In den dreißiger Jahren verschärfte sich die Lage durch das Vorrücken der nationalistischen Rechten sowohl in Ungarn als auch in Rumänien. 1934 wurde auch Bartóks Konzerttätigkeit eingeschränkt und er selbst zum Ziel unwürdiger politischer Angriffe. Die Korrespondenz Bartók - Brăiloiu muss in diesem historischen Kontext, den sie auch reichlich widerspiegelt, gedeutet werden.

The diploma thesis deals with the position of the Hungarian minority in Serbian Vojvodina and Romanian Transylvania using the comparative method. Hungarians in Serbia and Romania represent a very large national minority and they became an integral part of the local culture and society. The level of Hungarian minority rights in the host countries is compared in four areas: legislation, political representation and institutionalization of the minority, mother tongue education opportunities and the Hungarian minority media. Apart from a brief outline of the historical context, the work focuses exclusively on the period after the fall of communism in both states to the present. During these years, there has been the biggest shift in the area of minority rights. The concept of ethnic parallelism is applied to all researched areas. Related to this, the so-called ethnolinguistic vitality approach is used, which deals with the conditions for the preservation of minority languages in the majority society. Special attention is paid to the influence of the Hungarian government under Primer Minister Viktor Orbán on the life of Hungarians abroad, which is significantly growing.

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The rapid development of information communication technologies has created unique, exceptional opportunities for conducting education. Thus, the transposal of learning into the virtual world constituted the biggest transformation that education went through- a real paradigm change. The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic led to the most abrupt virtualization of education until today. The educational systems in most of the countries experienced significant transformations and had to reconceptualize their whole learning models, in order to adjust them to the online environment. This sudden change did not have the same impact on all the countries- some of them adapted easier and quicker to virtualization than others. The transition to online learning also varied with the educational branch and type of courses that had to be transposed into the digital medium. Whereas the translation of the theoretical courses into the virtual environment did not constitute an immense burden, transposing practical courses into the digital world represented a real challenge for educational institutions. For medical universities in particular, the pressure of adapting to the conditions of the pandemic was even bigger than for other educational organizations, as these had to enable timely graduation of the students in order to support the overwhelmed healthcare systems fighting the pandemic.      Existing studies looked into topics such as online education, virtualization of education and other related themes, but very few scholars researched into the matter of education virtualizability. Moreover, studies were mainly conducted in digitally developed countries like the USA. Practical courses were also not being studied very extensively in the existing research context, theoretical ones being mostly underlined. Additionally, study branches such as management and business were the main focus of the existing papers, which did not center their discoveries around the medical area. The named gaps in the current literature underlined the need of a clear view on the medical students' perception on the virtualizability of practical courses in a country such as Romania. Thus, the aim of this master's thesis was to look into the named matter. In order to provide a contribution to the existing literature, after gaining the opinions of students, a theoretical model was created, that depicts the main characteristics that have to be applied to a virtual practical course, so that it reaches a high virtualizability. Using as a framework the process virtualization theory, a qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured interviews made with Romanian, medical undergraduates. The collected information was analyzed with the use of thematic deductive analysis and was classified according to the four requirements presented by the adopted theory. Hence, themes and categories were identified, that helped classify and organize students' view on virtualizability.      The empirical results showed that all the regarded requirements, i.e., sensory, relationship, identification & control and synchronicity requirements were at a high level. This means that in order to transpose practical medical courses into the virtual environment, there are specific, mandatory elements that need to be implemented, so that the process of education can be conducted in a beneficial way. The registered high requirements resulted in a low virtualizability of the analyzed type of courses. However, together with the detected themes and categories, a new theoretical model was built, which offers valuable insights into the needs that need to be fulfilled, in order to improve the depicted virualizability. Future research can use the developed conceptual model as a base and extend the existing knowledge to further countries, course types and/or educational branches.

