Abstract Many historians would like to discover a time of relative freedom, security and independence for women of the past. The Germanic era, from 400-1000 AD, was a time of stability, and security due to limitations the law placed upon the mundwald and the legal ability of women to possess property. The system of compensations that the Germans initiated in an effort to stop the blood feuds between Germanic families, served as a deterrent to men that might physically or sexually abuse women. The majority of the sources used in this work were the Germanic Codes generally dated from 498-1024 AD. Ancient Roman and Germanic sources provide background information about the individual tribes. Secondary sources provide a contrast to the ideas of this thesis, and information.

The introduction of the first democratic Constitution and the land reform programme in South ' Africa provided the impetus for the development of a new perception of property. In terms of the traditional private law perception property rights are reduced to abstract, scientific concepts which form part of a hierarchical system of rationally and logically related concepts and definitions, the relationships between which remain largely unaffected by social and political realities. In this view the constitutional property clause is interpreted as a guarantee of existing individual property rights against unwarranted state interference. Proponents of the traditional private law view argue that this perception of property need not be replaced by a new constitutional perception of property, because the traditional private law perception is legitimated by the fact that it developed in an uninterrupted, linear line from Roman law. It is regarded as flexible enough to adapt to new and different social and political circumstances. However, the truth is that the development of property rights was disrupted by a number of discontinuities or fundamental breaks in different periods of its development. It is argued in this thesis that the introduction of the new constitutional order in South Africa can be regarded as another of these discontinuities, and that the strict adherence to the private law perception of property may be abandoned in favour of a new debate on property where the social and political function of property is emphasised more strongly. Land reform promotes the public interest in that it ensures the equitable use, distribution and exploitation of property. In most cases the implementation of land reform necessitates the limitation of property rights. A conservative judiciary's adherence to the traditional private law perception of property may lead to a constitutional conflict between the judiciary (that aims to afford existing property rights strong constitutional protection) and the legislature (that aims to promote the public interest by implementing land reform). Such a constitutional conflict can be avoided if the South African courts adopt an approach in terms of which the social and political role and function of property in society is recognised. / Private Law / LL.D.

The conceptualist view of property is based on the conceptual system or hierarchy of rights conceived by Grotius and developed by the pandectists. It rests on the assumptions that ownership is neutral and timeless. As such it has a number of abstract, timeless and universal characteristics, namely absoluteness, uniformity and exclusivity. Combined with liberalism, this concept of property becomes the guarantee of liberty and equality. The first part of this study shows that not only are the assumptions historically unfounded, but this conceptualist view of property made liberty and equality for women, in particular, impossible. The liberal, conceptualist property concept is a modernist construct that cannot guarantee either liberty or equality. The question then becomes whether constitutionalism can do what conceptualism cannot- can die constitutional protection of property guarantee liberty and equality. The second part of this study suggests that the answer to this is an "it depends" kind of answer. It depends on the structure of a constitution, underlying philosophical, political and, above all, hermeneutics theories employed by courts. In the South African context courts need to reject the private-law conceptualist view of ownership in favour of a constitutional property concept. This last-mentioned concept should be based on the values and normative context of the 1996 constitution. As such it involves value choices and making a political stand. Courts need to abandon conceptualist frameworks and decide on the proportionality of limitations on property. The conclusion to this study suggests that a feminist understanding of human beings as socially constructed and constrained, so that democracy alone cannot provide an answer to the counter-majaritarian dilemma, is necessary far an understanding of property. The creative tension provided by the feminist conflict between a political agenda and a respect far contexts may provide a framework far adjudicating an property issues. / Private Law / LL.D.

