La emigración de la Europa del Este fue muy importante entre 1989 y 1993, y en ese período Alemania fue el principal país de destino. Los flujos de emigración remitieron después, pero a finales de los noventa y principios de los dos mil se produjo un cambio de tendencias: el principal emisor pasó a ser Rumania, y los principales destinos Italia y España, y entre estos puntos se produjo un incremento notable de los flujos migratorios.Las razones que los rumanos han tenido para incrementar su opción migratoria tienen que ver con los salarios que allí se cobran, con la corrupción que padecen, y con su escasa confianza en que las cosas mejoren. El porqué vienen a España tiene que ver con las dificultades crecientes para emigrar a Alemania y otros países, y con la demanda de mano de obra del mercado laboral español, así como nuestra fuerte economía sumergida. Hay otros aspectos que también intervienen como es nuestro idioma, latino como el rumano.La red social facilita el proceso migratorio, y su estudio ha sido uno de los principales objetivos de esta tesis. Entre los rumanos inmigrados en Cataluña se ha observado que la red social transmite, en Rumania, una imagen positiva de España, aunque la principal idea que transmite es que aquí se puede encontrar trabajo. Además facilita la información para el trayecto migratorio, y facilita el alojamiento inicial y el primer empleo.Esta red social es distinta según se trate de la población mayoritaria rumana (de religión ortodoxa y no gitana) o de los grupos minoritarios. Éstos pueden ser tanto los grupos religiosos (adventistas y pentecostales principalmente) como los gitanos. En el caso del grupo mayoritario la red encontrada es de pocos nudos, o una red que a partir de los primeros nudos se debilita extraordinariamente. Las principales ayudas se reciben de los familiares o amigos más cercanos, y las relaciones entre rumanos se debilitan mucho cuando pasan de ahí. Los gitanos, en cambio, tienen una red social más fuerte y extensa.La gran mayoría de los rumanos realizan la migración de forma irregular y se insertan inicialmente en la economía sumergida. Sólo una pequeña parte vienen por contratación en origen. Los sectores laborales de inserción son principalmente el servicio doméstico para las mujeres y la construcción para los hombres, pero están también repartidos por los demás sectores. Una parte de ellos están en trabajos especializados de la industria y la construcción: son los que han llegado por contratación en origen o los que se han ido regularizando y mejorando su situación laboral. Las empresas valoran positivamente la cualificación de estos trabajadores y es previsible que vayan incrementándose en las categorías intermedias.Los espacios colectivos de relación entre rumanos son pocos. Casi se reducen a la misa ortodoxa de los domingos, a la que no acude más de un 2 % de los rumanos que hay en Cataluña, y algunas fiestas organizadas por las asociaciones, a las que la asistencia es aún menor. Aparte de eso hay muy pocos espacios del tipo de bares o discotecas en las que se junten, pocas actividades culturales propias, etc. Las asociaciones propias son débiles y cuentan con poca participación de sus miembros. La participación también es escasa en las entidades de la sociedad receptora. El modelo de integración que caracteriza a los rumanos difiere poco del imperante en la sociedad receptora: es un modelo individualista. / "Migratory processes and socio-labor integration of Romanian immigrants in Catalonia".For immigrants proceeding from Eastern Europe, Germany had been the main destination after 1989, when most emigration movements occurred. These diminished, but a change of tendencies occurred at the end of the nineties and after 2000. Romania became the principal point of origin, whereas Italy and Spain became the main destinations. A considerable increase of migratory movements occurred in between these points. The motives are related to the salaries that are received there, with the corruption they experience, as well as other aspects. The reason for which they come to Spain has to do with the growing difficulties encountered in order to emigrate to Germany and other countries, with the demand of labor force of the Spanish market, as well as our strong black market. There are other aspects that are also present, such as the fact that Spanish is a Latin language, as is Romanian. The social network facilitates the migration process. In the case of the Romanians, the social network transmits in Romania not only a positive image of Spain but also that work can be found there. Moreover, it facilitates information in regards to the migration route, as well as housing and an initial job. Nevertheless, there exists the cases of part of the Romanians that have arrived to Catalonia who have come without any type of social network, a phenomenon in which travel agencies in Romania and, above all, the so-called "agencies of placement of workers abroad" play a role. This social network varies depending on whether we refer to the majority of the Romanian population, non-gypsy and of Orthodox faith, or to the minority groups. These can be identified as religious groups, mainly Adventists or Pentecostals, as well as the gypsies. In the case of the majority group the encountered network is of few link points, or it is a network that weakens considerably after the first link points. The own associations are weak and receive little participation from their members. Participation is also scarce in the entities of the receiving society. The integration model that characterizes the Romanians differs thus little from the prevailing one in the receptor society. It is an individualistic model.

