Bakgrund: Upplevelsen av ensamhet ökar med en stigande ålder. Det finns ett samband mellan ensamhet och psykisk eller fysisk ohälsa, och detta samtidigt som medellivslängden förväntas öka i Sverige och i andra delar av världen. Situationen medför ett ökat behov av att vårdpersonal ska kunna se lidandet ensamhet skapar och för att kunna ge adekvat vård. Syfte: Att beskriva äldre personers erfarenheter och upplevelse av ensamhet. Metod: Litteraturstudie med 10 vetenskapliga artiklar från databaserna PubMed och Cinahl. Analysen av artiklarna genomfördes med hjälp av Fribergs femstegsmodell och SBUS granskningsmall. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre huvudkategorier med sju underkategorier: Ensamhetens konsekvenser, Saknad av betydelsefulla relationer och Att skapa meningsfullhet. Konklusion: Resultatet av litteraturstudien visade på att äldre personer erfarenheter och upplevelser påverkar det psykiska måendet. Ensamhet kan vara kopplat till känslan av utanförskap från samhället. Genom att lyfta fram äldres upplevelse av ensamhet kan sjuksköterskan bidra till en förbättrad vård och ge en djupare förståelse för den ensamma individen. / Background: The feeling of loneliness or exclusion increases with age. And there is a connection between perceived loneliness and mental or physical ill health. At the same time, the average life expectancy is expected to increase in Sweden and other parts of the world. The situation means that there is an increased need for healthcare professionals to see the suffering created by loneliness, to provide adequate care. Aim: To describe older people's experience of loneliness. Methods: Literature review conducted with 10 qualitative articles found in PubMed and Cinahl. Analysis was conducted with help from Friberg's five steps model and SBUS review template. Result: The analysis resulted in three main categories with 7 subcategories: The consequences of loneliness, The lost of meaningful relationships and To create meaningfulness. Conclusion: The result of this literature study showed that elderly peoples experiences of loneliness affects their mental health. Loneliness could be related to feelings of alienation from the society. By highlight elderly peoples experience of loneliness is it possible for the nurse to enable and contribute with a better care and to give a deeper understanding for the lonely individual.

KIF1A is a molecular motor for membrane-bound cargo important to the development and survival of sensory neurons. KIF1A dysfunction has been associated with several Mendelian disorders with a spectrum of overlapping phenotypes, ranging from spastic paraplegia to intellectual disability. We present a novel pathogenic in-frame deletion in the KIF1A molecular motor domain inherited by two affected siblings from an unaffected mother with apparent germline mosaicism. We identified eight additional cases with heterozygous, pathogenic KIF1A variants ascertained from a local data lake. Our data provide evidence for the expansion of KIF1A-associated phenotypes to include hip subluxation and dystonia as well as phenotypes observed in only a single case: gelastic cataplexy, coxa valga, and double collecting system. We review the literature and suggest that KIF1A dysfunction is better understood as a single neuromuscular disorder with variable involvement of other organ systems than a set of discrete disorders converging at a single locus. / National Institutes of Health / Revisión por pares

The thesis deals with prerogative powers and their role in the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. It explains the meaning of the prerogative, shows how British courts employed it in Miller I and Miller II decisions, and outlines their effects on it. The first part of the thesis explains the concept of prerogative. Firstly, it analyses concept's theoretical background in early modern constitutional thought and its conceptualization in the work of John Locke. Secondly, it explains the role of royal prerogative after the Glorious Revolution, as described by William Blackstone and Albert Venn Dicey, and its current position in the constitutional system of the United Kingdom. Furthermore, it introduces a general distinction between two conceptions of prerogative powers - the political (non-legal) one and the legal one - and outlines the relationship between the British royal prerogative, law, Parliament, and courts. The second part of the thesis deals with a case study of judicial decisions pertaining to the process of withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. Specifically, the Miller I case, which addressed the existence of prerogative power to notify the intent to withdraw from the European Union (under Article 50 TEU), and the Miller II case concerning the...

Review too Irving Finkel: The Ark Before Noah. Decoding the Story of the Flood. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2014. 352 S. 16,3 × 23,6 cm. ISBN 978-1-444-75705-7. Preis: £ 25,00.