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Chapter one of this research and its hypothesis outlines the way in which land inheritance has been applied in past decades to the total exclusion of women. This study includes mainly the Ogba and Ekpeye and concentrates on areas where the Bible has been read for nearly 100 years without any appreciable impact on the cultural restrictions imposed on women with respect to the inheritance of land. Chapter two highlights the practices of land tenure in both the ancient Near East (ANE) and ancient Israel, with specific emphasis on the concepts of ahuzzah and nahalah, the role of the kinsman redeemer (goe/) in the redemption and retension of the family inheritance, and the importance of the dowry as a substitute for land inheritance. Chapter three looks at the social and religious status of women in the ANE and ancient Israel, and illustrates the importance of women as daughters or wives. The specific inheritance rights enjoyed by women in ANE societies are also mentioned. The inheritance rights of women in South-east Nigeria and the Niger Delta are covered in chapter four. The traditional system of land holding and the relationship between this system and the socio-economic status of women are disussed. Empirical evidence from the Niger Delta communities is given and a comparison made with other groups in Niqerie. The thesis proceeds to make a functionally equivalent translation of the Zelophehad narrative (Num. 27:1-11) with the understanding that such unique texts, if properly understood, could impact on the cultural perceptions of the people in terms of the inheritance rights of women. This contrasts with the more literal, second language translations which seem not to have had any significant impact on the communities so far. The final chapter makes an evaluation of the central hypothesis. Due to logistic difficulties, the application of the results of the research to the target communities may have to wait until funds are available to test the translation within the target communities. Such a test will have to be done over a period of time to determine its impact on the problem facing women with respect to inheritance rights. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hoofstuk een van hierdie studie en hipotese fokus op die navorsingsvraag, naamlik die wyse waarop grondnalatenskap die afgelope dekades tot die algehele uitsluiting van vroue plaasgevind het. Die studie sluit hoofsaaklik die Ogba en Ekpeye in, en konsentreer op streke waar die Bybel die afgelope 100 jaar gelees is sonder enige noemenswaardige impak op die kulturele beperkings op vroue met betrekking tot die erf van grond. Hoofstuk twee bespreek die grondbesitpraktyke in beide die antieke Nabye Ooste (ANa) en antieke Israel. Spesifieke aandag word geskenk aan die konsepte van ahuzzah en nahalah, die rol van die bloedverwant losser (goel) in die aflos en behoud van die familie erfenis, en die belang van die bruidskat as substituut vir 'n nalatenskap van grond. Hoofstuk drie kyk na die sosiale en godsdienstige status van vroue in die ANa en antieke Israel, en illustreer die belangrikheid van vroue as dogters of getroudes in die gemeenskap. Die spesifieke erfregte wat vroue in die ANO geniet het, word ook genoem. Die erfreg van vroue in Suid-oos Niqerie en die Niger Delta word in hoofstuk vier gedek. Die tradisionele stelsel van grondbesit word bespreek, asook die verhouding tussen hierdie sisteem en die sosio-ekonomiese status van vroue. Empiriese bewyse uit die Niger Delta gemeenskappe word verskaf en 'n vergelyking getref met ander groepe in Niqerie. Die tesis maak 'n funksioneel gelykwaardige vertaling van die Selofgad-verhaal (Num. 27: 1-11), met die verstandhouding dat sulke unieke tekste, indien behoorlike verstaan, 'n impak kan he op kulturele waarnemings ten opsigte van die erfreg van vroue. Dit kontrasteer met die meer letterlike, tweedetaal vertalings wat tot dusver skynbaar geen noemenswaardige impak op die gemeenskappe gehad het nie. In die finale hoofstuk word die sentrale hipotese qeevalueer. Die toepassing van die resultate van die navorsing op die teikengemeenskappe sal, as gevolg van logistieke struikelblokke, moet wag tot fondse beskikbaar is om die vertaling op die teikengemeenskappe te toets. Sodanige toets sal oor "n tydperk moet strek ten einde die impak daarvan op die probleem wat vroue ervaar ten opsigte van erfreg vas te stel.

