining the Morozov principle and the Newton method was proposed in order to estimate the TV regularization parameter. The proposed method provides a very good regularization parameter only in few iterations compared with the UPRE method that requires an extensive scanning of parameter values. Furthermore, we have developed a 3D joint super-resolution/segmentation method based on a TV a prior with a convex relaxation (TVbox). The validation of the proposed methods was made on experimental micro-CT bone images artificially deteriorated. The results showed an improvement of the bone parameters and 3D connectivity with the TVbox method. Moreover, we have investigated a semi-blind joint super-resolution/ segmentation approach aiming to estimate both the binary super-resolved image and the assumed Gaussian blurring kernel that is not known for the real HR-pQCT images. Results on micro-CT and HR-pQCT experimental bone images were presented. In conclusion, our work has shown that TV based regularization methods promise to improve the quantification of bone micro-architecture from HR-pQCT images.

THESIS ABSTRACT The topic of Multi-tiered dispute resolution methods (or "MDR") is one of growing importance for parties involved in international transactions. When applied it allows them to resolve their disputes "smoothly" with the possibility to avoid an open conflict scenario and reduce their transaction costs. This masters thesis aim is to describe the legal phenomenon mentioned above in seven chapters. The first three chapters deal with theoretical and historical background of the topic, followed by the description of a variety of possible dispute resolution methods in chapter IV. Chapter V. lists three model MDR clauses and describes the Med-arb method as a typical example of MDR. Chapters VI. and VII. are concerned with practical questions of relevant legal orders in the arbitration step of MDR and with the importance of recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards.

Alternative Dispute Resolution was developed as an alternative to the traditional dispute resolution mechanism, litigation, which had become costly, time-consuming, did not give the parties control over the outcome of their disputes and was generally cumbersome. ADR refers to a variety of techniques for resolving disputes without resort to litigation in the courts. The concept behind the introduction of ADR methods was, inter alia, to reduce the delays and costs associated with litigation; to introduce relatively less formal methods of dispute resolution; to introduce consensual problem solving and empower individuals by enabling them to control the outcome of their dispute and develop dispute resolution mechanisms that would preserve personal and business relationships. ADR processes were thus intended to produce better outcomes all round. From the time ADR appeared on the scene, its usage has gained international recognition with both common law and civil law countries following the trend. Being faced with similar problems associated with litigation, Zambia has followed the trend and adopted some ADR mechanisms. Most commonly used ADR mechanisms in Zambia are mediation/conciliation, arbitration and negotiation. The legal and institutional frameworks for ADR in Zambia are firmly in place. It is thus, not far fetched to predict a successful future for ADR in which it will enjoy the support of the major stakeholders and play a vital role in justice delivery in Zambia. This thesis has a section on the conceptual framework for ADR and discusses the development of ADR internationally and some processes in use. It examines selected institutions of justice delivery in Zambia with a view to evaluating their operations and contribution to justice delivery in Zambia. It traces the development of institutions of justice delivery in Zambia from colonial times up to the present and assesses their performance. ADR processes currently in use in Zambia are critically examined and their shortcomings reviewed. The legal and institutional frameworks for ADR and the role they play of providing the supporting structure for ADR in the country are evaluated. Future prospects for ADR are indicated and recommendations for successful implementation of ADR in Zambia are given. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.

Alternative Dispute Resolution was developed as an alternative to the traditional dispute resolution mechanism, litigation, which had become costly, time-consuming, did not give the parties control over the outcome of their disputes and was generally cumbersome. ADR refers to a variety of techniques for resolving disputes without resort to litigation in the courts. The concept behind the introduction of ADR methods was, inter alia, to reduce the delays and costs associated with litigation; to introduce relatively less formal methods of dispute resolution; to introduce consensual problem solving and empower individuals by enabling them to control the outcome of their dispute and develop dispute resolution mechanisms that would preserve personal and business relationships. ADR processes were thus intended to produce better outcomes all round. From the time ADR appeared on the scene, its usage has gained international recognition with both common law and civil law countries following the trend. Being faced with similar problems associated with litigation, Zambia has followed the trend and adopted some ADR mechanisms. Most commonly used ADR mechanisms in Zambia are mediation/conciliation, arbitration and negotiation. The legal and institutional frameworks for ADR in Zambia are firmly in place. It is thus, not far fetched to predict a successful future for ADR in which it will enjoy the support of the major stakeholders and play a vital role in justice delivery in Zambia. This thesis has a section on the conceptual framework for ADR and discusses the development of ADR internationally and some processes in use. It examines selected institutions of justice delivery in Zambia with a view to evaluating their operations and contribution to justice delivery in Zambia. It traces the development of institutions of justice delivery in Zambia from colonial times up to the present and assesses their performance. ADR processes currently in use in Zambia are critically examined and their shortcomings reviewed. The legal and institutional frameworks for ADR and the role they play of providing the supporting structure for ADR in the country are evaluated. Future prospects for ADR are indicated and recommendations for successful implementation of ADR in Zambia are given. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.