À la fin de l’année 1989, la Roumanie entamait son chemin vers la démocratie. Depuis, le pays a connu de nombreux changements dont une « revitalisation religieuse ». L’attrait pour la religion en Roumanie a suscité l’intérêt des chercheurs qui ont tenté de rendre compte de comportements qu’ils jugeaient contraires aux thèses des théories de la sécularisation et de la modernisation. Ma thèse part d’une critique de ces études qui, concentrées sur ces théories, omettent trop souvent l’action des individus dans la vie de tous les jours. Dans la présente recherche, j’utilise l’approche de la religion vécue pour me pencher sur des individus et leur manière de comprendre, d’exprimer, de pratiquer et d’expérimenter la religion au jour le jour. D’une manière réflexive, ma thèse examine la religion vécue dans la Roumanie postcommuniste à partir de pèlerinages réalisés durant le printemps et l’automne 2012 dans des monastères réputés pour leurs miracles, leurs confesseurs charismatiques ou leurs reliques. En raison de leur présence nombreuse dans les pèlerinages, les femmes se sont imposées comme les artisanes de la religion vécue en Roumanie. Elles sont au centre de ma thèse. En observant leurs croyances et leurs pratiques — et sans omettre la religion vécue des « porteurs de la religion officielle » —, j’explore des thèmes qui constituent autant de facettes de la religion vécue : le sort, le charisme, la matérialité et les reliques. Ma thèse propose deux contributions à la recherche. 1) L’étude de la pratique de la religion des pèlerines nous renseigne sur la manière dont la religion est comprise et pratiquée dans un contexte orthodoxe. Elle laisse également entrevoir les conséquences de cette pratique dans la Roumanie postcommuniste : en effet, la religion vécue s’avère un véhicule de valeurs qui s’opposent au discours démocratique officiel. 2) L’étude propose une contribution théorique et méthodologique à l’approche de la religion vécue. Le matériau empirique sur lequel elle repose indique que la religion vécue prend racine dans l’Église pour ensuite circuler entre les femmes et les représentants de l’institution. Dans ce mouvement de va-et-vient, la religion vécue appartient aux pèlerines, mais aussi aux « porteurs de la religion officielle ». / At the end of 1989, Romania embarked on a path towards democracy. From that moment on, the country has witnessed numerous changes, including a “religious revitalization.” The attraction of religion in post-communist Romania has sparked researchers’ interest; they have tried to explain what they judge contrary to theories of secularization and modernization. My thesis starts with a critique of these studies, which have too often neglected everyday actions of individuals. In the present study, I use a lived religion approach to understand the ways in which individuals understand, express, practice and experiment religion in their daily lives. In a reflexive manner, my thesis examines lived religion in post-communist Romania; it draws on fieldwork undertaken during pilgrimages in the spring and autumn of 2012 in monasteries known for their miracles, their charismatic confessors, or their relics. Because of their predominance during pilgrimages, women stand out as the main actors of lived religion in Romania. They are at the center of my thesis. Observing their beliefs and practices—without omitting the lived religion of the “carriers of official religion”—I set out to explore themes that represent as many facets of lived religion: fate, charisma, materiality, and relics. My thesis offers two research contributions to the sociology of religion. 1) The study of the pilgrim’s religious practice instructs us on the manner in which religion is understood and practiced in an Orthodox context. It also gives insight into the consequences of this practice in post-communist Romania: as it turns out, lived religion is a vehicle for values diverging from the official democratic discourse. 2) The study provides a theoretical and methodological contribution to the lived religion approach. Its empirical material indicates that lived religion stems from the Orthodox Church before circulating between women and church representatives. In this to-and-fro movement lived religion pertains to the pilgrims as well as to the “carriers of official religion.”