Law is a means to an end. The state has always claimed it uses law as a tool to promote social order and progress (the Brazilian National Flag is an example). The use of law to force social change to facilitate capital accumulation for elites in society flies in the face of what the takings clause is supposed to stand for. This research examines the connection between economic development and public good. It focuses on takings because takings lie at the intersection between economics, politics, and social relations. Takings are justified by necessity and public good, but the claim isn’t genuine. Takings condone displacement and cause harm. State-authorized condemnation juxtaposes civic duty with social obligation, ownership with license and privilege. The thesis developed here is the state is pushing the law of takings toward the satisfaction of private interests. To that end the public use concept was expanded. Kelo v. City of New London (2005) holds economic development is a public use and in making that fallacious claim the case has ruptured takings law. Public use shouldn’t be about private gain. Property should be creative and is when it facilitates productivity, but it’s destructive if it erodes personal autonomy. The state claims it promotes social good when it reorders uses, but the claim is false. Instead the state achieves an air of legitimacy, offering a sound rationale for acts of displacement and uses law to support the claim it promotes public good. If an individual doesn’t want to part with her property she shouldn’t be forced to do so. Taking is use of state power to accomplish ends that can’t otherwise be achieved. Taking is a lawful means to displace to benefit private interests. The proof of this is in the pudding of the transformation of law between Berman v. Parker (1954) and Kelo v. City of New London (2005). Berman (1954) required blight. Kelo v. City of New London (2005) eliminated that requirement. This thesis explains how law and state are captured by private interests. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Marino Bicudo.pdf: 454428 bytes, checksum: cbf5a2d9eb98999fa1c8f34dc77fdc4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-28 / The following study analyses the relation between the right to build and the right of property, with focus on the principle of the social function of the urban property. The recent discussions regarding such principle and the fact that the Municipality is the competent governmental body to propose and execute its strategic general zoning plan and take decisions regarding urbanism matters, would be indicatives, under the understanding of the Urbanism Law doctrine, that the right to build and the right of property are unrelated. However, a different conclusion is reached upon the analysis of the constitutional and infra-constitutional rules regarding the matter. Even if the principle of social function of the property is considered as a fundamental right this does not lead to the exclusion of the right of property, nor to its separation of the right to build. Preserving the harmony of principles, the present work concludes that the right of property and the principle of the social function of the property must coexist, one not interfering on the existence of the other. This discussion is restricted to the existing relation between the right to build and the right of urban property. The epistemological restriction is justifiable, as the essential content of urban and rural properties are different. Regarding the urban property, it is clear that the essential content is precisely the right to build. Therefore, since the principle of social function of the property and all infra-constitutional ramifications related the theme do not change the minimal and essential content of the right of urban property, as well as its purpose and extension, the conclusion is that the urban property holder continues to be the rightful owner of the right to build / O presente trabalho trata das relações existentes entre o direito de construir e o direito de propriedade, em face, principalmente, do princípio da função social da propriedade urbana. As recentes discussões a respeito do aludido princípio e o fato de deter o Município competência para elaborar seu plano diretor e, assim, tomar decisões a respeito de urbanismo, seriam indicativas, no entender de parte da doutrina de Direito Urbanístico, da desvinculação entre direito de construir e direito de propriedade. A partir da análise do regramento constitucional e infraconstitucional da matéria, chegamos a conclusão diversa. A elevação do princípio da função social da propriedade à categoria de direito fundamental não importa na extinção do direito de propriedade, tampouco na sua separação do direito de construir. Buscando harmonizar princípios, concluímos que o direito de propriedade e o princípio da função social da propriedade devem coexistir no ordenamento jurídico, sem que um implique na extinção do outro. Restringimos a discussão à vinculação do direito de construir ao direito de propriedade urbana. O corte epistemológico é justificado em face das diferenças existentes entre o conteúdo mínimo da propriedade urbana e da propriedade rural. Com relação à propriedade urbana, constatamos que tal conteúdo mínimo corresponde exatamente ao direito de construir. Desse modo, verificando que o princípio da função social da propriedade e todos os desdobramentos infraconstitucionais que o tema abrange não alteraram o conteúdo mínimo e essencial do direito de propriedade urbana, bem como o seu sentido e alcance, conclui-se que o proprietário urbano continua titular do direito de edificar