Soon after the discovery of radioactivity it was shown that radionuclides can be used both for diagnostic and therapeutic studies, depending on the characteristic radiations emitted by them. By 1960’s the radionuclide production technology using nuclear reactors was well established. In early 1970’s a renaissance of the cyclotrons occurred because many of the neutron deficient radionuclides could only be produced using irradiations with charged particles, like protons, deuterons, α-particles, etc. Initially, interest was directed towards radioactive gases for inhalation studies and other radionuclides for scintigraphy. Later, with the advent of emission tomography, i.e. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), the emphasis shifted to 123I and positron emitters [cf. 1–3], and tremendous progress ensued. In order to keep abreast of the fast developments, a Symposium was organized at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), USA, in 1976, with the title “Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry”. This became a biennial event, with alternate meetings in North America and Europe. It included all aspects of radionuclide and radiopharmaceutical research. About a decade later, however, it was realized that for discussion of technical aspects, a separate forum would be more appropriate. A group of experts therefore convened the first Targetry Workshop in Heidelberg in 1985. Thereafter it was established as a recurring Workshop, with its scope enlargened to include also nuclear and radiochemical problems. Today, the major conference on Radiopharmaceutical Sciences and the specialist International Workshop on Target-ry and Target Chemistry are held in alternate years. The present Workshop is No. 15 in the series and it is being jointly held by the research groups in Dresden and Prague, both of which have a long tradition of cyclotron production of radionuclides. In this talk, some personal reminiscences and impressions of the historical de-velopments in the field over the last 40 years will be briefly described.

Polen har sedan 2017 varit föremål för EU:s disciplinära förfaranden på grund av allvarliga brott mot rättsstatsprincipen. Detta är ett resultat av omfattande politiska reformer av rättsväsendet genomförda av det polska regeringspartiet Rätt och rättvisa (Prawo i sprawiedliwość, PiS). Ett av de första målen för PiS politiska attacker var lagprövning utförd av landets konstitutionella domstol (Konstitutionella Tribunalen, KT). Konstitutionella Tribunalen har sedan dess politiserats och dominerats av domare som är lojala mot det styrande partiet. KT, som tidigare var ett effektivt organ för konstitutionalitetskontroll, har förvandlats till makthavarnas allierade. Lagprövning som en demokratisk kontrollmekanism har satts ur spel. Utvecklingen i Polen väcker frågor om den svenska lagprövningen. Hur fungerar den? Uppfyller den sitt syfte? Kommer den att vara motståndskraftig mot liknande politiska attacker om en auktoritär majoritet får makten i Sverige? Kan Sverige lära sig av den polska erfarenheten och förbättra motståndskraften och effektiviteten i sin lagprövning? Denna uppsats diskuterar utvecklingen av lagprövning och dess roll i den svenska och den polska demokratiska ordningen. Likheter och skillnader mellan lagprövning i dessa två rättssystem fångas upp och förklaras genom att använda en komparativ metod med ett rättsgenetisk perspektiv. För att möjliggöra en fördjupad förståelse av lagprövningens funktion tillämpas dessutom en systematisk analys. Med dess hjälp delas rättsinstitutet upp i mindre beståndsdelar som sedan kan analyseras och jämföras på ett strukturerat sätt. Historiska faktorer och de senaste årens politiska utveckling inkluderas i analysen för att ge förklaringar till utvecklingen av lagprövning i båda länderna. Analysen i denna uppsats leder till slutsatsen att den polska lagprövningsmodellen har visat sig bristfällig i vissa avseenden, även om den var effektiv i andra. Redan före den nuvarande politiska utvecklingen kunde lagprövning i Polen kritiseras för det begränsade genomslag den gav till skyddet för de mänskliga rättigheterna. Men framför allt har dess motståndskraft inför en auktoritär parlamentarisk majoritet visat sig vara otillräcklig. Med den polska erfarenheten i åtanke kan det konstateras att den svenska lagprövningen har potential att bli mer motståndskraftig om ett auktoritärt parti tar makten. Det finns emellertid vissa aspekter av dess funktion som bör utvecklas och skyddas mot negativt politiskt inflytande. / Poland has since 2017 been subject to EU disciplinary procedures because of serious breaches of the rule of law. This is a result of extensive political reforms of the judiciary by the Poland’s ruling party Law and Justice (Prawo i sprawiedliwość, PiS). One of the first targets for PiS political attacks was judicial review performed by the country’s constitutional court (Constitutional Tribunal, CT). The Constitutional Tribunal has since been politicized and dominated by judges loyal to the ruling party. CT, which was previously an effective organ for constitutionality control, has been turned into a government enabler. Judicial review, one of the most important checks and balances in the Polish constitutional democracy, has been put out of action. The development in Poland raises questions about Swedish judicial review. How does it function? Does it fulfil its purpose? Will it be resistant to similar political attacks should an authoritarian majority seize power in Sweden? Can Sweden learn from the Polish experience and improve the resilience and effectivity of its judicial review? This paper discusses the development of judicial review and its role in the Swedish and Polish democratic orders. Similarities and difference between judicial review in these two legal systems are captured and explained by applying a comparative law method with a historical perspective. To enable an in-depth understanding of judicial review’s function, a systematic analysis is applied. With its help the institute of judicial review is broken down into smaller elements which can then be analysed and compared in a structured manner. Historical factors and recent years’ political development are factored into the analysis to provide explanations for the development of judicial review in both countries. The analysis in this paper concludes that the Polish model of judicial review has been proven lacking in some respects, although it was effective in others. Even before the current political development, judicial review in Poland could be criticized for the limited impact it gave to the human rights’ protection. But above all, its resilience in the face of an authoritarian parliamentary majority has proven to be insufficient. With the Polish experience in mind, it can be ascertained that the Swedish judicial review has a potential to be more resilient when faced with an authoritarian party seizing power. There are however some aspects of its function that should be developed and secured against negative political influence.

