A presente dissertação analisa o papel da Justiça Restaurativa na atualidade, tratando de situar o seu lugar no debate sociológico, inaugurado por Ferdinand Tönnies, que identifica na comunidade e na sociedade duas formas de sociabilidade distintas. A hipótese de que partimos é a de que, a despeito de ser celebrada como uma panacéia para os males do sistema de justiça criminal tradicional, a Justiça Restaurativa, por evocar um ideal de comunidade de difícil materialização nos dias de hoje, talvez não seja apropriada no contexto das sociedades modernas. Para verificá-la, empreendemos uma revisão da literatura que examina as características e as conseqüências sociais do processo de modernização, com foco nas obras de Anthony Giddens e Zygmunt Bauman. A partir delas, oferecemos um diagnóstico que retrata como a transição de uma modernidade simples para uma modernidade reflexiva acirrou, nas últimas décadas, a sensação de insegurança e transformou o ideal comunitário, que anima a Justiça Restaurativa, em um refúgio para a inconstância da vida moderna. A seguir, descrevemos o desenvolvimento teórico e prático da Justiça Restaurativa e, com o fim de verificar nossa hipótese empiricamente, realizamos um estudo de caso, examinando em profundidade dois conflitos encaminhados ao Programa-Piloto de Justiça Restaurativa dos Juizados Especiais Criminais do Núcleo Bandeirante, localizado nos arredores de Brasília, no Distrito Federal. Concluímos, enfim, que a Justiça Restaurativa, por mobilizar emoções íntimas, funciona bem quando aplicada a conflitos penais protagonizados por pessoas próximas, vinculadas por laços de tipo comunitário. No entanto, quando se trata de conflitos envolvendo estranhos, típicos da modernidade, a estratégia restaurativa tende a ser mal-sucedida. Portanto, do mesmo modo que, no presente, a comunidade é incapaz de substituir a sociedade, uma Justiça Restaurativa atrelada a ideais comunitários não será capaz de alterar significativamente o esquema de funcionamento de um sistema de justiça criminal criado de acordo com as particularidades das sociedades modernas. / This dissertation analyzes the role of Restorative Justice in the present, attempting to place it in the sociological debate launched by Ferdinand Tönnies, who identifies in community and society two different forms of sociability. The hypothesis from which we depart is that, although celebrated as a panacea to the problems of the traditional criminal justice system, perhaps Restorative Justice is not appropriate under the context of modern societies, since it evokes an ideal of community that could hardly be materialized nowadays. In order to verify this hypothesis, we undertake a review of the literature that examines the characteristics and the social consequences of the modernization process, focusing on the works of Anthony Giddens and Zygmunt Bauman. Based upon such accounts, we offer a diagnosis that depicts how the transition from a simple modernity toward a reflexive modernity intensified, in the last decades, the perception of insecurity and transformed the communitarian ideal, which underpins Restorative Justice, into a shelter from the inconstancy of modern life. Then, we describe the theoretical and practical development of Restorative Justice and, in order to empirically verify our hypothesis, we conduct a case study, perusing two conflicts submitted to the Pilot Program of Restorative Justice promoted by the Minor Offences Court of Núcleo Bandeirante, located in the surroundings of Brasilia, in the Federal District. Finally, we conclude that, for mobilizing intimate emotions, Restorative Justice works well when applied to criminal conflicts whose protagonists are closely-related persons, linked by communitarian bounds. However, when it comes to conflicts involving strangers, typical of modernity, the restorative strategy is likely to fail. Therefore, in the same way that community is unable to replace society in the present, a Restorative Justice dependent on communitarian ideals will not be capable of significantly altering the performance of a criminal justice system created according to the particularities of modern societies.