Abstract Waste disposal is a global problem contributing to the ongoing climate change by large emissions of greenhouse gases. By using waste material as a resource instead of landfilling, the greenhouse gas emissions from landfills are reduced. Waste material can be used for waste incineration with energy recovery, thus decreasing the greenhouse gas emission from energy utilization by changing from fossil fuels to a partly renewable fuel. Arges County in Romania has severe problems with its waste material, mainly sewage sludge and waste from households and industries. As a consequence of the Romanian EU accession in 2007, Arges County is obliged to close its landfills for waste in a near future. A reconstruction of the wastewater treatment plant and an improved management of the sewage sludge residue are necessary in order to comply with EU standards. The requirements from the EU regarding waste disposal together with the existence of a district heating network in the residence city Pitesti, makes it interesting to investigate energy recovery from waste material in Arges County. Therefore, the goal of the study is to evaluate the possibility to extract energy from co-incineration of the waste material, sewage sludge and waste generated in Arges County. In order to reach this goal, the composition and quantities of the waste material is investigated. A suitable technology for the waste-to-energy (WTE) plant is proposed, based on the data of the waste material as well as on   established WTE technologies and their costs. It is assumed that the WTE plant will be implemented in 2020 and that all the generated waste will be incinerated. Furthermore, an environmental analysis is carried out, which presents the reductions of greenhouse gas emissions with the proposed WTE plant in comparison with the present system; including the management of waste and sludge and the district heating production, which is based on fossil fuels. The result shows that the waste material in Arges County has a calorific value of 7.5 MJ per kg, which is suitable for co-incineration of waste and sludge. The suggested WTE plant has the total power of 130 MW, annually recovering 620 and 330 GWh of heat and electric power respectively. The investment cost of the WTE plant is estimated to 226 million euro with a payback time of 8 years. The environmental analysis shows that the proposed system in comparison with the present system will decrease greenhouse gas emissions by 88 percent. A WTE plant appears to be a sound investment in Arges County and would sharply reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases in the county. However, some obstacles exist. Waste management is a new field in Romania and currently there are no WTE plants. Furthermore, the data used in this study concerning the quantity and composition of the waste, is uncertain and further studies are necessary before a WTE plant can be established.

This thesis analyzes the lobbying process taking place within the comitology committees of the European Union responsible with the the implementation process of the employment policy. It presents a critical view on the EU decision-making and implementation processes by studing the way these could be influenced by using public affairs management instruments. The European Union accession negotiations of the Romanian case is taken as a case study to exemplify on the professionalism of a lobby group in formation and assess the chances that a new member state has in order to effectively influence the policy formulation and implementation process at the European level.

This study aims to explore the dynamics behind the emergence and expansion of working street children since 1990s in Turkey and Romania, in the context of New Poverty. Poverty is not a new concept, it is a dynamic process, accommodating to new circumstances, its scope shrinking from time to time, but surviving ages. Children, on the other hand, are among the groups that are first and foremost affected from the course of poverty. Nevertheless, working street children is a new notion different from traditional forms of child labour driven with distinct dynamics. In this study, it is claimed that poverty is transformed in the course of globalization process and neo-liberal paradigm. It is also argued that the way children are affected from poverty changed in this process, leading to emergence of working street children. The main discussion of the study is about the connection between working street children and the concept of New Poverty. Turkey and Romania are countries whose political, economic, social and cultural characteristics involve differences at the expense of similarities / however, working street children have been a common problem that both countries have faced at the same period. Employing comparative historical methodology, the main research question is developed as why working street children emerged in similar time periods in Turkey and Romania, which are two quite different countries. After an introductory chapter, Chapter II aims to provide a theoretical framework in which transformation of poverty in general and transformation of child poverty in relation to this process leading to emergence of working street children will be discussed. The third chapter focuses on Turkey and the fourth chapter is on Romania / in both chapters the dynamics leading to emergence of working street children, the scope and dimension of the issue is explored. The fifth chapter is devoted to the comparison of Turkey and Romania in terms of working street children in the context of New Poverty. The conclusion chapter discusses the findings of the study in both countries and tries to locate them into the theoretical framework.

This thesis examines the socio-economic transformation processes in Poland and Romania and aims to embed them in broader structural and historical context of changes. The main argument is that transformation processes in the states of Central and Eastern Europe are constituted by the global processes of change within a social totality. The study has three main objectives. First, it aims to provide a theoretical framework challenging the mainstream approaches methodologically/ontologically to point out to their limits and account for the dialectical relationship between the global and the internal. Second, to develop an account of the international context surrounding the transformation processes to highlight the nature of the global and hence to emphasise the unity of transformation and integration processes. As such, it critically interprets the social purpose of the international institutions and the European Union involvement in the policy-making of the states in the region through the changing techniques of monitoring, reporting and the process of negotiations. Third, to provide an analysis of the transformation processes in Poland and Romania as processes of the internationalisation of the state which would effectively help in examining the constitutive role of the global in a dialectical relationship with the national level dynamics and changes. Integration with the global economy as well as Euro-Atlantic institutions was an integral element of the neo-liberal restructuring in Poland and Romania. Socio-economic transformation in the region with added dimensions of conditionality had important social consequences, thereby resulting in new forms of state-society relations.