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Bakgrund: Underlättande och försvårande faktorer till fysisk aktivitet (FA) är välstuderat inom flera patientgrupper men hos friska vuxna finns inte lika mycket information. Syftet med denna kvalitativa litteraturöversikt var att sammanfatta litteratur gällande underlättande och försvårande faktorer för FA bland friska vuxna.  Metod: Studien var en litteraturstudie där intervjustudier sammanfattades för att få en bild om vilka återkommande teman som finns angående underlättande och försvårande faktorer för FA hos friska vuxna. Varje studie granskades individuellt med Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) och det sammanvägda resultatets granskades med Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research (GRADE- CERQual).  Resultat: Resultatsammanfattningen visar att det finns gemensamma faktorer som lyfts i många studier. Dessa kategoriserades in i fyra olika teman; biologiska, psykologiska, sociala och ekonomiska, samt miljö och samhälle. De främst förekommande underlättande faktorerna var: viktnedgång, njutning, social kontakt och tillgång till platser att träna på. De främsta försvårande faktorerna var: närvaro av sjukdom och rädsla. En majoritet av studierna i litteraturöversikten hade låg risk för snedvridning enligt CASP. Den sammanvägda granskningen med GRADE-CERQual visar inte på några tydliga risker för snedvridning.   Slutsats: Bland dessa kvalitativa intervjustudier fanns en majoritet av psykologiska och sociala faktorer. De ingående intervjustudierna och det sammanvägda resultatet hade låg risk för snedvridning men resultatet bör tolkas utifrån att de granskningsinstrument som används vid kvalitativ litteraturöversikt i sig kan ha stor risk för snedvridning genom att instrumenten lämnar stort tolkningsutrymme. Framtida forskning bör fortsätta undersöka upplevelser av underlättande och försvårande faktorer för FA för att utforska skillnader och gemensamma faktorer mellan populationer.

Concrete has an excellent intrinsic behaviour when exposed to fire, especially when compared to other building materials. However, its fire resistance should not be taken for granted and a proper structural fire design is certainly necessary. This design is based on the understanding of both the material and the structural behaviour of concrete exposed to fire. A number of complex physicochemical reactions occur when concrete is heated, causing mechanical properties as strength and stiffness to deteriorate. Furthermore, the phenomenon of spalling causes pieces of concrete to break off from the surface, reducing the cross-section of an element and possibly exposing the reinforcing to the high temperatures. Spalling can be highly dangerous and is most common in high strength concrete. However, its mechanism is still not fully understood. The Eurocode provides a number of procedures in order to design concrete structures for the fire situation, both prescriptive as performance based. However, of the latter, only the basic principles are given and several gaps still need to be filled through research. Thus in practical design, either tabulated data or a simplified calculation method is used. In many cases, these design methods fail to predict the true behaviour of concrete structures in real fires. Firstly, the standard heating curve is not able to represent the wide variety of realistic fires. Furthermore, design should investigate the behaviour of the complete structure, including alternative failure modes, whereas member analysis ignores effects as incompatible thermal expansions which can cause high thermal stresses. Although a lot of research has been performed already, more in-depth study is needed. Several elements of the behaviour of heated concrete still need to be researched. A systematic study of the effects of realistic thermal exposures is needed and a lot more work is required in order to unravel the mystery of spalling. The study of the response of complete concrete structures presents another challenge, requiring large-scale fire tests. The goal is to develop a concrete model that reflects the true behaviour of concrete structures exposed to fire. This model should incorporate the fully coupled hygro-thermal-mechanical behaviour combined with a sophisticated structural analysis, including the effect of transient strain.