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-02-20T13:38:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Ismael_Kalil2017.pdf: 792091 bytes, checksum: fe90a48950536f46b85be0ae69d4a2ee (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-20T13:38:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Ismael_Kalil2017.pdf: 792091 bytes, checksum: fe90a48950536f46b85be0ae69d4a2ee (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-25 / As an object of great concern and attention from the state and the whole society, violence in school has been taking significant proportions, especially in the public school system. Given this situation, the judicialization has been constituted as a recurrent way to face some forms of school violence. However, it is questionable: What are the practical effects and effectiveness (or not) of the school violence judicialization? What are the impressions of some members of the Tutelary Council and of the school about the problems of school violence in the Judiciary? Through a qualitative and descriptive research in the city of Cascavel-PR, we interviewed responsible counselors from each Tutelary Council and directors of twenty public schools in Cascavel-PR, in which ten directors are from municipal schools and ten from state schools. Based on the collected data, it was verified how is the interaction between school and Tutelary Council, highlighting the action of these two institutions in cases of violence, identifying what are the providences taken both by the school and by the Tutelary Council and also what are the effects of these providences in relation to the effective resolution of the problem, especially in relation to the judicialization. The survey revealed some perceptions on the part of the members of the school regarding the need to qualify the interaction with the Tutelary Council. The members of the tutelary council, in turn, consider that there is a lack of preparation to deal with the phenomenon of school violence in the schools' pedagogical team. It was also observed that the judicialization, besides being time-consuming, is not effective in solving or alleviating the problem of school violence, and that the Restorative Justice, even if little diffused, is the most appropriate providence when there is an act of school violence, in infractions cases. / Objeto de grande preocupação e de atenção por parte do Estado e de toda a sociedade, a violência na escola vem tomando proporções significativas, em especial na rede pública de ensino. Diante desse quadro, a judicialização tem se constituído como uma forma recorrente para o enfrentamento de algumas formas de violência escolar. Todavia, cabe nos questionarmos: Quais são os efeitos práticos e à eficácia (ou não) da judicialização da violência escolar? Quais são as impressões de alguns membros do Conselho Tutelar e da escola sobre levar os problemas de violência escolar ao Poder Judiciário? Por meio de uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa e descritiva na cidade de Cascavel-PR foram entrevistadas conselheiras responsáveis de cada Conselho Tutelar e diretores de vinte escolas públicas de Cascavel/PR, sendo dez diretores de escolas municipais e dez de escolas estaduais. Com base nos dados coletados, verificou-se como se dá a interação entre escola e Conselho Tutelar, destacando a atuação destas duas instituições nos casos de violência, identificaram-se quais são as providências tomadas tanto por parte da escola quanto por parte do Conselho Tutelar e quais os efeitos dessas providências em relação à resolução efetiva do problema, mormente em relação à judicialização. A pesquisa revelou algumas percepções por parte dos membros da escola em relação à necessidade de qualificar a interação com o Conselho Tutelar. Os membros do conselho tutelar, por sua vez, consideram que existe uma falta de preparo da equipe pedagógica das escolas para lidar com o fenômeno da violência escolar. Constatou-se, ainda, que a judicialização além de ser morosa não é efetiva na resolução ou na atenuação do problema da violência escolar, sendo que a Justiça Restaurativa; ainda que pouco difundida, se mostra a medida mais adequada quando da ocorrência de um ato de violência escolar, nos casos de atos infracionais.

