Originally presented as the author's Thesis (Ph. D.)--Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 389-408). Also issued online.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1193110 bytes, checksum: b4fd948d1e979ff40b11f4c4923d0a12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis covers the need to accomplish the fundamental right to property. Therefore, its main goal consists on the role of the State, as the agent responsible for the implementation of the project development by the Federal Constitution of 1988, under which it is contemplated the right to property; task to be undertaken through the implementation of public policies. To achieve its objectives, the method of deductive approach will be used, as well as the analytical, historical and interpretive methods, throughout bibliographic and documental researches. This work will examine the relationship between the should be normative and the social and political be , checking the determinant reasons for the lack of constitutional norms implementation, which enshrine the social rights and establishes the need for positive, constant and progressive state action to achieve these rights . It will also be equally addressed, the national and international legal framework of the right to property , as well as policy instruments established under the Brazilian Law for the materialization of this right. To sum it up, the Brazilian housing policies will be faced and developed by the Brazilian State, focusing on its positive and negative aspects, in order to analyze the exclusion reasons of the low-income beneficiaries from the spectrum of the State actions, based on the necessary assumptions to meet the housing deficit in this population layer. / A presente dissertação gravita em torno da necessidade de concretização do direito fundamental à moradia. Seu objetivo geral consiste na delimitação do papel do Estado como agente responsável pela concretização do projeto desenvolvimentista previsto na Constituição Federal de 1988, em cujo âmbito está contemplado o direito à moradia, tarefa a ser empreendida por intermédio da execução de políticas públicas. Para alcançar seu objetivo, será utilizado o método de abordagem dedutivo, bem assim os métodos analíticos, histórico e interpretativo, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. O trabalho analisará a relação existente entre o dever-ser normativo e o ser social e político, averiguando os motivos determinantes da ausência de concretização das normas constitucionais que consagram direitos sociais e estabelecendo a necessidade de atuação positiva, constante e progressiva do Estado para a concretização de tais direitos. Será abordado, igualmente, o quadro normativo nacional e internacional do direito à moradia, bem como estabelecidos os instrumentos políticos previstos na legislação brasileira para a materialização deste direito. Em conclusão, serão enfrentadas as políticas habitacionais desenvolvidas pelo Estado brasileiro, com ênfase nos seus aspectos negativos e positivos, em ordem a analisar os motivos da exclusão da população de baixa renda do espectro de beneficiários das atuações estatais, com base no que serão fixadas as premissas necessárias ao atendimento do déficit habitacional deste estrato populacional.

De inegável relevância na vida humana, a posse se configura como um dos temas mais controvertidos no âmbito do Direito Civil. Em todos os seus contornos e características, incluindo sua natureza jurídica, terminologia, efeitos e classificações, observamos um debate acirrado e polêmico a seu respeito, o que demonstra o firme interesse dos estudiosos sobre a possessio através dos séculos. Ademais, compete ao aplicador do Direito compreender o fenômeno possessório a partir das premissas e valores constitucionais fundamentais, em especial o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana, levando em consideração as mutações sociais e a realidade dos fatos, para que seja possível extrair do ordenamento caminhos efetivos à concretização de uma sociedade justa e solidária, a fim de erradicar a pobreza e diminuir as desigualdades sociais. Neste contexto, de forma prospectiva e adequando os conceitos civilistas à Carta da República, defendemos a aplicação do artigo 1276 do Código Civil também em benefício do ocupante qualificado de imóvel abandonado, de modo a consolidar o domínio em seu favor no mesmo triênio conferido à Administração Pública, garantindo-se então aos menos favorecidos o legítimo acesso à moradia e ao trabalho. Na medida em que o ser humano se constitui no foco de atenção, preocupação e proteção do ordenamento jurídico acreditamos que as exegeses normativas devem concretizar o disposto no artigo 1, inciso III, da Constituição da República, razão pela qual a posse de outrem exercida ininterruptamente sobre bem abandonado merece funcionar como forma de aquisição originária da propriedade imóvel privada no lapso de tempo estatuído no artigo 1276 do Código Civil. / Having undeniable relevance in human life, possession configures as one of the most contentious issues within Civil law. We observe a strained and controversial debate over all of its contours and features, including legal nature, terminology, effects and ratings. That shows scholars strong interest on possession through the centuries. Besides, Law enforcers should understand possessory phenomena taking from the viewpoint of the assumptions and fundamental constitutional values, specially the principle of human dignity, taking into consideration the social changes and the reality of the facts, so as to extract from the Law effective paths to achieving a fair and caring society, aiming at erradicating poverty and reducing social inequality. In this context, prospectively adapting the civilists concepts to the Charter of the Republic, we support the application of the article 1.276 of the Civil Code also to the qualified occupants of the abandoned property, in order to consolidate the domain on their behalf in the same triennium conferred to the public administration, ensuring to disadvantaged people the legitimate access to housing and employment. To the extent that human beings are the focus of attention, concern and protection of the legal system, we believe that normative interpretations must implement the provisions set down in Article 1, section III of the Constitution. Thats why third party possession exercised uninterruptedly over abandoned property deserves recgnition as a form of original acquisition of private property in the lapse of time established in Article 1276 of the Civil Code.