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-11-14T11:11:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Brazolin Abdulmassih.pdf: 1149052 bytes, checksum: cbcc484ba7591bb233e0838ae4dc9cb5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-14T11:11:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Brazolin Abdulmassih.pdf: 1149052 bytes, checksum: cbcc484ba7591bb233e0838ae4dc9cb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-23 / The present study aims to relate the theory of the social function of property to the contributions made by the field of Economic Law. At first, it explores the history of private property, making use of the philosophical theories which tried to justify the problem of private property. Dealing with the assumptions of the Economic Law School of the Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, the ideas of John Locke and Jacques Maritain are brought, to expose the foundation of private property and humanism within political and economic relations. Approaching property relations within the scope of Economic Law, a brief history of its evolution that came to a head with the creation of a legal order of deontological nature, which acts upon the economy, a de facto universality of ontological nature. In this issue, Goffredo Telles Junior’s theory of Direito Quântico is used to reveal the human dignity with legal statutes, and the importance of Human Rights in relation to private property for the strengthening of Democracy. In an effort to narrow the scope of the research, there is an exposition on the legal theories pertaining the concept of estate, property and domain, so that the difference between dynamic and static property can be traced, focusing on the first, which is directed to the production of other goods. The study proceeds with a comparison among foreign legal orders, concluding for the narrow relation between the legal protection of property and the respect of its purpose, which must be socially useful. The research then explores the Brazilian legislation, from the first constitutions to the current Civil Code, to demonstrate that the means of production, the so-called dynamic property, comprises a specific legal situation, that must reconcile the value of work and self-initiative, as well as social justice. Based upon the legislation, this paper addresses examples where property, when it respects its social role, bring systemic growth of the economy and human dignity, as, regarding the constitutional economic order, cannot be set apart / O presente estudo se propõe a relacionar a teoria da função social da propriedade com as contribuições advindas do Direito Econômico. Explora primeiramente a história da propriedade, fazendo uso das teorias filosóficas que se ocuparam do problema da justificação da propriedade privada. Tratando dos pressupostos da escola de Direito Econômico da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, as ideias de John Locke e Jacques Maritain são expostas para trazer a fundamentação da propriedade pessoal e do humanismo nas relações políticas e econômicas. Passando para as relações da propriedade no âmbito do Direito Econômico, é traçado um breve histórico sobre a sua evolução que culminou na elaboração de uma ordem jurídica de natureza deontológica, atuando sobre a economia, uma universalidade de fato de natureza ontológica. Neste ponto, a teoria do Direito Quântico de Goffredo Telles Junior é utilizada para se revelar a dignidade humana subjacente às normas jurídicas, e a importância da interrelação entre Direitos Humanos e direito de propriedade para o fortalecimento da Democracia. Visando delimitar o objeto de estudo, foram investigadas as teorias jurídicas sobre os conceitos de patrimônio, propriedade e domínio, para então trazer a diferenciação entre propriedade dinâmica e propriedade estática, com maior foco na primeira, que é direcionada para a produção de outros bens. O estudo prossegue trazendo um estudo comparativo com outras ordens jurídicas estrangeiras, concluindo pela estreita relação entre o reconhecimento da propriedade e o respeito à sua finalidade, que deve ser socialmente útil. A pesquisa passa a cuidar da legislação brasileira, desde as primeiras constituições até o atual Código Civil, para demonstrar que a propriedade dos meios de produção, a chamada propriedade dinâmica, compreende uma situação jurídica específica, que deve compatibilizar os valores do trabalho e a livre iniciativa, bem como da justiça social. Com base na legislação, o trabalho aborda exemplos onde a propriedade, quando cumpre sua função social, traz ganhos sistêmicos que favorecem o crescimento da economia e da dignidade humana, que para fins da ordem constitucional econômica, não podem ser dissociadas

Abstract not available

The thesis finds that the majority of women affected by HIV and AIDS in South Africa still live in conditions of poor access to health services, inadequate access to housing, limited access to property and live amidst gender-based violence. Nevertheless, there exist legal protections and jurisprudential developments in the country that are significant for the realisation of women’s rights in the context of HIV and AIDS. The thesis concludes that the law is not the ultimate site for change to improve women’s lives, but that applied with other efforts, can be transformative.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law