La présente étude explore l’application par l’école en Roumanie et en France de deux méthodes de gestion de la diversité ethnoculturelle, notamment l’intégration et l’assimilation. L’école aspire à modeler un bon citoyen en enseignant un socle de valeurs reflétant la tradition culturelle en France et religieuse en Roumanie ; d’une part, les manuels français d’éducation civique, juridique et sociale ainsi que les manuels d’éducation religieuse roumains illustrent une stratégie d’assimilation. D’autre part, l’éducation civique en Roumanie et l’éducation au fait religieux en France reflètent une stratégie d’intégration. L’assimilation est implantée par une pédagogie passive, qui a tendance à créer des élèves passifs, tandis que l’intégration s’appuie sur des méthodes pédagogiques actives, favorisant la formation des citoyens actifs. L’identité culturelle des minorités issues de l’immigration ainsi que des minorités nationales influence leur intégration dans le pays d’accueil, affectant directement la cohésion sociale. L’obéissance et la conformité aux règles, nécessaires pour le bon fonctionnement de la démocratie, représentent uniquement un pas primitif vers l’intégration culturelle, économique, politique, sociale et religieuse, qui est étroitement liée au sentiment d’appartenance et partiellement illustrée par l’acquisition de la citoyenneté. En Roumanie, comme en France, l’assimilation se justifie par le besoin de préserver certaines valeurs traditionnelles, cependant, elle favorise le développement de l’intolérance et de la méfiance, effet qui s’atténue légèrement avec l’âge. La réussite de l’intégration requiert un effort réciproque de la part des minorités ainsi que des personnes non-minoritaires. Tous les citoyens, indifféremment de leurs origines sont encouragés à participer à la construction et à la réalisation du projet national. / This thesis explores the utilisation of integration and assimilation by the Romanian and the French public school in order to manage ethnocultural diversity. The school aspires to create a good citizen through teaching core values that reflect the cultural tradition in France and the religious tradition in Romania; as such, both French Civics textbooks as well as Romanian Religion textbooks reflect a strategy of assimilation. Inversely, Romanian Civics textbooks and French History of religions textbooks illustrate a strategy of integration. In both countries, assimilation is implemented using a passive pedagogy, having a tendency to create passive students, while integration is reflected by active learning methods that aspire to model students into active citizens. The cultural identity of immigrant and national minorities partially determine their integration in the host country, which consequently directly affects social cohesion. Obeying the law and conforming to societal norms, although necessary for the functioning of democracy, both represent solely a primitive step towards cultural, economic, political, social and religious integration, which itself is linked to the feeling of belonging and partially illustrated by the acquisition of citizenship. In Romania as well as in France, assimilation may be justified by the need to preserve certain traditional values; however, this strategy encourages the development of intolerance and weariness, an effect that subsides as children get older. Successful integration requires equal effort from minorities as well as from nationals. All citizens, regardless of their origins, are encouraged to participate in defining and carrying out national objectives.

The presented diploma thesis deals with bilateral relations between Czechoslovakia and Romania during first years after the World War II. It is concentrated primarily on research of the political and economical relations. The introduction is followed by the brief summary of tradition of the mutual bilateral cooperation in the framework of Little Entente. Next chapter occupies itself with the negotiations of Romanian exile politicians with the Allies concerning the armistice treaty in which Czechoslovak diplomatic representatives of the exile government in London played a key role. The following part describes and analyses the process of re- establishment of the diplomatic relations between Czechoslovakia and Romania after the war. The chapter presenting the situation of Czechs and Slovaks living in Romania between 1944- 1945 follows after that. Two texts about the contribution of Romanian military troops on the liberation of Czechoslovakian territory and about the post-war re-emigration of Czech and Slovakian compatriots from Romania back to Czechoslovakia represent an essential part of this diploma thesis. The following chapter deals with the Czechoslovakian attitude towards the prepared peace treaty with Romania during the Paris Peace Conference negotiations in 1946. The penultimate part...

Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited. / Trying to adapt to the post-9/11 challenges to Euro-Atlantic security, the Romanian Ministry of National Defense continues its efforts to modernize and professionalize the country's armed forces in accordance with NATO standards. Part of this process is the development of a Special Forces (SF) capability that is to accomplish initial operational readiness by FY 2005. With appropriate organizational arrangements and focused combat training, the Romanian SF will increase their performance during future deployments in joint and combined settings. This project analyzes Romania's strategic documents, identifies the missions that can be conducted by the country's General-Purpose Forces or other security services, and finally proposes five appropriate tasks for the SF: Combating Terrorism, Counterproliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Special Reconnaissance, Direct Action, and Security Detail for Romanian officials in crisis zones. In exploring what are the most effective structural arrangements for the Romanian Special Forces, this thesis uses a design program the recommendations of which lead to the proposal of a new organizational structure. Thus, it is determined that Romania's Special Forces elements should develop into a flexible, highly-mobile and joint organization displaying a flat hierarchy and centralized command and control. / Lieutenant, Romanian Army

The aim of this work is the analysis of anti-crisis measures in taxation in the European Union and their impact on the tax burden for the following years. The work is focused on all twenty-seven European members' states and for better illustration were chosen four member states, namely France, Germany, Spain and Romania. At the work are used the latest data available and practical examples are given too. For determination of tax systems before the crisis in selected countries are used descriptive methods, analysis of anti-crisis measures in fiscal policy and an analysis of changes in taxations for the years 2009 and 2010 and their comparison with the year 2008 followed with the focusing on changes in the tax burden. The result of description of tax systems for 2008 is the claim that relatively high tax burden is in analyzed countries except in Romania.The reaction to negative changes in the economy, financial crisis caused, were changes in the tax systems in most of European Union countries especially in modification in tax bases and tax rates. These changes have led to reductions of tax burden in the EU. This trend is expected for next years too, but it is expected the lack of tax revenues will be replaced mainly by raising indirect taxes.

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