Dans un contexte de mondialisation et, dans une société de l'information et de l'innovation stratégique, l'information est devenue un élément de fonctionnement et un facteur de développement économique indispensable aux entreprises. Face à de nouveaux enjeux politiques, économiques et même sociologiques, la nécessité d'identifier l'information est devenue de plus en plus ardente. Néanmoins, l'incertitude demeure quant à la notion même d'information et, malgré les nombreuses tentatives du législateur, il semble difficile de la cerner avec exactitude. C'est pourquoi, l'élaboration d'une définition de l'information semblait nécessaire. Il a été jugé préférable de recourir à une définition négative et positive de l'information. L'analyse juridique de l'information implique ensuite de procéder à une opération de qualification, laquelle peut paraître délicate, tant la réalité juridique de l'information est diverse. Dans le cas présent, c'est la valeur­ investissement, qui permet d'attraire l'information dans la catégorie des biens. A cet égard, la nouveauté suscitée par la valeur immatérielle de l 'information ne paraît pas adaptée à la conception classique du droit de propriété. L'information s'inscrit en effet, comme un fournisseur potentiel de revenus, et la propriété telle que retenue dans la démonstration. est celle qui doit garantir à son propriétaire d'exploiter toutes les utilités du bien. C'est donc une propriété plus souple qui ne se laisse pas enfermer dans le simple triptyque de l 'usus, abusus et fructus, mais qui, au contraire, développe un champ des possibilités infinies, pourvu que le propriétaire ait une maitrise absolue sur son bien-information. / In an environment of globalization, and in a strategic innovation and information society, information has become an element of functioning and an essential factor of economic development for companies. Faced with new political, economic and even sociological issues, the need to identify information has become more and more ardent. Nevertheless, uncertainty remains as to the notion of information and, despite the many attempts of the legislator, it seems difficult to define if precisely. Therefore, the development of a definition of information seemed necessary. It was considered preferable to use a negative and positive definition of information. The legal analysis of information then involves carrying out a qualification operation, which may seem delicate, as the legal reality of information is diverse. In the case at end, it is the investment-value, which makes it possible to attract the information in the category of assets. In this respect, the novelty aroused by the immaterial value of the information does not seem to be adapted to the classical conception of the right of property. The information is actually a potential supplier of income, and the property as retained in the demonstration, is the one that must guarantee to ifs owner to exploit al! the utilities of the asset. It is therefore a more flexible property which does not allow itself to be enclosed in the simple triptych of the usus, abusus and fructus, but which, on the contrary, develops infinite possibilities, provided that the owner has absolute control over his asset-information.

Land reforms are back on the development agenda. Different types of land reforms have been adopted globally in recent years, but by far the most controversial and most radical has been the fast track land reform pursued by the Government of Zimbabwe from 2000. There is general scholarly agreement that the fast track process has been accompanied by various socio-economic and political challenges, including an increase in levels of food insecurity. This thesis examines fast track reform in specific relation to the livelihoods of smallholder households and household food security amongst land beneficiaries. It argues that the problem of food insecurity in Zimbabwe is a complex social, political and economic issue, which cannot be simplistically reduced to the failures of fast track. Understanding household food insecurity post-2000 needs to go beyond the notion that the nation‟s food security hinges on overall levels of production alone. In particular, livelihoods and food security need to be conceptualised at community and household levels. Therefore, while addressing the broad macro-level analysis and discourse around the process of fast track, the study also adopts a micro-level analysis to look at the varied impact of fast track on the actual beneficiaries. The research focuses on small-scale beneficiaries in the Goromonzi District of Zimbabwe and, through the use of the sustainable livelihoods framework, looks at how their local contexts have been influenced by the wider socio-economic and political processes, and how beneficiaries have sought ways of coping with the challenges they face.