ABSTRACT THE INTEGRATION PROCESS OF ROMANIA INTO THE EU: 1989 &ndash / 2007 Dogan, Basak Master of Science, Department of European Studies Supervisor : Assist. Prof. Dr. Oktay F. Tanrisever October 2007, 97 pages This thesis examines the political and socio economic transformation of Romania during its integration process into the European Union (EU) between 1989-2007. The thesis also explores the impact of the communist heritage on Romania&rsquo / s relations with the EU in the post-Communist period. The main objective of the thesis is to examine why EU rushed to accept Romania as a full member although Romania didnot fulfil all of the membership requirements of the EU until 2007. The main argument of this thesis is that the EU accepted Romania as a full member despite Romania&rsquo / s inability to meet all of the membership requirements of the EU can be explained EU&rsquo / s expectation that it would be easier to eradicate Romania&rsquo / s Communist heritage after Romania&rsquo / s EU membership. The thesis has six chapters, including Introduction and Conclusion chapters. Thesecond chapter explores the historical background of Romania. The third chapter examines Romania&rsquo / s EU integration process between 1989 and 1999 The fourth chapter analyzes Romania&rsquo / s negotiation process with the EU between 2000 and 2004. The fifth chapter discusses the EU&rsquo / s evaluation of the Romania&rsquo / s progress after the completion of Romania&rsquo / s negotiations with the EU. Keywords: Romania, EU, Conditionality, Negotiation, Post-Communist Transition

<p>The aim of this study is to investigate the situation in Romania concerning trafficking for sexual purposes. We look at what affect the European Union has had relating to this matter, in order to conclude what a membership implies on the fight against trafficking. A gender perspective is apparent throughout the essay and new institutionalism leads us to focus on the affect of the EU, both formally and informally. Questions to be answered revolves around the EU:s strategy against trafficking, recent trends and the implementation of the strategy in Romania, formally and informally. The study has the form of a case study and is conducted through a field study in Romania. A combination of methods is used, including personal interviews with organizations and qualitative text analysis. The results show that the EU has mainly had a formal affect on the measures against trafficking for sexual purposes in Romania, whilst having deficiencies in affecting norms and implementation. We conclude that it is difficult for the EU to make sure that the member states work with this issue sufficiently in practice.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Cambridge. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 197-211).

This study deals with the development of journalism in post-Cold War Romania, and it does so with a particular interest in the transnational dimension this entails. Many NGOs and international organizations are currently seeking to monitor journalists’ situations in countries around the world, while at the same time aiming at having the whole world aligned with international standards of the journalistic profession. Much attention is put on the safety of individual journalists and on the need to protect them from both legal and physical harm. Reports are continuously launched, frequently worded to impart a sense of emergency, effectively linking putative universal values of journalism with the image of vulnarable journalists carrying out dangerous work for the benefit of large publics. Romania is a fertile place for this kind of global activism, partly due to the country’s totalitarian past and to what many commentators see as an unfulfilled process of democratization where powerful media owners and executives influence journalistic standards with business interests foremost in mind, and where harassments of journalists have been on the rise during the last decade. By combining an ethnographic account of the journalism field with an exploration of how global media development activities are operating in contemporary Romania, the prime question of the thesis is how journalism is constructed and made meaningful in a transnational context. The study is based on ethnographic material collected during the period of 2000-2002 among journalists and NGO activists in Bucharest, Romania.

The focus of this research study is on major art works produced during the nineteen-nineties by the Romanian collective subREAL, composed of Calin Dan and Josif Kiraly. The thesis is an alternative to the literal-minded and politically biased Western view typified in two major exhibitions of art from Eastern Europe: Beyond Belief: Contemporary Art from East Central Europe (Chicago, 1995) and After the Wall: Art and Culture in Post-Communist Europe (Sweden, 1999). Both exhibitions presented Post-Communist nations as a monolithic bloc, in which art was primarily a passive reflection of political and social events. It will be demonstrated that such exhibitions had consciously promoted this polarizing Western interpretation of the former socialist cultures of Eastern Europe. By contrast, the argument presented here is that subREAL did not merely transmit information and facts from remote lands, but rather explored satire as the way to engage the world around them.