This thesis seeks to investigate the possibility that the binary opposition between retributive and restorative forms of justice that structures the discourse on justice is unhelpful and unnecessary, particularly for societies seeking to extricate themselves from violent conflict and towards building peace and democracy. I shall argue for the importance of considering restorative justice as conceptually and historically prior to the possibility of retributive justice rather than the negation of one or the other, as well as advocate the potentially greater transformative power of the values of restorative justice which may provide a constructive alternative to retributive justice in the context of post-conflict peacebuilding.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As a new paradigm, restorative justice underlies a culture of peace, offering alternative means for a conflict resolution which can be applied not only on the legal field, but also on the fields of community, education and family. Taking this into account, in this study we sought to answer the following question: in the Brazilian context, how are the social actors represented linguistically in a didactic manual meant for the formation of social agents able to coordinate restorative justice practices? The main purpose of this work is to analyze the forms of representation of the social actors expressed in a manual of restorative justice. Thus, we based our corpus study on the manual Initiation in Restorative Justice: subsidies of restorative practices for conflict transformation (2006), which was used in the design activities of the Gaucho Project Justice for the 21st Century. Through the theories of discourse genres, we selected for the linguistic analysis the statements from the manual that belong to a guideline aimed to help the implementation of Restorative Procedures. Based on Bakhtinian assumptions, we analyzed the linguistic forms inserted in a specific socio-historical context. We conducted a socio-historical analysis of the most immediate and wider context which involve the production of the manual, and analyzed the forms of representation of the social actors based on the categories developed by van Leeuwen (1997). In this study, we verified that the linguistic choices produced in a certain context reflect a dialogic tension between distinctive realities. The analysis showed that the representations of the social actors indicate a reality constructed according to the ideals of the restorative paradigm. However, certain representations move away from these ideals. From our point of view, the language reveals that restorative justice during this initial stage of implementation has been promoting dialogue with other world visions as an attempt to establish itself as a paradigm. / Como um novo paradigma, a justiça restaurativa fundamenta-se em uma cultura de paz, oferecendo meios alternativos para a resolução de conflitos que podem ser aplicados não apenas no campo jurídico, mas também no comunitário, educacional e familiar. A partir disso, buscamos responder, com este estudo, a seguinte pergunta: no contexto brasileiro, como os atores sociais são representados linguisticamente em um manual didático voltado para a formação de agentes sociais capazes de coordenar práticas de justiça restaurativa? O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar as formas de representação dos atores sociais expressas em um manual de justiça restaurativa. Para tanto, tomamos como corpus o manual Iniciação em Justiça Restaurativa: subsídios de práticas restaurativas para a transformação de conflitos (2006), utilizado nas atividades de formação do projeto gaúcho Justiça para o Século 21. Selecionamos para a análise linguística os enunciados do manual que pertencem a um roteiro destinado a orientar a realização de Procedimentos Restaurativos, pelo viés das teorias de gêneros discursivos. Com base nos pressupostos bakhtinianos, analisamos as formas linguísticas inseridas em determinado contexto sócio-histórico. Realizamos uma análise sócio-histórica do contexto mais imediato e do mais amplo que envolve a produção do manual e analisamos as formas de representação dos atores sociais com base nas categorias elaboradas por van Leeuwen (1997). Por meio deste estudo, verificamos que as escolhas linguísticas, produzidas em dado contexto, refletem uma tensão dialógica entre realidades distintas. A análise mostrou que as representações dos atores sociais apontam, na maioria das vezes, para uma realidade construída de acordo com os ideais do paradigma restaurativo. Contudo, certas representações distanciam-se desses ideais. A nosso ver, a linguagem revela que a justiça restaurativa, durante esse seu período inicial de implantação, vem dialogando com outras visões de mundo, como uma tentativa de estabelecer-se como um paradigma.

The topic of this diploma thesis is the settlement in criminal proceedings, one of diversions, or also alternatives to typical course and outcome of criminal proceedings. The settlement was incorporated into the Czech Criminal Procedure Code by the amendment n. 152/1995 Sb. with the effect on 1st September 1995. The settlement is an institute of criminal procedure law originating in restorative justice principles and its goal is to restore affected relationship between the defendant and the victim. Then proceedings of the settlement should not serve only to compensate the victim, as is sometimes perceived by the public, but also to clarify causes of the conflict during the active participation of both parties and to assume personal responsibility for the crime committed which may have significant effects in terms of criminal prevention. Despite the fact that the settlement is a form of diversion beneficial to the defendant (it leads to cessation of prosecution), victim (it is faster to obtain the compensation) and society (prevention from committing other crimes, relieving courts in favour of complex and serious crimes), it is rarely used in practice. In the first chapter I generally deal with the concept of diversions in criminal proceedings, their fundamental characteristics and common features...