Private property in the United States arose out of a tradition that emphasized the individual freedom to control holdings without interference from governmental influences. A sharp distinction between society as a whole and individual rights isolated ownership of private property from a notion of the common good. This dualistic framework excludes the possibility for forms of property that do not fall completely into either category. Property ownership attitudes are central to issues that often divide environmentalists and landowners. Property rights must be put in the context to understand the divergence between landowner attitudes and provisions made when the institution of private property was created. Finally, land itself as a type of property should be considered ethically distinct from other forms of property because of the interdependencies of human and nonhuman interests that the science of ecology has revealed.

Le traitement fiscal de l’usufruit de droits sociaux n’est pas toujours en cohérence avec les principes issus du droit privé. Ce décalage est critiquable. L’usufruitier supporte une pression fiscale importante. Il est difficile de trouver un régime fiscal global et cohérent de l’usufruit de droits sociaux. L’absence d’organisation juridique spécifique à l’usufruit de droits sociaux réglementant le partage des prérogatives entre l’usufruitier et le nu-propriétaire accroît la difficulté. L’usufruit de droits sociaux se situe lui-même au confluent de deux disciplines totalement étrangères l'une à l'autre : le droit des biens et le droit des sociétés. Cette dualité suppose une approche interdisciplinaire. L’application du critère civiliste de répartition de l’imposition conduirait à taxer l’usufruitier sur la jouissance du bien et le nu-propriétaire sur la propriété du capital. L’étude du régime fiscal de l’usufruit de droits sociaux conduit à abandonner ce critère de répartition de l’imposition. Le critère de répartition de l’imposition entre usufruitier et nu-propriétaire doit être recherché dans la logique pragmatique du droit fiscal / The taxation approach of the usufruct of social rights isn’t always in accordance with the principles coming from private law. This discrepancy is questionable. The usufructuary bears an important fiscal pressure. It is hard to find a global and consistent tax system for the usufruct of social rights. The difficulty is increased by the lack of a legal organisation specific to the usufruct of social rights, which would regulate the sharing of prerogatives between the usufructuary and the bare-owner. The usufruct of social rights is situated on the common ground between two fields with very little in commun: property law and corporate law. This duality involves an interdisciplinary approach. The enforcement of the civil criterion of distribution of the taxation would lead to taxing the usufructuary for the right of use of the property and the bear-owner for ownership of the capital. The study of the taxation system of the usufruct of social rights leads to the renunciation of this criterion. The tax distribution criterion between the usufructuary and the bear-owner has to be sought in the pragmatic spirit of tax law.

No description available.

This dissertation is an analysis of state criminal courts, and employs the economics of property rights to develop a model of these courts. Previous economic analyses have not considered the effects of the property rights structure an decision making in the courts and are thus incomplete. That property rights structures affect decision making has been established in a large body of literature examining both private and public forms of organization. This study asserts that the court decision makers will make choices reflective of the property rights structures they face. The implications of the property rights model are tested across state through the estimation of a linear regression equation. The results of these tests largely confirm the predictions of the property rights model. The primary conclusion derivable from the statistical work is that the property rights structure does affect the volume and composition of the output produced by a court. Additionally, a competing hypothesis is tested over time for several of the states examined previously. This hypothesis is based upon the notion that output is determined by the caseload pressures facing a court. This hypothesis is not, however, consistently supported by the statistical results, thus adding credence to the idea that the property rights structure is a major determinant of court output. / Ph. D.

This research examines the legal issues surrounding killing in defence of property in three selected jurisdictions: South Africa, Cameroon and the United States. The comparative analysis illustrates that although the right to protect one’s property is universal, this defence is interpreted differently in the various jurisdictions. Another issue considered in the study is the constitutional right to life in each jurisdiction and whether or not an unlawful attack against one’s property creates a legal entitlement for the attacked party to take the life of another in defence of his or her property. Private defence of property is available when a person uses force to defend an interest in property, for example; to prevent a would-be thief from taking his own, or another’s property, to prevent someone from damaging his own or another’s property, to prevent an intruder from entering his own or another’s property. When an accused pleads private defence, his claim is that his harm-causing conduct was, in the circumstances, lawful. The reasonable use of force (short of deadly force) in the private defence of property is not disputed. However, the use of deadly force in protection of property is controversial, especially in a constitutional state such as South Africa where life should be prized above property. One should however also consider that there is a close link between the private defence of defending life and of protecting property. In many cases, an assault on property also involves a threat on life. However, there are cases of private defence of property where no threat to bodily integrity exists. These situations will be examined in all three jurisdictions and measured against the various constitutional imperatives. Conclusions and recommendations are made as regards the legal framework on the defence of property in the criminal law of the various jurisdictions. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. M.