The practice and popularity of restorative justice (RJ) in education has been growing in recent years. There is, however, no universal understanding of RJ and its objectives. RJ can be understood in dramatically different ways by those implementing it: as an approach that challenges taken-for-granted structures and systems of discipline and control in schools; or as simply another tool that emphasizes compliance and punishment. Little research has been conducted that makes these differences explicit, and what the impact these different understandings of RJ might have on students. This multi-site case study examined how RJ was applied, how it was understood and what its intended objectives were in two schools, set in different contexts – Scotland and Canada. Although data was collected from teachers and principals to understand the context, my primary focus was on the students, those whom RJ was most intended to affect. Through questionnaires, observations, learning circles and engaging students as co-researchers, this study situates the student experience of RJ within particular school, regional and national contexts. The study finds that RJ in schools is a window into what is most fundamental to students: relationships. Viewing relationships through the window of RJ reveals both their centrality to students and their character of being of social control or social engagement. The study argues that RJ, by itself, does not guarantee certain qualities of relationship, but it does allow us to examine those qualities and ask questions of how school relationships are used to engage and/or control.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:54:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SILVANA_DISSERTACAO_25_09_2012.pdf: 649476 bytes, checksum: 9686ed4ddfc97ea2aee255e718baffe0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-29 / This research investigated the feasibility and the effectiveness of conflict mediation with restorative justice methods as an alternative means to prevent school violence, according to the perspective adopted by the Program School Protection System, implemented by the State Board of Education in the public school network of São Paulo State. Conflict mediation was implemented in São Paulo State public schools by means of the School Protection System with the purpose to protect state schools against risk factors, vulnerability, and to reduce violence within schools. Such a measure was carried out by means of contracting a School Mediator Teacher, whose main assignment is to adopt restorative practices and to mediate potential conflicts within schools. The aims of the research were: to analyze the Pedagogical Proposal and the By-laws of two public schools within the range of the Education Superintendency of Mirante do Paranapanema-SP; to identify the concept of school violence in the perception of the mediating teacher and to analyze the effects of conflict mediation based on restorative justice methods as an alternative means to prevent school violence. This research was guided by a methodological procedure of qualitative character, whose data collecting devices were documental analysis and semi-structured interviews with mediating teachers. Based on the data collected by us, it was possible to find out the meaningful improvements which conflict mediation had in the management of conflicts within schools. On the other hand, one also managed to find out the subsistence of strong traits displayed by traditional culture, inherently retributive/punitive, to deal with conflicts in everyday life within schools. Mediation ruled by restorative principles shows itself as a possibility meant for contributing on behalf of an education in favor of citizenship awareness, engaged in the development of citizens aware of their rights, capable of assuming their responsibilities within society. Although conflict mediation is a brand new approach in the field of education, one managed to realize that the theoretical foundation met the need of our study, making the discussion and the analysis of purposes easier. / Na presente pesquisa, foi investigada a viabilidade e a eficiência da mediação de conflitos com métodos de justiça restaurativa como alternativa de prevenção da violência escolar, segundo a perspectiva do Programa Sistema de Proteção Escolar, implantado pela Secretaria de Estado da Educação nas escolas da rede estadual de São Paulo. A mediação de conflitos foi implantada nas escolas públicas do Estado de São Paulo por meio do Sistema de Proteção Escolar, com o objetivo de proteger as escolas estaduais dos fatores de risco, vulnerabilidade, e de reduzir os casos de violência na escola. A medida foi efetivada por intermédio da contratação de Professor Mediador Escolar, que tem como principal atribuição adotar práticas restaurativas e de mediação de conflitos potenciais no ambiente escolar. Os objetivos da pesquisa foram: analisar a Proposta Pedagógica e o Regimento Escolar de duas escolas públicas jurisdicionadas à Diretoria de Ensino Região de Mirante do Paranapanema-SP; identificar a concepção de violência escolar na percepção do professor mediador e analisar os efeitos da mediação de conflitos com base em métodos de justiça restaurativa como alternativa de prevenção à violência escolar. Este trabalho foi orientado por um procedimento metodológico de cunho qualitativo, seus instrumentos de coleta de dados consistiram na análise documental e entrevista semiestruturada aos professores mediadores. Com base nos dados obtidos, foi possível perceber os avanços significativos que a mediação de conflitos representou na gestão de conflitos no contexto escolar. Por outro lado, constatou-se, também, a persistência de fortes traços da cultura tradicional, de cunho retributivo/punitivo, no tratamento dos conflitos no cotidiano escolar. A mediação pautada em princípios restaurativos mostra-se como uma possibilidade de contribuir para uma educação para a cidadania, comprometida com a formação de sujeitos de direitos capazes de assumir suas responsabilidades na sociedade. Embora a mediação de conflitos seja incipiente no campo educacional, constatou-se que a fundamentação teórica atendeu às necessidades do estudo, facilitando a discussão e a análise dos objetivos propostos.

La justice restaurative est un modèle en mouvement qui vise, par la participation active des protagonistes, la restauration du lien social brisé par une infraction. Hétérogènes et disparates, les pratiques restauratives éprouvent des difficultés à investir le champ des politiques criminelles française et roumaine relatives à la délinquance des mineurs et jeunes majeurs. Reconnues en tant que telles ou dissimulées sous un visage répressif, leur diversité illustre la richesse du mouvement mais représente également une source de confusion en raison de l'absence d'un cadre conceptuel clairement défini. Tributaires d'une stratégie gestionnaire, les dispositifs restauratifs sont affaiblis par l'inconsistance des fondements théoriques. La détermination d'un corps de principes directeurs favoriserait la métamorphose du mouvement restauratif en un modèle de justice porteur de transformations. Transversales, ces transformations se manifestent par un changement de regard que la justice restaurative pose sur l'infraction, envisagée comme un conflit portant atteinte aux personnes, sur la responsabilité, qui puise ses sources dans la notion de lien social et prend une forme prospective et solidaire, ainsi que sur la peine, qui revêt une double fonction restaurative : des protagonistes et du lien social. Ainsi conçu, le modèle restauratif n'est pas voué à se substituer au système pénal classique, mais s'inscrit dans un rapport de complémentarité avec ce dernier. Les protagonistes se réapproprient l'acte de justice et sa temporalité en participant activement à la résolution du conflit infractionnel, dans une démarche humaniste qui aspire à la pacification des rapports sociaux. / The restorative justice is a model in motion aiming, through the protagonists' active participation, to restore the social link broken by a crime. Heterogeneous and disparate, the restorative practices are experiencing difficulties implementing the field of French and Romanian criminal policies related to juvenile and young adult criminality. Openly restorative or concealed under a punitive appearance, its wealth is derived from the diversity of its practices, yet it represents as well a source of confusion, due to the Jack of a clearly defined conceptual framework. Depending on managerial approaches, the restorative devices are weakened by the inconstancy of their theoretical foundation. Thus, the establishment of a set of guiding principles would allow the restorative movement to transform into a restorative model. Cross-functional, these transformations are revealing themselves through a change of view regarding the crime, considered as a conflict harming the persons, the responsibility, drawing its sources from the notion of social link and bearing a prospective form, as well as the sentence, fulfilling a double restorative function : of the protagonists and of the social link. Therefore, the restorative mode! is not bound to be substituted to the traditional criminal system, but to act in a complementary manner with the latter. The protagonists are reappropriating the act of justice and its temporality by taking an active part in the resolution of the criminal conflict, in a humanistic approach aiming to pacifv social relations.

The idea that planners should work toward an equitable society has been part of the profession since the 1960s, largely based on the work of planning theorists like Paul Davidoff, Sherry Arnstein and Norman Krumholz. Transportation planning, however, has been slower than other sectors of the profession, such as housing, to embrace equity planning concepts. That has begun to change as concerns about income inequality, environmental justice and climate change have become more salient. This thesis makes the case that in order to improve social equity outcomes, transportation planners must make social equity an explicit goal and add social equity performance measures and targets to their plans. The study focuses on Hillsborough County, Florida as a case study and analyzes the extent that transportation planning agencies in the county consider social equity in their plans and processes. The data on plans and processes will be compared to data on social equity outcomes related to the distribution of transportation benefits and burdens, and next steps to improve social equity outcomes in the County will be identified in the form of policy recommendations.

No description available.